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Tag: Class 6th

  • Chapter-14-Economic Activities Around Us, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    Q1. What is the primary sector? How is it different from the secondary sector? Give two examples.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    The primary sector includes all activities that depend directly on nature for raw materials. Examples are farming, fishing, forestry, livestock rearing, and mining. People engaged in these activities produce goods directly from natural resources.

    The secondary sector uses raw materials from the primary sector and processes or manufactures them into finished products. For example, cotton is turned into cloth in textile factories, and sugarcane is processed into sugar.

    Difference:

    • Primary = extraction of raw materials from nature.
    • Secondary = conversion of raw materials into finished goods.

    Examples:

    • Primary: Agriculture, mining.
    • Secondary: Automobile manufacturing, flour mills.

    Q2. How does the secondary sector depend on the tertiary sector? Illustrate with a few examples.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    The secondary sector cannot function without the services provided by the tertiary sector. Factories need:

    • Transport services to carry raw materials like coal, iron, and cotton from mines and fields to factories, and to distribute finished goods to markets.
    • Banking services to provide loans, manage salaries, and enable business transactions.
    • Communication services like mobile phones and the internet to coordinate with suppliers and customers.
    • Warehouses and retail stores to store and sell products.

    For example, a textile mill needs cotton (primary), machines and workers (secondary), and then relies on transport, banks, and shops (tertiary) to sell clothes to customers. Thus, the tertiary sector supports both production and distribution.

    Q3. Give an example of interdependence between primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. Show it using a flow diagram.

    Answer (Example: Dairy industry):

    • Primary sector: Farmers rear cows and produce milk.
    • Secondary sector: Milk is processed into butter, cheese, and milk powder in factories.
    • Tertiary sector: Trucks, railways, and shops transport and sell these products to customers.

    Flow Diagram:
    Farmer (milk production) → Dairy factory (milk products) → Transport & shops (distribution and sales).

    Extra Questions – Chapter 14: Economic Activities Around Us

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What is meant by economic sector?
      Answer: A group of economic activities with similar features, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.
    2. Give two examples of primary sector activities.
      Answer: Farming and fishing.
    3. Give two examples of secondary sector activities.
      Answer: Automobile manufacturing and textile production.
    4. Give two examples of tertiary sector activities.
      Answer: Banking and transportation.
    5. Which sector is also called the service sector?
      Answer: The tertiary sector.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. Why is the tertiary sector becoming increasingly important in modern times?
    Answer: With globalisation and technology, services like IT, banking, communication, and transport have become crucial. They connect producers to markets, improve efficiency, and provide jobs.

    Q7. Explain the importance of cooperatives like AMUL in economic life.
    Answer: AMUL brought farmers together to sell milk collectively, set up processing plants, and eliminate middlemen. This improved farmers’ income and gave India a strong dairy industry.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Explain how all three economic sectors are interdependent with the help of the book-making process.
    Answer (150–180 words):
    The making of a textbook shows interdependence among sectors. The primary sector provides wood from forests, which is processed into pulp. The secondary sector turns pulp into paper, and printing presses produce textbooks. The tertiary sector distributes books through transport, warehouses, and bookshops. Even software and education services play a role when books are digitised as e-books. If any one sector is missing — no trees, no paper factories, or no transport — the whole chain breaks down. This example proves that while each sector has its own function, they must work together for the economy to function smoothly.

  • Chapter-12-Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government in Urban Areas, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. On your way to school, you and your friends notice that a water pipe is leaking. A lot of water is being wasted on account of the leak. What would you and your friends do in such a situation?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    We would immediately inform the local municipal ward office or water department about the leakage. If there is a helpline or complaint app, we would register the issue there. Meanwhile, we would also spread awareness among residents not to waste water. If possible, we would place a temporary container under the leak to reduce wastage until it is repaired. Responsible citizens must act quickly, because water is precious, and small problems can become big if ignored.

    Q2. Invite a member of an urban local body near you to your class. Discuss with them their role and responsibilities. Prepare a set of questions to ask them so that the meeting is fruitful.

    Answer (Model – Questions List):

    1. What are the main duties of a municipal councillor?
    2. How does the corporation/municipality collect funds for its activities?
    3. What steps are being taken to keep our city clean?
    4. How do you solve complaints like garbage collection or road repair?
    5. What role do citizens play in helping the municipality?
    6. How do you ensure the safety and welfare of children and senior citizens?
    7. What future development plans are there for our ward/city?

    Q3. Discuss with adult members of your family and neighbourhood, and make a list of their expectations from the urban local bodies.

    Answer (sample list):

    • Regular garbage collection and cleanliness.
    • Supply of safe drinking water.
    • Repair of damaged roads and street lights.
    • Proper drainage and sewage system.
    • Public parks and playgrounds for children.
    • Affordable healthcare and dispensaries.
    • Safety and security, including traffic management.
    • Quick response to complaints.

    Q4. Make a list of characteristics of a good urban local body.

    Answer:

    • Transparency in decision-making.
    • Quick redressal of public complaints.
    • Regular garbage collection and waste management.
    • Efficient use of funds for development.
    • Proper infrastructure: roads, lights, water, drainage.
    • Active participation of citizens through ward committees.
    • Special care for disadvantaged groups.
    • Honesty and accountability of councillors.

    Q5. What are the similarities and differences between the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas and the urban local bodies?

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Similarities:

    • Both are systems of local self-government.
    • Both have three levels of governance: village/block/district in rural areas, and ward/municipality/corporation in urban areas.
    • In both, representatives are directly elected by the people.
    • Both focus on solving local problems like sanitation, water supply, and infrastructure.

    Differences:

    • Panchayati Raj works in villages, while urban local bodies work in towns and cities.
    • Head of Gram Panchayat is called Sarpanch, while head of a Municipal Corporation is the Mayor.
    • Panchayats focus more on agriculture, irrigation, and rural welfare, while urban bodies focus on city needs like traffic, solid waste management, and housing.

    Together, they ensure democracy works at the grassroots in both rural and urban India.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 12: Grassroots Democracy – Part 3

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What are urban local bodies?
      Answer: Local self-government institutions in towns and cities.
    2. Name the oldest municipal corporation in India.
      Answer: The Madras Corporation (now Greater Chennai Corporation), established in 1688.
    3. Which city has been ranked cleanest under Swachh Survekshan for seven years in a row?
      Answer: Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
    4. What is the head of a Municipal Corporation called?
      Answer: The Mayor.
    5. What is the smallest urban local body?
      Answer: Nagar Panchayat.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. How do urban local bodies fund their activities?
    Answer: They collect taxes (property tax, water tax, trade licenses), fees for services, fines, and also receive grants from the state and central governments.

    Q7. Give examples of services provided by a Municipal Corporation.
    Answer: Garbage collection, sewage management, street lighting, maintaining parks, issuing birth/marriage certificates, fire services, and healthcare facilities.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Why are urban local bodies important in democracy?
    Answer (150–180 words):
    Urban local bodies bring democracy closer to the people in towns and cities. They provide basic civic services like water, sanitation, roads, garbage collection, and public health. They also manage local development projects and maintain public amenities. By dividing cities into wards, citizens can elect representatives who voice their needs. This ensures that governance is not only top-down but also participatory.

    Urban bodies also raise awareness about social issues like cleanliness, environment, and health. For example, Indore’s success in cleanliness was possible only because both the municipal corporation and citizens cooperated. Moreover, urban local bodies create employment, regulate trade, and provide emergency services like fire and disaster management.

    Thus, they play a crucial role in strengthening democracy at the grassroots and improving the quality of urban life.



  • Chapter-11-Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government in Rural Areas,Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Test yourself — without looking at the text above, can you name the three tiers of the Panchayati Raj system? What are the key functions of each of the three tiers?

    Answer (150 words):
    The Panchayati Raj system works at three tiers:

    1. Gram Panchayat (Village level):
      • Headed by a Sarpanch/Pradhan.
      • Directly elected by the Gram Sabha (all adult villagers).
      • Manages local needs like drinking water, sanitation, primary schools, and resolving small disputes.
    2. Panchayat Samiti (Block level):
      • Coordinates the work of many Gram Panchayats.
      • Prepares development plans, manages government schemes (like rural roads, health centres).
      • Acts as a link between Gram Panchayats and Zila Parishad.
    3. Zila Parishad (District level):
      • Oversees planning and development of the entire district.
      • Allocates funds and resources for big projects like hospitals, irrigation, and district schools.

    Together, they ensure self-governance and bring democracy closer to rural people.

    Q2. Write a letter to the Sarpanch regarding the issue of plastic bags lying on the roadside in the village.

    Answer (Model Letter):

    To,
    The Sarpanch,
    [Village Name]

    Respected Sir/Madam,

    I would like to bring to your attention the problem of plastic bags lying on the roadside in our village. These bags are polluting our environment, blocking drains, and harming animals who eat them. I request you to take steps to ban the use of plastic bags, install dustbins, and organise cleanliness drives. Please encourage villagers to use cloth or jute bags instead.

    Your action will help keep our village clean and healthy.

    Yours sincerely,
    [Your Name]
    Class VI Student

    Q3. In your view, what type of person should be a Gram Panchayat member?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    A Gram Panchayat member should be honest, responsible, and willing to serve the people. They must listen to everyone’s problems, especially women, children, and disadvantaged groups. The member should have leadership qualities, respect for all communities, and the ability to solve disputes fairly. Education and awareness of government schemes are also important, so that they can guide the villagers. Most importantly, the member should work selflessly for development without corruption.

    Q4. Let us suppose that you study in a village school. The school is located next to a highway and students find it difficult to cross the road when they come to school or leave at the end of the day. What are the options to solve this issue? Which institutions in the Panchayati Raj can help you? What can the students do?

    Answer (120–150 words):
    To solve this issue, some options are:

    • Building a speed breaker and zebra crossing near the school.
    • Requesting traffic police to be present during school hours.
    • Constructing an overbridge or underground crossing if possible.

    Institutions that can help:

    • Gram Panchayat: Can raise the issue in Gram Sabha meetings and request funds.
    • Panchayat Samiti: Can coordinate with the Public Works Department to build road safety measures.
    • Zila Parishad: Can allocate funds and approve larger projects like footbridges.

    What students can do:

    • Write a letter to the Sarpanch.
    • Spread awareness about road safety in the village.
    • Request parents and villagers to support the demand.

    This way, the Panchayati Raj institutions and community can work together to ensure children’s safety.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 11: Grassroots Democracy – Part 2

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. Who is the head of a Gram Panchayat?
      Answer: Sarpanch or Pradhan.
    2. What is the Gram Sabha?
      Answer: The assembly of all adult villagers who are registered voters.
    3. Who maintains land records in villages?
      Answer: The Patwari.
    4. What is the three-tier system of Panchayati Raj?
      Answer: Gram Panchayat (village), Panchayat Samiti (block), Zila Parishad (district).
    5. What proportion of Panchayat seats are reserved for women?
      Answer: One-third.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. Why are Panchayati Raj institutions important in democracy?
    Answer: They allow people to participate directly in decision-making, manage local issues effectively, and bring governance closer to rural communities.

    Q7. What is the role of a Panchayat Samiti?
    Answer: It coordinates Gram Panchayat plans, implements schemes, and acts as a link between villages and the district.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Explain with examples how Panchayati Raj has empowered disadvantaged sections of society.
    Answer (120–150 words):
    Panchayati Raj institutions reserve seats for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes. This gives disadvantaged groups a voice in governance. For example, Vandana Bahadur Maida from Madhya Pradesh became the first female Sarpanch of her village and worked for education and sanitation. In Maharashtra, transgender Sarpanch Dnyaneshwar Kamble promoted social harmony. Hiware Bazar transformed into a model village under Popatrao Pawar through rainwater harvesting. These examples show that Panchayati Raj enables marginalised people to participate in decision-making, improve village life, and contribute to democracy at the grassroots.

  • Chapter-10-Grassroots Democracy — Part 1: Governance, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Test yourself — What is the meaning of democracy? What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Democracy means “rule of the people.” It is a system of government in which citizens have the right to participate in decision-making. In ancient times, small communities sometimes practised direct democracy, where every citizen voted directly on decisions. An example is when a class votes on where to go for a picnic.

    In modern nations like India, direct democracy is not possible because the population is very large. Instead, we follow representative democracy, where citizens elect leaders to represent them in assemblies. These elected members (MLAs and MPs) discuss laws and policies on behalf of the people. Thus, the main difference is:

    • Direct democracy = people decide directly.
    • Representative democracy = elected representatives decide on behalf of the people.

    Q2. Recall the three organs of government. What are their different roles?

    Answer:

    1. Legislature – Makes laws, updates or removes old ones. In India, this includes Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) at the Centre and State Assemblies.
    2. Executive – Implements laws and ensures administration. At the Centre, it includes the Prime Minister, ministers, and officers; at the State, the Chief Minister and government departments.
    3. Judiciary – Interprets laws, punishes criminals, and ensures justice. It includes the Supreme Court, High Courts, and lower courts.

    These three organs act separately but work together, maintaining balance through a “separation of powers.”

    Q3. Why do we need three tiers of government?

    Answer (100–120 words):
    India is a vast country with many states, districts, and villages. A single central government cannot handle all problems. Therefore, we need three tiers:

    • Local Government – Works at village, town, or city level; solves local issues like sanitation, drinking water, and street lighting.
    • State Government – Manages issues within a state, such as law and order, health, education, and agriculture.
    • Central Government – Handles national issues like defence, foreign affairs, and currency.

    These three levels ensure that decisions are taken closer to the people, problems are solved efficiently, and democracy works at the grassroots.

    Q4. Project: Many of you will remember the lockdown that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Make a list of all the actions that were taken at that time? Which tiers of government were involved in managing the situation? What was the role of each of the organs of government?

    Answer (150–180 words, model):
    During the COVID-19 lockdown, many actions were taken: closing schools, markets, and offices; providing medical facilities; distributing food; arranging vaccination drives; and enforcing safety rules like wearing masks and maintaining social distance.

    • Central Government: Announced national lockdowns, provided guidelines, organised vaccine production, and deployed funds.
    • State Governments: Imposed curfews, managed hospitals, provided oxygen and medicines, and arranged transport for migrants.
    • Local Governments: Distributed food packets, sanitised streets, and ensured help reached people at the grassroots.

    Organs of Government:

    • Legislature: Passed emergency financial measures.
    • Executive: Implemented lockdown rules, vaccination, and relief schemes.
    • Judiciary: Ensured human rights were protected, monitored distribution of oxygen and hospital facilities.

    This shows how all three levels and all three organs of government worked together during the pandemic.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 10: Grassroots Democracy – Part 1

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What does the word “democracy” literally mean?
      Answer: Rule of the people.
    2. Which organ of government enforces laws?
      Answer: The Executive.
    3. Which organ checks whether laws are fair?
      Answer: The Judiciary.
    4. Who is the nominal head of India’s government?
      Answer: The President of India.
    5. Who is called the “Missile Man of India”?
      Answer: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What is meant by the separation of powers?
    Answer: It means that the three organs of government — legislature, executive, and judiciary — must remain independent but work together. This prevents misuse of power and maintains balance in governance.

    Q7. Give one example where government affects your daily life.
    Answer: The government provides electricity and water supply in my area. It makes rules for safety and ensures fair pricing, directly affecting my daily life.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Why is democracy important?
    Answer (120–150 words):
    Democracy is important because it gives people the right to choose their leaders and hold them accountable. It ensures equality, freedom of speech, and justice for all citizens. In a democracy, laws are made through discussion and debate, reflecting the will of the people. It prevents misuse of power by dividing authority among legislature, executive, and judiciary. Democracy also protects cultural diversity and individual dignity, as seen in India’s unity in diversity. Without democracy, citizens may lose their rights and freedom. Thus, democracy is not only a form of government but also a way of life that values participation, responsibility, and respect for all.

  • Chapter-9-Family and Community, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. What are some of the rules you follow in your family and neighbourhood? Why are they important?

    Answer (100–120 words):
    In my family, we follow rules like respecting elders, helping in household work, and speaking politely to each other. At home, I must finish my homework before playing, and avoid wasting food or water. In the neighbourhood, I avoid littering, greet neighbours respectfully, and follow traffic rules. These rules are important because they teach discipline, responsibility, and cooperation. They also ensure harmony within the family and safety in society. Following rules helps us live peacefully with others and shows that we care for both people and the environment.

    Q2. Do you think some rules are unfair to a few people in the family or community? Why?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    Yes, sometimes rules may feel unfair. For example, in some families, only women are expected to cook and clean, while men do not share household chores. Similarly, in some communities, certain groups face restrictions in using public spaces or resources. Such rules are unfair because they burden some members and give privileges to others. Rules should be equal and just for everyone, so that all members of a family or community can live with dignity, respect, and fairness.

    Q3. Describe several situations that you have observed where community support makes a difference. You can draw or write about these.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    I have seen many situations where community support is very helpful. During festivals like Diwali and Eid, neighbours share sweets and help in decorations, making celebrations joyful. In times of crisis, like heavy rains or floods, people in our colony worked together to remove water and provide food to those affected. During the COVID-19 lockdown, our housing society arranged for delivery of groceries and medicines for elderly people. Similarly, when someone in the neighbourhood has a wedding or function, all families join in cooking, cleaning, and organising. These examples show that community support gives strength during difficulties and spreads happiness during celebrations.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 9: Family and Community

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What is the smallest unit of society?
      Answer: The family.
    2. What are the two main types of families?
      Answer: Joint families and nuclear families.
    3. What do Indian languages often call cousins?
      Answer: Brothers or sisters (no separate word).
    4. What does “halma” mean in the Bhil community?
      Answer: Coming together to support each other in times of crisis.
    5. Name one new type of community in urban areas.
      Answer: Residents’ Welfare Associations.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What values do children learn from family life?
    Answer: Children learn love, cooperation, responsibility, discipline, sharing, respect for elders, and cultural traditions from family life.

    Q7. How did Shalini’s family in Kerala practise family values?
    Answer: They sacrificed their own desires and bought clothes for her uncle’s family during Onam, showing love, sharing, and caring for relatives in need.

    Q8. What role did Tenzing’s grandparents play in his life?
    Answer: His grandmother told wise stories, and his grandfather helped with homework, accompanied him to the bus stop, and participated in community service.

  • Chapter-8-Unity in Diversity, or Many in the One, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Conduct a class discussion on the two quotations at the start of the chapter.

    Answer (model – 120 words):
    Rabindranath Tagore’s quotation means that even in the variety of life, we should feel the touch of the One, the eternal truth. Sri Aurobindo’s words explain that India’s identity is based on unity in diversity. Though India has many languages, religions, customs, and traditions, they all form part of one civilisation. This unity gives India its strength. The message of both thinkers is that diversity is not a weakness but an enrichment. When we see “the Many in the One,” we understand the deep cultural and spiritual unity of India.

    Q2. Select a few stories from the Pañchatantra and discuss how their message is still valid today. Do you know of any similar stories from your region?

    Answer (100–120 words):
    One story from the Pañchatantra is “The Monkey and the Crocodile”. It teaches that wisdom and quick thinking can save us in difficult times. Another is “The Lion and the Clever Rabbit”, which shows how intelligence is more powerful than strength. These messages are still valid today, reminding us to use our mind wisely. In my region, we have folk tales like Tenali Raman’s stories, which also teach lessons of wit, honesty, and justice. Such stories remain popular because their morals are timeless.

    Q3. Collect a few folk tales from your region and discuss their message.

    Answer (model – 100 words):
    In my region, one folk tale is about a farmer who shared his food with a hungry traveller. Later, the traveller turned out to be a deity who blessed him with prosperity. The message is kindness and generosity always bring rewards. Another tale is about a crow and a snake, teaching courage and cleverness in facing enemies. These folk tales are simple but convey values like honesty, bravery, kindness, and respect for nature.

    Q4. Is there any ancient story that you have seen being depicted through a form of art? It could be a sculpture, a painting, a dance performance, a movie … Discuss with your classmates.

    Answer (example – 100 words):
    Yes, I have seen the story of Rāmāyaṇa depicted in the classical dance drama Kathakali in Kerala. The scene of Hanuman carrying the Sanjeevani mountain was performed with great expressions and costumes. I have also seen Rāmāyaṇa episodes painted on temple walls in Tamil Nadu. In movies too, the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa have been recreated. These artistic depictions help keep ancient stories alive and make them understandable for new generations.

    Q5. Discuss in class the following quotation by Jawaharlal Nehru.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Jawaharlal Nehru observed that India’s cultural roots are deeply influenced by the epics Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata. Even illiterate villagers could recite verses and relate morals from these epics in their daily conversations. This shows the powerful role of literature in shaping Indian society. These epics gave people values of truth, courage, sacrifice, and dharma, uniting them across regions. Nehru’s words also highlight the role of oral tradition in preserving knowledge. Today, even with television and books, the moral lessons of the epics continue to inspire. They remind us of our shared culture and the unity that binds Indians together.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 8: Unity in Diversity

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. Who said, “Oh, grant me my prayer, that I may never lose the bliss of the touch of the one in the play of the many”?
      Answer: Rabindranath Tagore.
    2. What was the People of India Project?
      Answer: A survey by the Anthropological Survey of India studying 4,635 communities, their languages, and cultures.
    3. Name two common food grains found all over India.
      Answer: Rice and wheat.
    4. Which two Indian epics have united people across the country?
      Answer: The Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata.
    5. Which traditional Indian dress reflects unity in diversity?
      Answer: The sari.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. Explain how the sari reflects unity in diversity.
    Answer: The sari is a single piece of cloth worn all over India, but it has hundreds of variations in weaving, fabric, colour, and draping styles. Whether it is Kanjivaram silk, Banarasi brocade, or cotton handloom, the sari represents both the common cultural heritage (unity) and the regional creativity (diversity) of India.

    Q7. Give examples of a common festival celebrated under different names in India.
    Answer: The harvest festival is celebrated as Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Lohri in Punjab, Bihu in Assam, Uttarayan in Gujarat, and Makar Sankranti in Maharashtra. Though names and rituals differ, the essence is the same — thanksgiving for harvest.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. What is meant by “unity in diversity” in the Indian scenario?
    Answer (150 words):
    “Unity in diversity” means that India, though diverse in languages, religions, food, dress, and customs, has an underlying unity of culture and values. With more than 1.4 billion people, 325 languages, and thousands of communities, India could appear divided. But shared traditions, respect for nature, and common values like dharma, truth, and family ties unite the nation. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, and Eid are celebrated by all communities. Epics like the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata are known in every region in different versions. Common food grains, clothing styles, and arts also strengthen this unity. Thus, India celebrates diversity as enrichment while preserving unity as its foundation.

    Q9. How do epics like the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata represent unity in diversity?
    Answer (120–150 words):
    The Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata are originally in Sanskrit, but they have been translated and adapted into every major Indian language. Many regional and tribal communities have their own versions of these stories, linking their history with epic heroes like Rama, Sita, or the Pandavas. Folk songs, dances, plays, paintings, and sculptures depict episodes from the epics in local styles. Even outside India, in Southeast Asia, the Rāmāyaṇa has versions in Thailand, Indonesia, and Cambodia. Despite the diversity of forms, the values of dharma, sacrifice, and truth are common. This shows how the same story unites different regions, cultures, and communities across India and Asia.

  • Chapter 7 – India’s Cultural Roots, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. If you were Nachiketa, what questions would you like to ask Yama? Write them down in 100–150 words.

    Answer (model):
    If I were Nachiketa, I would ask Yama:

    • What happens after death — does life end or continue in another form?
    • What is the true purpose of human life?
    • Why do people suffer even if they do good deeds?
    • How can one overcome fear, anger, and attachment?
    • What is the path to attaining peace and liberation?

    These questions would help me understand the mystery of life and death, the meaning of karma, and the way to live a righteous and fearless life.

    Q2. Explain a few central ideas of Buddhism. Briefly comment upon them.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Central ideas of Buddhism include:

    1. Four Noble Truths: Life has suffering; suffering arises from desire; it can end; and the Eightfold Path leads to its end.
    2. Eightfold Path: Right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and meditation.
    3. Ahimsa: Non-harming of all beings.
    4. Middle Path: Avoid extremes of luxury and hardship.

    Comment: These ideas emphasise simplicity, discipline, and compassion. They focus on inner transformation rather than rituals. Even today, Buddhist values of peace and mindfulness are relevant worldwide.

    Q3. Discuss the quotation of the Buddha: “Not by water is one made pure, though many people may bathe here [in sacred rivers]. But one is pure in whom truth and dharma reside.”

    Answer (80–100 words):
    The Buddha’s quotation means that real purity is not external but internal. Bathing in rivers may clean the body, but true purity comes from following truth, dharma (righteousness), and self-control. A person who is honest, kind, and non-violent is purer than one who only performs rituals. This teaching emphasises inner discipline, good actions, and moral values over external appearances.

    Q4. Explain a few central ideas of Jainism. Briefly comment upon them.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Central ideas of Jainism are:

    1. Ahimsa: Non-violence towards all living beings, including insects and plants.
    2. Anekāntavāda: Truth has many sides; no single view is complete.
    3. Aparigraha: Non-attachment to possessions and simplicity in life.
    4. Karma: One’s actions decide the future cycle of birth.

    Comment: Jain philosophy highlights compassion, tolerance, and simplicity. Its teachings are deeply ecological, showing respect for all life forms. Even today, these principles guide people towards peace, environmental care, and ethical living.

    Q5. Consider and discuss André Béteille’s thought (p. 122).

    Answer (100–120 words):
    André Béteille said that castes and tribes in India influenced each other’s beliefs and practices. This means that Indian culture developed through interaction, borrowing, and sharing. Tribal deities became part of Hinduism (like Jagannath of Puri), while Hindu epics were retold in tribal versions. Such exchange made Indian culture rich, diverse, and united. This mutual influence shows that culture is never one-sided but a blend of traditions. It also reminds us to respect every community’s contribution to India’s civilisation.

    Q6. Make a list of popular gods and goddesses in your region and the festivals they are associated with.

    Answer (model – students adapt):

    • Durga – Durga Puja (West Bengal)
    • Krishna – Janmashtami (Uttar Pradesh)
    • Ganesh – Ganesh Chaturthi (Maharashtra)
    • Jagannath – Rath Yatra (Odisha)
    • Shiva – Mahashivaratri (all over India)

    Q7. List two or three tribal groups from your region or State. Document some of their art and belief systems.

    Answer (model – example from central India):

    • Gonds: Worship nature; famous for Gond paintings.
    • Santhals: Worship Singbonga (sun god); celebrate Sohrai harvest festival.
    • Baiga: Known for tattoo art; follow traditional forest rituals.

    True or False

    1. The Vedic hymns were written on palm-leaf manuscripts. – False. They were passed orally.
    2. The Vedas are India’s oldest texts. – True.
    3. The Vedic statement ekam sat viprā bahudhā vadanti reflects belief in unity of cosmic powers. – True.
    4. Buddhism is older than the Vedas. – False. Vedas are older.
    5. Jainism emerged as a branch of Buddhism. – False. It is an independent school.
    6. Both Buddhism and Jainism advocated peaceful coexistence and non-violence. – True.
    7. Tribal belief systems are limited to spirits and minor deities. – False. They also have supreme deities and rich traditions.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 7: India’s Cultural Roots

    Very Short Answer Questions

    Q1. What does the word “Veda” mean? – Knowledge.
    Q2. Who composed the Vedic hymns? – Rishis and rishikas.
    Q3. What does “aham brahmāsmi” mean? – I am divine.
    Q4. Who founded Buddhism? – Siddhārtha Gautama (the Buddha).
    Q5. Who founded Jainism? – Mahāvīra.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What is the concept of karma?
    Answer: Karma means actions and their results. Good deeds bring happiness, while bad deeds bring suffering.

    Q7. What is anekāntavāda in Jainism?
    Answer: It is the belief that truth has many aspects and no single statement can describe it fully.

    Q8. How did tribal traditions enrich Hinduism?
    Answer: Tribal deities like Jagannath were adopted into Hinduism, while tribal groups adapted Hindu epics in their own style.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q9. Explain the contribution of the Vedas to Indian culture.
    Answer (120 words):
    The Vedas are the oldest Indian texts and a foundation of Indian culture. They contain hymns to gods like Indra, Agni, Sarasvatī, and Varuṇa. Their teachings emphasise truth, unity, and harmony in the cosmos. The Upanishads developed deeper ideas like ātman, brahman, karma, and rebirth. Vedic culture influenced rituals, festivals, philosophy, and social organisation. The oral preservation of Vedic hymns is recognised by UNESCO as world heritage. Even today, Vedic prayers and values guide Indian traditions and spirituality.

    Q10. How are Buddhism, Jainism, and Vedic schools similar and different?
    Answer (150 words):

    • Similarities: All three stress dharma, karma, rebirth, and liberation from suffering. They value non-violence, truth, and simplicity.
    • Differences:
      • Vedic schools accept the authority of the Vedas; Buddhism and Jainism reject it.
      • Buddhism emphasises the Middle Path and meditation.
      • Jainism stresses ahimsa in the strictest sense and detachment (aparigraha).

    Vedanta teaches that everything is one divine essence, brahman.
    Thus, despite differences, these schools enriched Indian thought and created a diverse yet unified cultural tradition.

  • Chapter 6 – The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Why does the civilisation studied in this chapter have several names? Discuss their significance.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    The civilisation has many names:

    • Indus Civilisation – because many cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro grew along the Indus River.
    • Harappan Civilisation – named after Harappa, the first site excavated in 1920–21.
    • Indus-Sarasvatī or Sindhu-Sarasvatī Civilisation – because many sites were also found along the Sarasvatī (Ghaggar-Hakra) River.

    These names highlight its geographical spread. It was not limited to the Indus Valley but extended to present-day Punjab, Sindh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Using multiple names helps us understand the vastness of the civilisation and the role of different rivers in shaping its culture.

    Q2. Write a brief report (150–200 words) summing up some of the achievements of the Indus-Sarasvatī civilisation.

    Answer:
    The Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) was one of the world’s earliest urban civilisations. Its cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi show advanced town-planning with wide streets, fortifications, and drainage systems. Mohenjo-daro’s Great Bath and Dholavira’s large reservoirs prove their skill in water management.

    Harappans were skilled farmers, growing wheat, barley, millets, rice, and cotton, which was used for making clothes. They domesticated animals and fished in rivers and seas.

    They were also excellent craftspersons, making beads of carnelian, bronze tools, terracotta toys, ornaments, and figurines like the “Dancing Girl.” They traded actively with Mesopotamia, Oman, and other regions using land and sea routes.

    Although the civilisation declined due to climatic changes and drying rivers, its achievements in urbanism, crafts, agriculture, and trade laid the foundation for later Indian culture.

    Q3. Imagine you have to travel from the city of Harappa to Kalibangan. What are your different options? Can you make a rough estimation of the amount of time each option might take?

    Answer (model):

    • On foot: This might take 25–30 days, as the distance is about 600 km.
    • By bullock cart: About 15–20 days.
    • By boat (using Indus and its tributaries): Around 10–12 days, depending on water flow.

    Thus, rivers were the fastest means of transport in those times.

    Q4. Let us imagine a Harappan man or woman being transported to an average kitchen in today’s India. What are the four or five biggest surprises awaiting them?

    Answer:

    • Use of LPG gas stoves and microwaves instead of firewood.
    • Variety of steel, plastic, and glass utensils instead of clay pots.
    • Packaged food, spices, and ready-to-cook items.
    • Refrigerators for storage and mixer-grinders for cooking.
    • Electricity and water taps inside the kitchen.

    Q5. Looking at all the pictures in this chapter, make a list of the ornaments / gestures / objects that still feel familiar in our 21st century.

    Answer:

    • Bangles covering the entire arm (still worn in Gujarat and Rajasthan).
    • Beads, shell bangles, and pendants.
    • Terracotta toys and whistles (similar to clay toys today).
    • The “namaste” gesture.
    • Board games resembling modern ludo or chess.

    Q6. What mindset does the system of reservoirs at Dholavira reflect?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    The reservoirs at Dholavira reflect the Harappans’ advanced civic sense, planning, and concern for sustainable living. They realised the importance of water in a dry region and built huge reservoirs, some cut into rocks. These were connected by underground drains for harvesting and storing water. This shows their ability to organise collective labour, manage resources, and create long-lasting infrastructure. It highlights their scientific approach and sense of responsibility towards society.

    Q7. In Mohenjo-daro, about 700 wells built with bricks have been counted. They seem to have been regularly maintained and used for several centuries. Discuss the implications.

    Answer:
    The 700 wells of Mohenjo-daro show the Harappans’ concern for hygiene, community health, and water supply. Their maintenance over centuries suggests there was a proper administration and civic body. It also means people valued clean water and had rules for its use. This indicates a highly organised society with collective responsibility, which is an important lesson even for modern cities.

    Q8. It is often said that the Harappans had a high civic sense. Discuss the significance of this statement. Do you agree with it? Compare with citizens in a large city of India today.

    Answer (150–180 words):
    Yes, the Harappans had a high civic sense. Their cities had wide streets, advanced drainage, wells, public baths, and planned housing. Both small and big houses were built with similar quality, showing fairness in society. The Great Bath and large reservoirs prove their attention to cleanliness and water management.

    In comparison, modern Indian cities often face problems like overflowing drains, unclean roads, and water shortages. While we have advanced technology, citizens sometimes neglect cleanliness and waste management. The Harappans, with fewer resources, still maintained discipline and collective responsibility.

    Thus, their example teaches us that civic sense and cooperation are vital for healthy urban life.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 6: The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation

    Very Short Answer Questions

    Q1. Why are Harappans also called Indus people?
    Because their cities grew along the Indus River and its tributaries.

    Q2. Which was the first Harappan site excavated?
    Harappa (in present-day Pakistan).

    Q3. Which metal alloy did Harappans make using copper and tin?
    Bronze.

    Q4. Name one important port city of the Harappans.
    Lothal in Gujarat.

    Q5. Which famous figurine from Mohenjo-daro shows artistic skills?
    The bronze “Dancing Girl.”

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What did Harappans grow in their fields?
    They grew wheat, barley, millets, rice, pulses, vegetables, and cotton.

    Q7. What were Harappan seals used for?
    Seals were used for trade and identification. They carried animal figures and script signs.

    Q8. Mention two reasons for the decline of the Harappan civilisation.
    Climatic change causing drought, and drying up of the Sarasvatī River.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q9. Explain the importance of Harappan trade.
    Harappans traded beads, ornaments, cotton, timber, and food with Mesopotamia, Oman, and other regions. They used land, river, and sea routes. The dockyard at Lothal shows maritime trade. Seals helped identify goods. Trade spread Harappan culture and linked India with other civilisations.

    Q10. What do we learn about Harappan society from excavated objects?
    We learn that they used bronze mirrors, terracotta pots, weights, chisels, toys, and whistles in daily life. Figurines like the “Priest King,” “Dancing Girl,” and seals with deities show their culture and beliefs. Ornaments, bangles, and beads reflect fashion still familiar today. These finds tell us about their economy, religion, and lifestyle.

  • Chapter-5-India, That Is Bharat, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT ANSWERS

    Q1. Discuss what could be the meaning of the quotation at the start of the chapter.

    Answer (80–100 words):
    The quotation means that India’s unity is based not only on geography but also on culture, traditions, and spirituality. From ancient times, the Himalayas in the north and the seas in the south have shaped India as one land. People shared common festivals, values, and ideas despite living in different regions. This cultural and spiritual unity made India a strong civilisation, known as Bharat, which continues to live in the hearts of its people.

    Q2. True or false?

    1. The Ṛig Veda describes the entire geography of India. – False. It mainly describes the Sapta Sindhu region.
    2. The Viṣhṇu Purāṇa describes the entire Subcontinent. – True. It defines Bharat as land between the Himalayas and oceans.
    3. In Aśhoka’s time, ‘Jambudvīpa’ included what is today India, parts of Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. – True.
    4. The Mahābhārata lists many regions, including Kashmir, Kutch, and Kerala. – True.
    5. The term ‘Hindustān’ first appeared in a Greek inscription more than 2,000 years ago. – False. It first appeared in a Persian inscription.
    6. In ancient Persian, the word ‘Hindu’ refers to the Hindu religion. – False. It was a geographical term.
    7. ‘Bhārata’ is a name given to India by foreign travellers. – False. It was given by Indians themselves.

    Q3. If you were born some 2,000 years ago and had the chance to name our country, what name or names might you have chosen, and why?

    Answer (model – imaginative):
    If I were born 2,000 years ago, I would name our country “Aryavarta” meaning the land of noble people, or “Suryadesh” meaning the land of the rising Sun. These names would reflect India’s values, knowledge, and importance in the ancient world. I might also choose “Ganga Desh”, because the river Ganga symbolises purity and life for millions of people.

    Q4. Why did people travel to India from various parts of the world in ancient times? What could be their motivations in undertaking such long journeys?

    Answer (100–120 words):
    People travelled to India for many reasons:

    1. Trade: India was famous for spices, cotton, silk, gems, and metals.
    2. Religion and learning: Pilgrims and scholars came to study Buddhism, Hinduism, and visit holy places. Chinese travellers like Xuanzang visited universities like Nalanda.
    3. Exploration: Adventurers and travellers wanted to see India’s rich culture and geography.
    4. Conquest: Some came as invaders to control India’s wealth and land.
    5. Cultural exchange: Artists, poets, and writers visited to share and learn knowledge.
      Thus, India was an important centre of attraction for the ancient world.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 5: India, That Is Bharat

    Very Short Answer Questions

    Q1. What name does the Rig Veda give to northwest India?
    Answer: Sapta Sindhava (land of seven rivers).

    Q2. Which text first mentions the name ‘Bhāratavarṣha’?
    Answer: The Mahābhārata.

    Q3. What does ‘Jambudvīpa’ mean?
    Answer: The island of the jamun tree.

    Q4. Who was the first Indian emperor to use the name Jambudvīpa?
    Answer: Emperor Aśhoka.

    Q5. What does the Indian Constitution say at the beginning about India?
    Answer: “India, that is Bharat.”

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. How did Persians and Greeks refer to India?
    Answer:

    • Persians called it Hind or Hidu from the word Sindhu.
    • Greeks called it Indoi or Indike, dropping the letter “h”.

    Q7. How did the Chinese refer to India?
    Answer: Ancient Chinese called India Yintu, Yindu, or Tianzhu (land of the heavenly master).

    Q8. What does the word Hindustān mean and when was it first used?
    Answer: Hindustān, meaning “land of the Hind,” was first used in a Persian inscription about 1,800 years ago.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q9. Explain the different names of India in ancient times.
    Answer (120 words):
    India has been known by many names:

    • Sapta Sindhava in the Rig Veda (land of seven rivers).
    • Bhāratavarṣha in the Mahābhārata (land of Bharata people/kings).
    • Jambudvīpa, used by Aśhoka and in Purāṇas.
    • Bharat, described in the Vishnu Purāṇa as land between the Himalayas and oceans.
      Foreigners also gave names:
    • Persians: Hind / Hidu.
    • Greeks: Indoi / Indike.
    • Chinese: Yindu, Yintu, Tianzhu.
    • Arabs & Persians later used: Hindustān.

    Europeans: India, Inde (French).
    These names reflect India’s geography, culture, and its image in the world.

  • Chapter-4-Timeline and Sources of History, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT ANSWERS

    Q1. As a project, write the history of your family (or village if you live in one), using sources of history at your disposal. Ask your teacher to guide you.

    Answer (model – students can adapt):
    I wrote about my family using sources such as photographs, Aadhaar cards, and my grandparents’ memories. My father works in an office, and my mother is a teacher. My grandparents were farmers, and my great-grandparents also lived in the same village. Old land records and stories helped me know about our past. This shows how sources help us understand family or village history.

    Q2. Can we compare historians to detectives? Give reasons for your answers.

    Answer (80–100 words):
    Yes, historians are like detectives. Detectives gather clues and evidence to solve crimes, while historians collect sources such as inscriptions, coins, pottery, monuments, and written texts to reconstruct the past. Both compare different pieces of evidence, cross-check facts, and then come to conclusions. Sometimes, evidence may be missing or contradictory, but through reasoning and analysis, historians, like detectives, solve the puzzle of history.

    Q3. A few exercises with dates:

    1. Place these dates chronologically on the timeline:
    • 1900 BCE → 323 BCE → 100 BCE → 100 CE → 323 CE → 1090 CE → 2024 CE
    1. If King Chandragupta was born in 320 CE, which century did he belong to? And how many years was that after the Buddha’s birth?
    • 320 CE = 4th century CE
    • Buddha’s birth = 560 BCE
    • Years between = 560 + 320 – 1 = 879 years
    1. Rani of Jhansi was born in 1828. Which century did she belong to? How many years was that before India’s Independence?
    • 1828 CE = 19th century CE
    • Independence = 1947 CE
    • Gap = 1947 – 1828 = 119 years
    1. Turn ‘12,000 years ago’ into a date.
    • 2025 – 12,000 = 9975 BCE

    Q4. Plan a visit to a nearby museum.

    Answer (model report):
    I visited the National Museum in New Delhi. It had ancient coins, pottery, inscriptions, sculptures, and manuscripts. I found the Harappan seals very interesting because they showed animals and symbols. I also saw old ornaments and tools. What was unexpected was how well-preserved these objects were. The visit helped me understand history better and made learning more exciting.

    Q5. Invite to your school an archaeologist or a historian and ask them to speak on the history of your region and why it’s important to know it.

    Answer (model speech points):

    • Archaeologists explain the ancient monuments, inscriptions, and excavations of our region.
    • Historians tell us about rulers, culture, and traditions of the past.
    • Knowing local history connects us with our heritage.
    • It helps us value our culture and learn lessons from the past for the present and future.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 4: Timeline and Sources of History

    Very Short Answer Questions

    Q1. Who studies fossils?
    Answer: Palaeontologists.

    Q2. Which calendar is widely used today?
    Answer: The Gregorian Calendar.

    Q3. What does CE and BCE stand for?
    Answer: Common Era and Before Common Era.

    Q4. Who study ancient inscriptions?
    Answer: Epigraphists.

    Q5. Who were the earliest humans?
    Answer: Homo sapiens, who appeared around 300,000 years ago.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What is a timeline? Why is it useful in history?
    Answer: A timeline is a line that shows events in chronological order. It helps us understand the sequence of events and compare different historical periods easily.

    Q7. What were the main sources of food for early humans?
    Answer: Early humans survived by hunting animals, gathering fruits, roots, and edible plants. Later, they learned farming and domestication of animals.

    Q8. Mention two differences between BCE and CE dating systems.
    Answer:

    • BCE counts years backward (e.g., 500 BCE is earlier than 200 BCE), while CE counts years forward.
    • BCE refers to “Before Common Era,” and CE refers to “Common Era.”

    Long Answer Questions

    Q9. Describe the different sources of history.
    Answer (100–120 words):
    Sources of history are divided into:

    1. Archaeological sources – remains of buildings, pottery, tools, coins, inscriptions, and excavations.
    2. Literary sources – manuscripts, Vedas, epics, poems, plays, travelogues, chronicles.
    3. Oral sources – folklore, stories, songs, and traditions.
    4. Artistic sources – paintings, sculptures, panels.
      These sources help historians reconstruct the past. Each source provides a part of the “puzzle of history,” and by combining them, historians get a clearer picture of how people lived in different times.

    Q10. How did early humans live?
    Answer (100–120 words):
    Early humans lived in caves, rock shelters, or temporary camps. They hunted animals and gathered fruits, nuts, and roots. They used stone tools, fire for cooking, and painted scenes of animals and daily life on cave walls. Later, they discovered farming, domesticated animals like cattle and goats, and settled near rivers. They also made pottery, metal tools, and ornaments. These developments slowly transformed small hamlets into villages and towns, laying the foundation for civilisations.

  • Chapter-3-Landforms and Life, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT QUESTIONS

    Q1. In what type of landform is your town / village / city located? Which features mentioned in this chapter do you see around you?

    Answer (model – students can adapt):
    My town is located on the plains. It has fertile soil, rivers nearby, and supports farming. I can see flat land, green fields, and many settlements. Crops like wheat and rice are grown here. The plain also has roads, railways, and industries, making life easier compared to mountains and plateaus.

    Q2. Let us go back to our initial trip from Chhota Nagpur to Prayagraj and Almora. Describe the three landforms you came across on the way.

    Answer:

    • Chhota Nagpur Plateau – A raised landform with rocky soil, mineral resources, and waterfalls.
    • Prayagraj (plains) – Fertile floodplains of the Ganga, suitable for agriculture and dense population.
    • Almora (mountains) – High land with steep slopes, forests, and snow-capped peaks, where terrace farming is done.

    Q3. List a few famous pilgrimage spots in India along with the landforms in which they are found.

    Answer:

    • Kedarnath, Badrinath (Uttarakhand) – Mountains (Himalayas)
    • Vaishno Devi (Jammu & Kashmir) – Mountains
    • Varanasi, Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh) – Plains, on the Ganga river
    • Rameswaram (Tamil Nadu) – Coastal plains / island

    Q4. State whether true or false —

    1. The Himalayas are young mountains with rounded tops. – False. They are young with sharp peaks.
    2. Plateaus usually rise sharply at least on one side. – True.
    3. Mountains and hills belong to the same type of landform. – True. Both are elevated landforms.
    4. Mountains, plateaus and rivers in India have the same types of flora and fauna. – False. Different landforms have different vegetation and animals.
    5. Ganga is a tributary to the Yamuna. – False. Yamuna is a tributary of the Ganga.
    6. Deserts have unique flora and fauna. – True. Example: cactus, camels.
    7. Melting snow feeds rivers. – True. Himalayan rivers depend on snowmelt.
    8. Sediments from rivers deposited in the plains makes the land fertile. – True.
    9. All deserts are hot. – False. Some are cold, like the Gobi Desert and Antarctica.

    Q5. Match words in pairs:

    • Mount Everest → Climbing
    • Rafting → River
    • Camels → Desert
    • Plateau → Roof of the world (Tibetan Plateau)
    • Gangetic plains → Rice fields
    • Waterway → Ganga
    • Mount Kilimanjaro → Africa
    • Yamuna → Tributary

    Extra Questions – Chapter 3: Landforms and Life

    Very Short Answer Questions (1–2 sentences)

    Q1. What is a landform?
    Answer: A landform is a natural physical feature of the Earth’s surface, such as mountains, plateaus, or plains.

    Q2. Which is the highest mountain peak in the world?
    Answer: Mount Everest (8,849 m).

    Q3. Name the highest mountain in South India.
    Answer: Anamudi (Kerala).

    Q4. Which plateau is called the “Roof of the World”?
    Answer: The Tibetan Plateau.

    Q5. Which is the largest river plain in India?
    Answer: The Ganga Plain.

    Short Answer Questions (30–50 words)

    Q6. What is terrace farming?
    Answer: Terrace farming is the practice of cutting steps or terraces on mountain slopes to grow crops. It prevents soil erosion and allows cultivation on steep land. It is common in the Himalayas and other hilly areas of India.

    Q7. Why are plains most suitable for human habitation?
    Answer: Plains have fertile soil, abundant water supply, and flat land for agriculture, transport, and building cities. This makes them densely populated regions and centres of human civilisation.

    Q8. Why are plateaus rich in minerals?
    Answer: Plateaus, formed by volcanic or tectonic activity, contain large reserves of minerals like coal, iron, and diamonds. For example, Chhota Nagpur Plateau in India has coal and iron, while the African Plateau has gold and diamonds.

    Long Answer Questions (80–120 words)

    Q9. Explain the differences between mountains, plateaus, and plains.
    Answer:

    • Mountains are high landforms with steep slopes and peaks. They have forests, rivers, and snow. Example: Himalayas.
    • Plateaus are flat-topped elevated areas with steep sides. They are rich in minerals and sometimes have fertile lava soil. Example: Deccan Plateau.
    • Plains are flat and low-lying areas formed by river deposits. They are very fertile and densely populated. Example: Ganga Plain.
      Thus, each landform has different features, advantages, and challenges for human life.

    Q10. What challenges do people face while living in mountains? Why do they still prefer to live there?
    Answer:
    Life in mountains is difficult due to harsh climate, landslides, avalanches, cloudbursts, and poor transport. Farming is limited and done through terrace cultivation. Yet, people live there because of fresh air, natural beauty, forest resources, tourism opportunities, and religious importance. Mountains also provide water from melting snow and rivers, making them valuable despite the challenges.

    Q11. Describe the importance of rivers in plains.
    Answer:
    Rivers in plains bring fertile soil (silt and sediments) which makes agriculture possible. They provide water for irrigation, transport, fishing, and daily life. Many ancient civilisations, like those on the Ganga and Indus plains, grew along rivers. Even today, rivers like the Ganga are centres of farming, trade, and religious activities.

  • Chapter 2 – Oceans and Continents, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    Q1. Explain the following terms:

    (a) Continent – A continent is a very large continuous landmass surrounded by oceans. There are seven continents on Earth: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

    (b) Ocean – Oceans are vast bodies of salt water covering about three-fourths of the Earth’s surface. The five main oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Oceans.

    (c) Island – An island is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides but smaller than a continent. Example: Greenland, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

    Q2. Let us draw – Without looking at the maps in this chapter, draw the continents free hand on a sheet of paper and colour them. Then compare your drawing with the map of oceans and continents in the chapter.

    Answer (Guidance for students):

    • Draw a rough sketch of the world map.
    • Colour the continents in different colours (e.g., Asia – yellow, Africa – green, North America – pink, South America – orange, Europe – purple, Australia – red, Antarctica – blue).
    • Colour all oceans in blue.
    • Then compare with the map in your book and check shapes, positions, and sizes.

    Q3. Let us do – On the outline map of the world given below, label all the continents and oceans.

    Answer (Guidance):

    • Mark and label:
      • Continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia.
      • Oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean.

    Q4. Solve this crossword.

    Across

    1. Oxygen
    2. Continent
    3. Asia
    4. Plastic
    5. Antarctica

    Down
    2. Greenland
    4. Tsunami
    5. Australia
    7. Pacific
    9. Island

    Q4. Name the seven continents in order of size (largest to smallest).

    Answer:

    1. Asia
    2. Africa
    3. North America
    4. South America
    5. Antarctica
    6. Europe
    7. Australia

    Q5. What are tsunamis and how are they caused?

    Answer (60–70 words):
    A tsunami is a giant ocean wave caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. The sudden movement of the sea floor displaces a huge amount of water, creating powerful waves that travel across the ocean. When they reach shallow coastal areas, these waves rise high and cause destruction. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami is an example, which affected Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

    Q6. What is the difference between an island and a continent?

    Answer:

    • Continent: Very large continuous landmass (e.g., Asia, Africa).
    • Island: Smaller landmass surrounded by water (e.g., Greenland, Andaman).

    Q7. Why is saving oceans important for our future?

    Answer (80–90 words):
    Oceans are called the “lungs of the planet” because they produce most of the oxygen we breathe. They also provide food, medicines, water cycle balance, and climate control. However, pollution, plastic waste, and overfishing are threatening marine life. If we don’t protect oceans, it will harm biodiversity and human survival. Saving oceans is necessary for a healthy planet and for future generations.

    Extra Questions – Oceans and Continents

    Q1. Why is the Earth called the “blue planet”?

    Answer:
    The Earth is called the blue planet because nearly three-fourths of its surface is covered with water. From space, the oceans give the Earth a bluish appearance, making it look mostly blue.

    Q2. Which is the largest and which is the smallest ocean?

    Answer:

    • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean.
    • The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean.

    Q3. How do oceans influence the climate of the Earth?

    Answer (70–80 words):
    Oceans store and distribute heat across the planet. They bring rainfall to the continents through the water cycle and regulate temperature by absorbing heat. For example, the Indian Ocean gives rise to monsoon rains, which are vital for agriculture in India. Oceans also produce more than half of the world’s oxygen, making them essential for life and climate balance.

  • Chapter 1 – Locating Places on the Earth, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    Q1. Returning to page 10 and to Fig. 5.2 in Chapter 5 of this textbook, taking the scale to be 2.5 cm = 500 km, calculate the real distance from the estuary of the Narmada River to the estuary of the Ganga river.

    Answer:
    If the distance on the map between the estuary of the Narmada and the Ganga is about 4.5 cm, then using the scale 2.5 cm = 500 km:

    5002.5×4.5=900 km2.5500​×4.5=900km

    So, the real distance is about 900 kilometres.

    Q2. Why is it 5:30 pm in India when it is 12 pm or noon in London?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    The Earth rotates from west to east, and as it rotates, different places experience day and night at different times. The standard time in India is based on the longitude 82.5°E, which is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in London. So, when it is 12 noon in London, India is already ahead in time, and the clock here shows 5:30 pm. This is why our watches run 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of London.

    Q3. Why do we need symbols and colours in the map?

    Answer (50–60 words):
    Maps show a lot of information in a small space. It is not possible to draw real shapes of rivers, mountains, roads or buildings. So, symbols are used to represent them clearly. Colours also make maps easy to read — for example, blue for water bodies, green for plains, and brown for mountains. They make maps simple and useful.

    Q4. Find out what you have in the eight directions from your home or school.

    Answer (student model – about 60 words):
    From my school:

     

    • North: A post office
    • South: A market
    • East: A temple
    • West: A bus stop
    • Northeast: A playground
    • Northwest: A hospital
    • Southeast: A small park
    • Southwest: A library

    (Students can change according to their locality.)

    Q5. What is the difference between local time and standard time? (100–150 words)

    Answer:
    Local time is the time of a particular place based on the position of the Sun. For example, when the Sun is exactly overhead, it is 12 noon at that place. Since the Earth rotates, local time changes as we move east or west. Standard time is a fixed time for an entire country or region, chosen along a central meridian. India uses Indian Standard Time (IST), based on 82.5°E longitude, so that the whole country follows one uniform time. Local time is useful for small areas, but for a big country, standard time avoids confusion in travel, communication and trade.

    Q6. Delhi’s and Bengaluru’s latitudes are 29°N and 13°N; their longitudes are almost the same, 77°E. How much will be the difference in local time between the two cities?

    Answer:
    Since the longitudes are almost the same, both cities have the same local time. The difference will be zero.

    Q7. Mark the following statements as true or false; explain your answers with a sentence or two.

      1. All parallels of latitude have the same length. – False. They become smaller as we move towards the poles.
      2. The length of a meridian of longitude is half of that of the Equator. – True. Longitudes are half circles from pole to pole.
      3. The South Pole has a latitude of 90°S. – True. It is the farthest point south from the Equator.
      4. In Assam, the local time and the IST are identical. – False. Assam’s local time is ahead of IST.
      5. Lines separating the time zones are identical with meridians of longitude. – False. They are adjusted to follow political boundaries.
      6. The Equator is also a parallel of latitude. – True. It is the longest parallel at 0°.

    Q8. Solve the crossword.

    Across:

    1. Scale
    2. Globe
    3. Equator
    4. Greenwich
    5. Map
    6. Latitude

    Down:
    2. Longitude
    3. Coordinates
    6. Grid
    7. IST
    9. North Pole
    11. IDL

     

    Extra Questions –

    Q1. What is the difference between a globe and a map?

    Answer:

    • A globe is a small model of the Earth that shows its true spherical shape and geographical features.
    • A map is a flat drawing of a part or whole of the Earth, showing physical, political, or thematic details.
      Globe is best for accuracy of shape; map is best for detailed study.

    Q2. Define latitude and longitude.

    Answer:

    • Latitude: Imaginary lines running east–west, parallel to the Equator, measuring distance north or south of it.
    • Longitude: Imaginary lines running north–south from pole to pole, measuring distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.

    Q3. Why is the Equator called the “great circle”?

    Answer:
    The Equator is called the “great circle” because it is the largest circle that divides the Earth into two equal halves — the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. It is the longest parallel of latitude.

    Q4. How are latitudes related to climate?

    Answer (70–80 words):
    Latitudes influence the climate of different regions. Places near the Equator (low latitudes) are hot and receive direct sunlight (Torrid Zone). The areas in the middle latitudes have moderate or temperate climate. Near the poles (high latitudes), the sunlight is slanting and weak, so these regions are very cold (Frigid Zone). Thus, latitude plays an important role in determining the type of weather and seasons experienced in any place.

    Q5. Why was Greenwich chosen as the Prime Meridian?

    Answer:
    In 1884, an international agreement fixed the Prime Meridian at Greenwich, London, because it was already being used widely by sailors and scientists for navigation. It became the standard reference line for measuring longitude worldwide.

    Q6. Explain local time with an example.

    Answer (50–60 words):
    Local time is the time of a place determined by the position of the Sun. When the Sun is overhead, it is 12 noon at that place. For example, if it is noon in Delhi, the local time in Mumbai may differ slightly because of their different longitudes.

    Q7. Why does India use a single standard time?

    Answer (70–80 words):
    India is a large country with longitudes stretching from Arunachal Pradesh in the east to Gujarat in the west. If every place followed local time, there would be confusion in daily life, travel, and communication. Therefore, the longitude 82.5°E near Allahabad was chosen as the central meridian for Indian Standard Time (IST). This way, the entire country follows one uniform time, 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

    Q8. What is the International Date Line?

    Answer:
    The International Date Line is an imaginary line at 180° longitude, opposite the Prime Meridian. When we cross it from east to west, we add one day; when we cross from west to east, we subtract one day. It helps to keep the world’s dates in order.