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Tag: Class 8th

  • Chapter 7: Factors of Production, Class 8th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions & Answers

    Q1. How are the factors of production different from each other? What are the difficulties you faced in classifying the factors of production in the exercise given in-text?
    Answer:
    Factors of production differ in nature:

    • Land: Natural resources like soil, water, minerals.

    • Labour: Human effort, both physical and mental.

    • Capital: Man-made resources like tools, machinery, and money.

    • Entrepreneurship: The initiative to organise the other three factors.

    Difficulties: Some resources overlap. For example, technology can be classified as capital, but it also acts as a facilitator. Similarly, knowledge belongs to labour but is also counted under human capital.

    Q2. How does human capital differ from physical capital?
    Answer:

    • Human capital: Knowledge, skills, health, and abilities of people that make them productive.

    • Physical capital: Tangible assets like machinery, tools, and buildings.
      Human capital cannot be seen or touched but is vital for using physical capital effectively. Without skilled workers, machines remain underutilised.

    Q3. How do you think technology is changing how people develop their skills and knowledge?
    Answer:
    Technology has transformed learning and skill development by:

    • Providing online courses (like SWAYAM, MOOCs).

    • Offering virtual training and simulations for jobs.

    • Allowing access to global resources via the internet.

    • Helping people upgrade skills flexibly while working.
      Thus, technology has made knowledge more accessible, affordable, and widespread.

    Q4. If you could learn one skill today, what would it be and why?
    Answer (sample):
    If I could learn one skill, it would be coding. Coding is important in today’s digital world. It opens opportunities in jobs like app development, robotics, and artificial intelligence. Learning coding would also help me solve real-life problems with technology and keep pace with modern innovations.

    Q5. Do you think entrepreneurship is the ‘driving force’ of production? Why or why not?
    Answer:
    Yes, entrepreneurship is the driving force because entrepreneurs bring together land, labour, and capital to create goods and services. They take risks, make decisions, and innovate to solve problems. Without entrepreneurship, the other factors remain unused or poorly utilised. However, entrepreneurship needs support like finance, skills, and favourable policies.

    Q6. Can technology replace other factors like labour? Is this good or bad? Support your answer with the help of an example.
    Answer:
    Technology can replace some labour, e.g., machines harvesting crops instead of farmers. This increases efficiency but can reduce jobs. However, technology also creates new opportunities, such as software development or drone operation. Thus, it is both good and bad—good for productivity but challenging for employment unless workers upgrade skills.

    Q7. How do education and skill training affect human capital? Can they substitute for each other, or do they complement each other?
    Answer:
    Education builds knowledge, while skill training develops practical abilities. They complement each other because:

    • Education provides theory, training provides application.

    • Both are needed for a productive workforce.
      For example, a doctor requires medical education (theory) and hospital training (practice). They cannot substitute for each other.

    Q8. Imagine you want to start a business that produces steel water bottles. What kind of inputs are needed? How would you obtain them? Suppose one of the factors is missing; what happens to your business operations?
    Answer:
    Inputs needed:

    • Land (factory space),

    • Labour (skilled workers),

    • Capital (machines, money),

    • Entrepreneurship (to organise).

    If any factor is missing:

    • No land → no place for production.

    • No labour → machines remain unused.

    • No capital → cannot buy raw materials.

    • No entrepreneurship → no vision to run the business.
      Thus, all factors are interconnected and essential.

    Q9. Interview an entrepreneur or founder to understand their motivation to start a business and the opportunities and challenges they saw.
    Answer (sample):
    I interviewed a bakery owner. She said her motivation was her love for baking and demand for fresh bread in the area. Opportunities included a growing customer base and scope for online delivery. Challenges were lack of funds, rising raw material costs, and competition. Her success came from innovation (unique cakes) and good customer service.

    Q10. Think like an economist. Suppose you are Ratna (restaurant owner). How would you handle these situations?

    • Rent doubles: Shift to a cheaper place or raise prices slightly.

    • Worker quits: Hire a replacement quickly or distribute tasks temporarily.

    • Loan for new technology: Invest in modern kitchen equipment to improve quality and efficiency.

    • New restaurant nearby: Improve service, maintain quality, and innovate with new dishes.

    • Ease of business laws: Advocate for simpler licensing and lower taxes to help small businesses grow.

    Extra Short Answer Questions

    1. Name the four main factors of production.
      → Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneurship.

    2. What is human capital?
      → Skills, knowledge, and health of people that make them productive.

    3. Give one example of capital.
      → Machinery in a factory.

    4. Who is called an entrepreneur?
      → A person who takes risks, innovates, and organises factors of production.

    5. Name two facilitators of human capital.
      → Education and healthcare.

    🔹 Extra Long Answer Questions

    Q1. Explain the interdependence of factors of production with suitable examples.
    Answer (150 words):
    All factors of production—land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship—are interdependent. For example, in agriculture, land is required for farming, labour for cultivation, capital for tractors, and entrepreneurship to manage resources. In industries, machines (capital) cannot function without skilled workers (labour). Similarly, an entrepreneur cannot succeed without land, funds, and skilled people. Modern technology further links all these factors by increasing efficiency. If one factor is missing, production suffers. Hence, production is a teamwork of all factors.

    Q2. Discuss the role of human capital in production.
    Answer (150 words):
    Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, health, and abilities of people. It is the most important factor because it decides how effectively land, labour, and capital are used. For example, skilled farmers produce more from the same land than unskilled ones. Engineers use machines more productively than untrained workers. Education, training, and healthcare improve human capital, making workers efficient. Without healthy and educated people, machines and resources remain underutilised. Thus, human capital drives innovation, productivity, and economic growth.

    Q3. “Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth.” Justify this statement.
    Answer (160 words):
    Entrepreneurship is the driving force of production because entrepreneurs take risks and combine land, labour, and capital to produce goods and services. They innovate by creating new products and services that improve people’s lives. For example, J.R.D. Tata built industries in steel, airlines, and automobiles, contributing to India’s development. Entrepreneurs also create jobs, support supply chains, and generate income for society. They promote competition, efficiency, and global trade. Without entrepreneurship, resources remain idle, and economic growth slows. Thus, entrepreneurship acts as the engine of growth.

    MCQs

    1. Which is not a factor of production?
      (a) Land (b) Labour (c) Capital (d) Money spent in markets
      Answer: (d)

    2. Human capital refers to:
      (a) Machines (b) Money (c) Skills and knowledge (d) Raw materials
      Answer: (c)

    3. Which factor of production is called “nature’s gift”?
      (a) Land (b) Labour (c) Capital (d) Entrepreneurship
      Answer: (a)

    4. Who among the following is an entrepreneur?
      (a) Worker (b) Factory owner (c) Innovator taking risks (d) Engineer only
      Answer: (c)

    5. Which of these is physical capital?
      (a) Education (b) Healthcare (c) Machines (d) Training
      Answer: (c)

    6. Who was the founder of Air India?
      (a) Tata Sons (b) J.R.D. Tata (c) Birla (d) Narayana Murthy
      Answer: (b)

    7. Which system trains people in specific job skills?
      (a) Education (b) Training (c) Culture (d) Motivation
      Answer: (b)

    8. Which country applies the concept of kaizen for continuous improvement?
      (a) India (b) China (c) Japan (d) Germany
      Answer: (c)

    9. Which resource includes soil, forests, and minerals?
      (a) Labour (b) Land (c) Capital (d) Entrepreneurship
      Answer: (b)

    10. SWAYAM platform is used for:
      (a) Banking (b) Online courses (c) Farming (d) Trading
      Answer: (b)

    Fill in the Blanks

    1. Land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship are the main factors of production.

    2. Skills, knowledge, and health are part of human capital.

    3. Machines and tools are examples of physical capital.

    4. Entrepreneurs are the risk-takers and organisers.

    5. J.R.D. Tata received the Bharat Ratna in 1992.

    6. The Japanese concept of continuous improvement is called kaizen.

    7. The Great Famine of 1876–78 showed the dangers of poor agricultural systems.

    8. Online courses under the Government are available on SWAYAM.

    9. The Council of Ministers is accountable to the Lok Sabha.

    10. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) became mandatory in 2014.

    True/False

    1. Land includes natural resources like water, soil, and minerals. ✅

    2. Human capital and physical capital mean the same thing. ❌

    3. Entrepreneurs only work for profit. ❌

    4. Technology can act as a facilitator of production. ✅

    5. SWAYAM is an online education platform. ✅

    6. Capital includes both money and man-made resources. ✅

    7. Kaizen refers to a German work ethic. ❌ (It is Japanese)

    8. India is the world’s largest mobile phone manufacturer. ❌ (Second after China)

    9. CSR requires companies to spend part of their profits on social activities. ✅

    10. A healthy and skilled population increases productivity. ✅

  • Chapter 6: The Parliamentary System – Legislature and Executive, Class 8th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions & Answers

    Q1. Find out how many representatives from your state are in each House of the Parliament.
    Answer:
    The number of representatives from each state in the Lok Sabha depends on its population. For example:

    • Uttar Pradesh has the maximum with 80 Lok Sabha MPs.

    • Smaller states like Sikkim, Nagaland, and Mizoram have 1 Lok Sabha MP each.

    • In the Rajya Sabha, representation is also based on population. For example, Uttar Pradesh sends 31 members, while smaller states like Goa send 1 member.
      (Students must check their own state’s Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha representation for the most accurate number.)

    Q2. What makes the Indian Parliament the “voice of the people”? How does it ensure that different opinions are heard?
    Answer:
    The Indian Parliament is called the “voice of the people” because it directly represents citizens through their elected members. Every citizen above 18 years votes to elect MPs, who then speak for them in Parliament. Different political parties, regional groups, and communities are represented. Parliamentary debates, Question Hour, and committees allow diverse opinions to be discussed before decisions are made. Reservation of seats for SCs and STs ensures even marginalised groups are heard. This inclusiveness makes Parliament a true reflection of India’s diversity.

    Q3. Why do you think the Constitution made the Executive responsible to the Legislature?
    Answer:
    The Executive (Prime Minister and Council of Ministers) is responsible to the Legislature (Lok Sabha) to ensure accountability. Since the Lok Sabha is directly elected by the people, making the Executive answerable to it means the government must work according to the people’s will. Mechanisms like Question Hour, motions of no-confidence, and committee reports ensure that ministers explain and justify their actions. This prevents misuse of power and keeps democracy healthy.

    Q4. Why do you think we have chosen the system of bicameral legislature at the Union level?
    Answer:
    India has a bicameral legislature (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) to balance representation and ensure better law-making.

    • The Lok Sabha represents people directly.

    • The Rajya Sabha represents the states and ensures their interests are not ignored.
      This system provides checks and balances, prevents hasty decisions, and reflects India’s federal structure. Two houses also allow for deeper debates and review of bills before they become law.

    Q5. Track the journey of a recent bill passed by the Parliament.
    Answer (example: Women’s Reservation Bill, 2023):

    • Introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 September 2023.

    • Debated and passed in the Lok Sabha on 20 September 2023.

    • Debated and passed in the Rajya Sabha on 21 September 2023.

    • Sent to the President for assent and became law shortly after.
      This bill reserved 33% of seats for women in Lok Sabha and state assemblies. The journey shows how bills are introduced, debated in both houses, and require presidential assent before becoming law.

    Q6. Why might it have taken over 25 years for the Women’s Reservation Bill to be passed, despite wide support?
    Answer:
    The Women’s Reservation Bill was first introduced in 1996 but faced repeated delays due to:

    • Lack of consensus among political parties.

    • Debates about sub-reservation for women from OBC and minority communities.

    • Political hesitation, as many leaders feared losing their constituencies.
      Only in 2023, after decades of discussions, was there enough agreement to pass it. This shows that even popular reforms take time because Parliament must balance many different interests.

    Q7. Sometimes Parliament is disrupted and does not function for the number of days it is supposed to. What impact does this have?
    Answer:
    Disruptions reduce the productivity of Parliament. Important bills get delayed or passed without proper debate. People lose trust in their representatives, as time and taxpayer money are wasted. Healthy discussions, which are the essence of democracy, are lost. This weakens the quality of laws and prevents Parliament from being the true “voice of the people.”

    Q8. What is the role that the Judiciary plays in Indian democracy? What could happen if we didn’t have an independent judiciary?
    Answer:
    The Judiciary interprets laws, protects Fundamental Rights, and checks the powers of the Legislature and Executive. It ensures that government actions follow the Constitution. Without an independent judiciary, there would be no safeguard against misuse of power, corruption, or violation of rights. Democracy would collapse into dictatorship.

    Extra Short Answer Questions

    1. What is a bicameral legislature?
      → A system with two houses, e.g., Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

    2. Who is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha?
      → The Speaker.

    3. Who is the presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha?
      → The Vice President of India.

    4. What is Question Hour?
      → The first hour of a Parliamentary session when MPs question ministers about government policies.

    5. What is a Money Bill?
      → A bill related to taxation or government expenditure that can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.

    Extra Long Answer Questions

    Q1. Explain the law-making process in the Indian Parliament.
    Answer (150–170 words):
    A law begins as a bill. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha, except a Money Bill which can only start in the Lok Sabha.

    1. The bill is introduced and goes through its first reading.

    2. It is then debated and discussed clause by clause.

    3. It may be referred to a standing committee for detailed study.

    4. After discussion, it is put to vote.

    5. If passed, the bill moves to the other House where the process is repeated.

    6. After both houses pass it, the bill goes to the President for assent.
      Once signed, it becomes a law and is published in the Gazette of India.

    This process ensures thorough scrutiny, debate, and accountability, reflecting the democratic spirit of Parliament.

    Q2. Compare the Legislature and the Executive in India.
    Answer (150–160 words):
    The Legislature (Parliament) makes laws, while the Executive (Prime Minister and Council of Ministers) implements them.

    • Composition: The Legislature consists of the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha. The Executive consists of the President, Vice President, and Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister.

    • Role: The Legislature debates, passes laws, and controls finances. The Executive runs the government, enforces laws, and prepares policies.

    • Accountability: The Executive is responsible to the Lok Sabha and must answer questions or face a no-confidence motion.

    • Checks: The Legislature monitors the Executive through Question Hour and committees, while the Executive introduces most bills.

    Thus, while both are interconnected, the Legislature represents the people and checks the Executive, ensuring democratic balance.

    Q3. What challenges does the Indian Parliament face today? Suggest measures to overcome them.
    Answer (150–180 words):
    Challenges include frequent disruptions, low productivity, absenteeism of MPs, and poor quality of debates. Many bills are rushed without proper discussion. Another challenge is the presence of MPs with criminal cases, which reduces public trust. Excessive influence of money and power in elections also affects representation.

    Measures:

    • Strict rules against disruptions and stronger enforcement by the Speaker/Chairman.

    • Encouraging MPs to attend and participate in debates.

    • Ensuring pre-legislative consultations and referring more bills to committees.

    • Banning candidates with serious criminal charges.

    • Strengthening transparency and public involvement.

    By tackling these issues, Parliament can truly become the voice of the people and a model of democratic governance.

    MCQs

    1. The Indian Parliament consists of:
      (a) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha only
      (b) President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha
      (c) President and Lok Sabha only
      (d) Prime Minister, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha
      Answer: (b)

    2. The presiding officer of the Lok Sabha is:
      (a) Vice President
      (b) Prime Minister
      (c) Speaker
      (d) President
      Answer: (c)

    3. The presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha is:
      (a) Prime Minister
      (b) Vice President
      (c) President
      (d) Deputy Speaker
      Answer: (b)

    4. A Money Bill can be introduced only in:
      (a) Lok Sabha
      (b) Rajya Sabha
      (c) Either House
      (d) State Assembly
      Answer: (a)

    5. Who gives assent to bills passed by Parliament?
      (a) Prime Minister
      (b) Speaker
      (c) President
      (d) Chief Justice
      Answer: (c)

    6. Which article provides for Parliament?
      (a) Article 50
      (b) Article 79
      (c) Article 100
      (d) Article 356
      Answer: (b)

    7. The maximum strength of Lok Sabha is:
      (a) 500
      (b) 550
      (c) 552
      (d) 600
      Answer: (c) 552

    8. The maximum strength of Rajya Sabha is:
      (a) 250
      (b) 245
      (c) 260
      (d) 270
      Answer: (a) 250

    9. The term of Lok Sabha is:
      (a) 4 years
      (b) 5 years
      (c) 6 years
      (d) 3 years
      Answer: (b)

    10. The Rajya Sabha is also called:
      (a) Upper House
      (b) Permanent House
      (c) House of States
      (d) All of these
      Answer: (d)

    Fill in the Blanks

    1. The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 552.

    2. The Vice President of India is the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

    3. A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.

    4. The Speaker presides over Lok Sabha sessions.

    5. The Question Hour is the first hour of a Parliamentary session.

    6. The President must give assent before a bill becomes law.

    7. The Rajya Sabha represents the states of India.

    8. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Railway Minister in 1956, showing moral responsibility.

    9. India’s Parliament is based on the British model.

    10. The Judiciary ensures checks and balances in democracy.

    True/False

    1. The Lok Sabha is also called the House of the People. ✅

    2. Rajya Sabha members are elected directly by the citizens. ❌

    3. The President is the real executive authority of India. ❌

    4. The Prime Minister is the de facto head of the Executive. ✅

    5. Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. ❌

    6. Money Bills can be introduced in either House. ❌

    7. The Speaker presides over the Rajya Sabha. ❌

    8. Judiciary protects the Constitution and citizens’ rights. ✅

    9. Disruptions in Parliament increase its productivity. ❌

    10. Question Hour ensures accountability of the Executive. ✅

  • Chapter 5: Universal Franchise and India’s Electoral System, Class 8th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions & Answers

    Q1. Why is universal adult franchise important for a healthy democracy?
    Answer:
    Universal adult franchise means that every citizen aged 18 and above has the right to vote, regardless of caste, gender, religion, income, or education. It is important because:

    • It ensures equality, giving everyone an equal voice in choosing representatives.

    • It allows people to decide their future by electing leaders of their choice.

    • It makes representatives accountable to all citizens, not just the wealthy or powerful.

    • It strengthens participation and civic engagement, making democracy inclusive.

    Q2. What is the meaning of ‘secret ballot’? Why is this important in a democracy?
    Answer:
    A secret ballot means that no one can know whom a voter has voted for. Each person votes privately inside a booth.
    It is important because:

    • It protects voters from pressure, fear, or bribery.

    • It ensures free choice, as people can vote honestly without influence.

    • It upholds the principle of fairness and strengthens trust in democracy.

    Q3. Give examples of direct and indirect elections.
    Answer:

    • Direct elections: Voters elect representatives directly. Examples: Lok Sabha elections, State Legislative Assembly elections, local body elections.

    • Indirect elections: Representatives are elected by already elected members. Examples: Rajya Sabha elections (by MLAs), President of India (by MPs and MLAs), Vice President of India (by MPs).

    Q4. How is the election of members to the Lok Sabha different from that to the Rajya Sabha?
    Answer:

    • Lok Sabha: Members are elected directly by the people through universal adult franchise, using the first-past-the-post system.

    • Rajya Sabha: Members are elected indirectly by MLAs of state assemblies through a single transferable votesystem. The President also nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha.

    Q5. What, in your view, are the advantages of the EVM over paper ballots?
    Answer:

    • Faster counting and quicker results.

    • Reduces invalid or spoiled votes.

    • Portable and less costly than printing large numbers of ballot papers.

    • Helps reduce election fraud like multiple voting.

    • Environment-friendly as it saves paper.

    Q6. Voter turnout has been declining in some urban areas of India. What could be the reasons for this trend, and what steps can be taken to encourage more people to vote?
    Answer:
    Reasons:

    • Urban apathy and busy lifestyles.

    • Lack of trust in candidates.

    • Migration and not updating voter ID.

    • Belief that one vote makes no difference.

    Steps:

    • Voter awareness campaigns.

    • Simplifying voter registration.

    • Use of technology like online registration, voter helplines.

    • Ensuring easy access to polling booths.

    • Encouraging youth and first-time voters.

    Q7. Why do you think a proportion of seats in the Lok Sabha is reserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes? Write a short note.
    Answer:
    Reservation of seats for SCs and STs ensures fair representation of historically marginalised groups in Parliament. It prevents their exclusion from decision-making. Out of 543 Lok Sabha seats, 84 are reserved for SCs and 47 for STs. This promotes equality, social justice, and inclusiveness, strengthening democracy.

    Q8. Social media is changing the way we experience elections. Is this strengthening democracy or confusing it?
    Answer:

    • Benefits: Increases youth participation, spreads awareness quickly, provides direct connection between leaders and citizens.

    • Challenges: Fake news, misinformation, divisive propaganda, and emotional manipulation.

    • Future: Social media will remain important, but strong fact-checking and digital literacy are needed to ensure it strengthens democracy instead of confusing voters.

    Extra Short Answer Questions

    1. What is universal adult franchise?
      → Every citizen above 18 has the right to vote without discrimination.

    2. When was the voting age reduced from 21 to 18?
      → In 1988, by the 61st Constitutional Amendment.

    3. Who conducts elections in India?
      → The Election Commission of India (ECI).

    4. What is NOTA?
      → “None of the Above” option for rejecting all candidates.

    5. Who was T.N. Seshan?
      → Chief Election Commissioner (1990–96) who introduced strict reforms for free and fair elections.

    Extra Long Answer Questions

    Q1. Explain the role and functions of the Election Commission of India.
    Answer (150 words):
    The Election Commission of India (ECI), established in 1950, is an independent constitutional body. It ensures free and fair elections in India. Its main functions are:

    • Conducting elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice President.

    • Preparing and updating the voter list.

    • Registering political parties and monitoring their activities.

    • Enforcing the Model Code of Conduct to ensure fair campaigning.

    • Using technology such as EVMs and VVPATs to make elections efficient.

    • Introducing reforms like voter ID cards to prevent fraud.
      Through its impartial functioning, the ECI is called the “guardian of democracy” in India.

    Q2. Describe the process of electing the President of India.
    Answer (150 words):
    The President of India is not elected directly by the people. Instead, an Electoral College elects the President. This includes:

    • Elected members of both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha).

    • Elected members of all state and UT legislative assemblies (Delhi and Puducherry).

    Nominated MPs, MLAs, and members of Legislative Councils do not participate.
    The single transferable vote system is used, where voters rank candidates by preference. This ensures proportional representation and that the President has the support of both central and state legislatures.
    The President is elected for 5 years. This indirect election reflects India’s federal structure and ensures that the President represents the entire nation, not just one section of people.

    Q3. What are the main challenges faced by India’s electoral system? Suggest solutions.
    Answer (150–170 words):
    India’s electoral system, the largest in the world, faces several challenges:

    1. Use of money and muscle power – Candidates spend heavily on campaigns, and sometimes criminals contest elections.

    2. Voter apathy – Especially in urban areas, many people do not vote.

    3. Misinformation and fake news – Social media spreads rumours and propaganda.

    4. Booth capturing or vote buying – Though reduced, some malpractice still exists.

    5. Low awareness – Many voters lack knowledge about candidates and their rights.

    Solutions:

    • Strict laws to limit election expenditure and ban candidates with criminal records.

    • Stronger role of the Election Commission in monitoring campaigns.

    • Use of technology like online awareness drives and EVM-VVPAT systems.

    • Voter education campaigns in schools, colleges, and through media.

    • Making voting easier with postal ballots for migrants and digital tools.

    By empowering voters and strengthening institutions, India can safeguard its democracy.

    MCQs

    1. The minimum age to vote in India is:
      (a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 21 (d) 25
      Answer: (b) 18

    2. When was the voting age reduced to 18?
      (a) 1947 (b) 1988 (c) 2001 (d) 1950
      Answer: (b) 1988

    3. Which Article of the Constitution provides for universal franchise?
      (a) 326 (b) 356 (c) 370 (d) 124
      Answer: (a) 326

    4. Who conducts Lok Sabha elections?
      (a) Parliament (b) President (c) Election Commission of India (d) Prime Minister
      Answer: (c)

    5. The Rajya Sabha is also called:
      (a) House of People (b) Permanent House (c) Upper House (d) Both b and c
      Answer: (d)

    6. How many seats are there in Lok Sabha?
      (a) 250 (b) 433 (c) 543 (d) 545
      Answer: (c) 543

    7. How many Lok Sabha seats are reserved for SCs?
      (a) 47 (b) 70 (c) 84 (d) 100
      Answer: (c) 84

    8. How many Lok Sabha seats are reserved for STs?
      (a) 25 (b) 47 (c) 60 (d) 75
      Answer: (b) 47

    9. Who was India’s first Chief Election Commissioner?
      (a) Sukumar Sen (b) T.N. Seshan (c) Rajendra Prasad (d) S. Radhakrishnan
      Answer: (a) Sukumar Sen

    10. Which system is used for Rajya Sabha elections?
      (a) First-past-the-post (b) Single transferable vote (c) Lottery (d) Open ballot
      Answer: (b)

    11. Which electoral option allows voters to reject all candidates?
      (a) VVPAT (b) MCC (c) NOTA (d) Proxy vote
      Answer: (c)

    12. Which year saw India’s first general elections?
      (a) 1947 (b) 1950 (c) 1951–52 (d) 1957
      Answer: (c)

    13. Who enforces the Model Code of Conduct?
      (a) Parliament (b) Political parties (c) Election Commission of India (d) High Court
      Answer: (c)

    14. Who nominates 12 members of Rajya Sabha?
      (a) Prime Minister (b) President (c) Chief Justice (d) Lok Sabha Speaker
      Answer: (b)

    15. What is the term of Rajya Sabha members?
      (a) 4 years (b) 5 years (c) 6 years (d) Permanent
      Answer: (c) 6 years

    16. Who was known for strict election reforms in the 1990s?
      (a) T.N. Seshan (b) Sukumar Sen (c) Rajendra Prasad (d) Morarji Desai
      Answer: (a)

    17. Which body supervises panchayat elections?
      (a) Election Commission of India (b) State Election Commissions (c) Parliament (d) High Courts
      Answer: (b)

    18. Which voting technology lets voters verify their vote on paper?
      (a) EVM (b) VVPAT (c) MCC (d) NOTA
      Answer: (b)

    19. The President of India is elected by:
      (a) People directly (b) Parliament only (c) MPs and MLAs in Electoral College (d) Only MPs
      Answer: (c)

    20. The Vice President of India is elected by:
      (a) People directly (b) MPs of both Houses (c) MLAs only (d) President
      Answer: (b)

    21. The Lok Sabha elections use which voting system?
      (a) Proportional representation (b) Lottery system (c) First-past-the-post (d) Preferential voting
      Answer: (c)

    Fill in the Blanks

    1. The voting age in India was reduced from 21 to 18 in 1988.

    2. Article 326 guarantees universal adult franchise.

    3. The Election Commission of India was established in 1950.

    4. India’s first general elections were held in 1951–52.

    5. The Rajya Sabha is also called the Permanent House.

    6. The Model Code of Conduct was first adopted in Kerala in 1960.

    7. T.N. Seshan was a famous Chief Election Commissioner.

    8. There are 543 constituencies in Lok Sabha.

    9. Out of these, 84 are reserved for SCs and 47 for STs.

    10. The voting system used in Lok Sabha elections is called first-past-the-post.

    True/False

    1. India granted women voting rights from the beginning. ✅

    2. Rajya Sabha members are directly elected by people. ❌

    3. The Election Commission of India is an independent body. ✅

    4. Lok Sabha elections use the single transferable vote system. ❌

    5. NOTA allows voters to reject all candidates. ✅

    6. The President is elected by an Electoral College of MPs and MLAs. ✅

    7. The Vice President is directly elected by citizens. ❌

    8. EVMs are slower than paper ballots. ❌

    9. The first Chief Election Commissioner was Sukumar Sen. ✅

    10. T.N. Seshan introduced voter ID cards. ✅

  • Chapter 2: Reshaping India’s Political Map, Class 8th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions & Answers

    Q1. Compare the political strategies of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. What similarities and differences existed between them?
    Answer (150 words):
    The Delhi Sultanate relied heavily on military campaigns, plunder, and taxation to expand its power. Their succession was unstable, with frequent violence. They imposed the jizya tax on non-Muslims and often destroyed temples, leading to resistance. Administration was centred on the Sultan, assisted by nobles under the iqta system.
    The Mughals, especially Akbar, also expanded through conquest but used diplomacy and alliances, such as marriage ties with Rajputs. They built a more organised administration with the mansabdari and jagirdari systems, regular revenue surveys, and efficient officials. They promoted tolerance, abolished jizya, and supported cultural synthesis.
    Similarity: Both used military power and land revenue as their foundation.
    Difference: The Mughals developed a stronger administrative framework and adopted policies of conciliation, while the Sultanate remained unstable and relied more on force.

    Q2. Why did kingdoms like the Vijayanagara Empire and the Ahom Kingdom manage to resist conquest for a longer time compared to others? What geographical, military, and social factors contributed to their success?
    Answer (120–150 words):
    The Vijayanagara Empire and the Ahoms survived longer due to geography, unity, and innovative strategies. The Vijayanagara capital Hampi was protected by rocky hills and rivers, making invasions difficult. Strong forts, disciplined armies, and efficient use of cavalry and elephants helped them resist. Cultural unity and patronage of temples also strengthened identity.
    The Ahoms, settled in Assam, used their knowledge of rivers, hills, and forests to adopt guerrilla tactics. Their paik system ensured every able-bodied man contributed labour or military service, giving them a large flexible army without maintaining a permanent one. Their unity, adaptability, and use of terrain helped them defeat larger Mughal forces at the Battle of Saraighat (1671). Thus, geographical barriers, military innovation, and social organisation ensured their survival.

    Q3. Imagine you are a scholar in the court of Akbar or Krishnadevaraya. Write a letter to a friend describing the politics, trade, culture, and society you are witnessing.
    Answer (Letter format, ~150 words):
    My dear friend,
    I write to you from the splendid court of Emperor Akbar. The empire is vast, stretching from Bengal to Gujarat. Politics here is based on both war and diplomacy. The emperor welcomes Rajput nobles into his court and promotes tolerance among different religions under the principle of sulh-i-kul (peace with all). Trade flourishes; markets in Agra and Fatehpur Sikri overflow with textiles, spices, and precious stones. Art and architecture thrive, with magnificent palaces, forts, and translations of Sanskrit epics into Persian. Scholars, poets, and painters from many lands gather here, creating a vibrant cultural environment. Society is diverse, with Hindus, Muslims, Jains, and Christians living together, though the peasants often suffer heavy taxation. Life at the court reflects grandeur and wisdom.
    Yours faithfully,
    A humble scholar

    Q4. How come Akbar, a ruthless conqueror in his young days, grew tolerant and benevolent after some years? What could have led to such a change?
    Answer (120 words):
    Akbar’s early years were marked by violent conquests, such as the siege of Chittorgarh. However, as his empire grew, he realised that ruling through fear alone would not ensure stability. He observed that his subjects followed diverse religions and cultures, and peace could only be maintained through tolerance. His interactions with scholars, saints, and philosophers broadened his outlook. He abolished the jizya, initiated interfaith dialogues, and promoted sulh-i-kul(universal peace). Political necessity also played a role—alliances with Rajputs and local leaders helped strengthen his empire. Thus, maturity, exposure to diverse ideas, and practical governance needs transformed him into a more tolerant and benevolent ruler.

    Q5. What might have happened if the Vijayanagara Empire had won the Battle of Talikota? Imagine and describe how it could have changed the political and cultural history of south India.
    Answer (150 words):
    If Vijayanagara had won the Battle of Talikota (1565), south India’s history might have been very different. The empire would have continued to dominate the Deccan, preventing the rise of the Deccan Sultanates. Its capital, Hampi, with its magnificent temples, palaces, and markets, would not have been destroyed. The flourishing art, literature, and temple architecture of Vijayanagara might have continued for centuries, influencing cultural traditions deeply. Politically, the empire could have united most of southern India, providing stability against Mughal expansion. Maritime trade through ports like Calicut and Pulicat might have grown further, making Vijayanagara a stronger economic power. The preservation of its cultural and architectural heritage could have left an even greater impact on Indian civilisation.

    Q6. Many values promoted by early Sikhism, including equality, seva, and justice, remain relevant today. Select one of these values and discuss how it remains relevant in contemporary society.
    Answer (100–120 words):
    The Sikh value of seva (selfless service) is highly relevant today. In times of natural disasters, pandemics, and poverty, voluntary service helps society overcome challenges. The tradition of langar (community kitchen) started by the Sikh Gurus continues today, feeding millions irrespective of caste, religion, or status. This promotes social equality and compassion, values much needed in a world divided by inequality and discrimination. Modern NGOs and community groups adopt the same spirit of seva, showing how timeless this value is. It reminds us that true strength lies in serving humanity with humility and compassion.

    Q7. Imagine you are a trader in a port city (Surat, Calicut or Hooghly). Describe the scenes you see as regards goods, people you trade with, movement of ships, etc.
    Answer (~150 words):
    In the bustling port city of Surat, I witness ships from Arabia, Persia, and Europe arriving daily. The docks are filled with workers unloading spices, textiles, indigo, and precious stones, while horses, silk, and metals are brought in from abroad. Traders from different lands—Arabs, Persians, Gujaratis, and Europeans—bargain loudly in the markets. The streets are crowded with oxen, camels, and carts transporting goods. Warehouses are stacked with cotton cloth, which is in great demand overseas. Moneylenders provide hundis (credit notes) to transfer wealth securely. The air is filled with the smell of spices and the sound of many languages. The city reflects India’s wealth and its place in global trade networks. Life here is vibrant, yet competition is fierce, as every merchant hopes for great profit.

    Extra Short Answer Questions

    1. Name the five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.
      → Mamluks (Slave), Khiljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, Lodis.

    2. Who founded the Mughal Empire and in which year?
      → Babur, in 1526 after the First Battle of Panipat.

    3. What was the paik system of the Ahoms?
      → Every able-bodied man provided labour or military service in exchange for land rights.

    4. Who was Rani Durgavati?
      → A Gond queen who bravely resisted Mughal forces and sacrificed her life in battle (1564).

    5. What is jizya?
      → A tax imposed on non-Muslims by some rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals.

    6. Name two literary works patronised by Krishnadevaraya.
      → Telugu epic Āmuktamālyada (authored by him) and Sanskrit poetry by court scholars.

    7. What is sulh-i-kul?
      → Akbar’s policy of universal peace and tolerance among all religions.

    8. Who led the Ahoms in the Battle of Saraighat?
      → Lachit Borphukan in 1671.

    9. Which Sikh Guru was executed by Aurangzeb in Delhi in 1675?
      → Guru Tegh Bahadur.

    10. Who unified the Sikhs into an empire?
      → Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

    Extra Long Answer Questions

    1. Compare the administration of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.

    2. Describe the rise and achievements of the Vijayanagara Empire under Krishnadevaraya.

    3. Explain the causes of decline of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb.

    4. Discuss the role of the Sikhs in resisting Mughal oppression.

    5. How did trade and commerce flourish in medieval India? Give examples of ports and trading practices.

    Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

    1. The Delhi Sultanate was established after the defeat of:
      (a) Prithviraj Chauhan (b) Rana Sanga (c) Babur (d) Timur
      Answer: (a) Prithviraj Chauhan

    2. The five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate were:
      (a) Rajputs (b) Mughals (c) Turkic-Afghans (d) Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi
      Answer: (d)

    3. Who shifted the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad?
      (a) Alauddin Khilji (b) Muhammad bin Tughlaq (c) Babur (d) Akbar
      Answer: (b)

    4. Which tax was imposed on non-Muslims?
      (a) Jizya (b) Lagaan (c) Khilaat (d) Mansab
      Answer: (a)

    5. The Battle of Talikota (1565) led to the decline of:
      (a) Mughals (b) Vijayanagara Empire (c) Bahmani Sultanate (d) Ahoms
      Answer: (b)

    6. Who led the Ahoms in the Battle of Saraighat (1671)?
      (a) Rani Durgavati (b) Lachit Borphukan (c) Rana Pratap (d) Durga Das
      Answer: (b)

    7. Which Rajput ruler fought at Haldighati (1576)?
      (a) Rana Sanga (b) Rana Pratap (c) Rana Kumbha (d) Durga Das
      Answer: (b)

    8. Who abolished jizya?
      (a) Babur (b) Akbar (c) Aurangzeb (d) Alauddin Khilji
      Answer: (b)

    9. Who reimposed jizya?
      (a) Akbar (b) Aurangzeb (c) Jahangir (d) Humayun
      Answer: (b)

    10. Which empire was described as “as large as Rome” by Domingo Paes?
      (a) Mughal (b) Vijayanagara (c) Bahmani (d) Delhi Sultanate
      Answer: (b)

    11. Who built the Konark Sun Temple?
      (a) Narasimhadeva I (b) Rana Kumbha (c) Krishnadevaraya (d) Shah Jahan
      Answer: (a)

    12. Who was called ‘the second Alexander’?
      (a) Akbar (b) Alauddin Khilji (c) Babur (d) Aurangzeb
      Answer: (b)

    13. Who introduced the mansabdari system?
      (a) Babur (b) Akbar (c) Sher Shah Suri (d) Jahangir
      Answer: (b)

    14. Which Mughal ruler built the Taj Mahal?
      (a) Akbar (b) Jahangir (c) Shah Jahan (d) Aurangzeb
      Answer: (c)

    15. Who shifted the capital back from Daulatabad to Delhi?
      (a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq (b) Alauddin Khilji (c) Babur (d) Akbar
      Answer: (a)

    16. Who founded the Mughal Empire?
      (a) Humayun (b) Babur (c) Timur (d) Sher Shah
      Answer: (b)

    17. The Ahoms originally migrated from:
      (a) Tibet (b) Myanmar (c) China (d) Nepal
      Answer: (b)

    18. Who established the Khalsa?
      (a) Guru Nanak (b) Guru Arjan (c) Guru Hargobind (d) Guru Gobind Singh
      Answer: (d)

    19. Who was executed in Chandni Chowk in 1675?
      (a) Guru Nanak (b) Guru Arjan (c) Guru Tegh Bahadur (d) Guru Gobind Singh
      Answer: (c)

    20. Who unified the Sikhs into an empire?
      (a) Banda Bahadur (b) Guru Gobind Singh (c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh (d) Guru Arjan
      Answer: (c)

    21. Which finance minister introduced revenue reforms under Akbar?
      (a) Abul Fazl (b) Todar Mal (c) Birbal (d) Bairam Khan
      Answer: (b)

    Fill in the Blanks

    1. The last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate was the Lodi dynasty.

    2. The Battle of Panipat (1526) was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi.

    3. Krishnadevaraya composed the Telugu epic Āmuktamālyada.

    4. The Ahom general who defeated the Mughals at Saraighat was Lachit Borphukan.

    5. The Konark Sun Temple was built by Narasimhadeva I.

    6. Akbar’s policy of tolerance was called sulh-i-kul.

    7. The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.

    8. The Sikh Guru executed in Delhi by Aurangzeb was Guru Tegh Bahadur.

    9. The Khalsa was founded in 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh.

    10. The Sikh Empire was unified under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

  • Chapter-1-Natural Resources and Their Use, Class 8th, Social Science, NCERT

    Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Their Use

    NCERT Questions and Answers

    Q1. What can make what is today a renewable resource non-renewable tomorrow? Describe some actions that can prevent this from happening.
    Answer (120–150 words):
    A renewable resource becomes non-renewable if it is exploited faster than its natural rate of regeneration. For example, forests are renewable, but deforestation without replantation can destroy them permanently. Similarly, over-extraction of groundwater can turn fertile regions into dry lands. Pollution, climate change, and unsustainable practices disturb the natural cycle of restoration and regeneration, making renewable resources scarce.
    To prevent this, we must use resources responsibly: promote afforestation, practice water harvesting, regulate mining, and adopt organic farming. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind should replace excessive use of coal and petroleum. Recycling, reuse, and reduced wastage are also essential. Thus, human care and sustainable practices ensure that renewable resources remain available for future generations.

    Q2. Name five ecosystem functions that serve humans.
    Answer (80–100 words):
    Ecosystems perform natural functions that directly or indirectly support human life. Five important ones are:

    1. Oxygen production by plants and trees through photosynthesis.

    2. Water purification by forests, wetlands, and natural filters.

    3. Soil fertility and nutrient cycling through decomposition of organic matter.

    4. Pollination of crops by bees, birds, and insects.

    5. Climate regulation by forests and oceans absorbing carbon dioxide.
      These functions are called ecosystem services when humans benefit from them, such as clean water, fertile farmland, and protection from floods.

    Q3. What are renewable resources? How are they different from non-renewable ones? What can people do to ensure that renewable resources continue to be available for our use and that of future generations? Give two examples.
    Answer (120–150 words):
    Renewable resources are resources that regenerate naturally and can be used again and again, such as sunlight, wind, forests, and rivers.
    Non-renewable resources take millions of years to form and are exhausted once used, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
    To ensure renewable resources remain available, people must:

    • Use them sustainably, without over-exploitation.

    • Promote conservation practices such as afforestation, water harvesting, and organic farming.

    • Reduce dependence on fossil fuels and increase reliance on solar, wind, and hydropower.
      Examples: Solar energy and timber from forests (if regeneration is maintained).

    Q4. Identify cultural practices in your home and neighbourhood that point to mindfulness in the use of natural resources.
    Answer (100–120 words):
    In many Indian traditions, nature is considered sacred, and this is reflected in cultural practices. For example, people worship Tulsi and Peepal trees, which are known for their ecological benefits. Festivals like Van Mahotsav encourage tree planting. In rural areas, community-managed sacred groves prevent indiscriminate cutting of trees. Clay diyas, jute bags, and banana-leaf plates are used instead of plastics in rituals and ceremonies. Water is often conserved through rituals of offering arghyam to rivers and ponds. Such practices show how culture promotes sustainability by linking spiritual values with conservation of nature.

    Q5. What are some considerations to keep in mind in the production of goods for our current use?
    Answer (120–150 words):
    While producing goods, we must ensure that our needs are met without damaging nature or depriving future generations. Some key considerations are:

    1. Sustainability – use resources without exhausting them.

    2. Eco-friendliness – adopt clean technologies that cause minimal pollution.

    3. Waste management – promote recycling and reduce single-use materials.

    4. Equity – resources and products should be accessible to all sections of society.

    5. Long-term vision – production should not focus only on profit but also on environmental responsibility.
      For example, instead of using excessive coal for electricity, industries should shift to renewable energy. Similarly, packaging should be biodegradable. This ensures that economic growth is balanced with environmental conservation.

    Extra Short Answer Questions

    1. Define natural resources.
      → Materials and substances found in nature and useful to humans, such as air, water, soil, minerals, and forests.

    2. What is stewardship of resources?
      → It means using resources responsibly while ensuring their restoration and regeneration for future generations.

    3. Name two renewable and two non-renewable resources.
      → Renewable: solar energy, forests. Non-renewable: coal, petroleum.

    4. What is the ‘resource curse’?
      → It means that resource-rich regions often remain poor due to mismanagement, corruption, or over-dependence on raw resources.

    5. What is Vr̥ikṣhāyurveda?
      → An ancient Indian science dealing with sustainable plant care, irrigation, soil management, and pest control.

    6. Name two cultural practices that promote conservation.
      → Worship of rivers and trees; preservation of sacred groves.

    7. Which state is fully organic in India?
      → Sikkim, declared 100% organic in 2016.

    8. What was the problem of groundwater in Punjab?
      → Over-extraction due to paddy and wheat cultivation, leading to severe depletion and contamination.

    9. Name two ecosystem services from forests.
      → Water purification and prevention of soil erosion.

    10. Which international initiative did India launch in 2015 to promote renewable energy?
      → The International Solar Alliance (ISA).

    Extra Long Answer Questions

    Q1. Explain the implications of unsustainable use of resources with examples.
    Answer:
    Unsustainable use of resources leads to ecological imbalance, loss of biodiversity, and depletion of essential reserves. For instance, over-extraction of groundwater in Punjab during the Green Revolution caused water scarcity and chemical contamination. Deforestation reduces rainfall, increases soil erosion, and endangers wildlife. Overfishing has led to the decline of tuna populations, disturbing ocean ecosystems. Industrial pollution damages rivers and air quality, making them toxic for humans and animals. These examples show that ignoring sustainability causes both short-term and long-term harm. Responsible use, afforestation, and renewable energy can reduce such impacts.

    Q2. Discuss the case of organic farming in Sikkim and its impact.
    Answer:
    Sikkim adopted a policy of becoming a fully organic state, completed in 2016. Farmers replaced chemical fertilisers and pesticides with compost and natural repellents. Initially, yields fell as the soil recovered, but over time productivity improved. Biodiversity flourished with insects and birds returning, while tourism increased due to Sikkim’s model of sustainability. Farmers earned higher incomes by selling organic produce at premium prices. The state became an international example of how sustainable farming improves both ecology and economy.

    Q3. How can we ensure sustainable use of non-renewable resources?
    Answer:
    Non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, and minerals are limited. To ensure sustainability:

    1. Use them judiciously and avoid wastage.

    2. Develop alternative sources of renewable energy like solar and wind.

    3. Promote recycling of metals and materials.

    4. Improve energy efficiency in industries, vehicles, and homes.

    5. Invest in new technologies for cleaner production.
      By combining conservation with innovation, we can extend the life of non-renewables until renewable substitutes become widely available.

    Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

    1. Which of the following is a renewable resource?
      (a) Coal (b) Petroleum (c) Solar energy (d) Iron ore
      Answer: (c) Solar energy

    2. The over-exploitation of groundwater is a major issue in:
      (a) Kerala (b) Punjab (c) Rajasthan (d) Gujarat
      Answer: (b) Punjab

    3. Which of these is NOT an ecosystem service?
      (a) Soil fertility (b) Oxygen production (c) Deforestation (d) Pollination
      Answer: (c) Deforestation

    4. The “paradox of plenty” refers to:
      (a) Excess of rainfall (b) Resource curse (c) Industrial pollution (d) Recycling
      Answer: (b) Resource curse

    5. Vr̥ikṣhāyurveda deals with:
      (a) Astronomy (b) Trees and plants (c) Rivers (d) Cattle
      Answer: (b) Trees and plants

    6. Which state became 100% organic in 2016?
      (a) Kerala (b) Punjab (c) Sikkim (d) Assam
      Answer: (c) Sikkim

    7. Which two crops caused groundwater depletion in Punjab?
      (a) Cotton and jute (b) Wheat and paddy (c) Tea and coffee (d) Sugarcane and maize
      Answer: (b) Wheat and paddy

    8. Which organisation regulates solar energy cooperation internationally?
      (a) WHO (b) WTO (c) ISA (d) ILO
      Answer: (c) ISA

    9. India launched ISA with:
      (a) USA (b) France (c) Germany (d) Japan
      Answer: (b) France

    10. Which of these is a non-renewable resource?
      (a) Water (b) Coal (c) Sunlight (d) Timber
      Answer: (b) Coal

    11. Which material’s production is among the most polluting industries?
      (a) Steel (b) Plastic (c) Cement (d) Paper
      Answer: (c) Cement

    12. Which is called “black gold”?
      (a) Coal (b) Petroleum (c) Gold (d) Iron ore
      Answer: (b) Petroleum

    13. Which festival promotes afforestation in India?
      (a) Diwali (b) Holi (c) Van Mahotsav (d) Pongal
      Answer: (c) Van Mahotsav

    14. The Kaveri river water dispute is between:
      (a) Punjab and Haryana (b) Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (c) Gujarat and Rajasthan (d) UP and Bihar
      Answer: (b) Karnataka and Tamil Nadu

    15. Which practice helps conserve soil fertility?
      (a) Excess fertiliser use (b) Mulching (c) Overgrazing (d) Deforestation
      Answer: (b) Mulching

    16. Which state is known as the “Granary of India”?
      (a) Punjab (b) Gujarat (c) Odisha (d) Tamil Nadu
      Answer: (a) Punjab

    17. What is the main aim of stewardship of resources?
      (a) Exploitation (b) Conservation (c) Profit-making (d) Pollution control only
      Answer: (b) Conservation

    18. Which is the largest solar park in India?
      (a) Charanka (b) Bhadla (c) Pavagada (d) Kurnool
      Answer: (b) Bhadla

    19. Which natural resource is linked to deforestation?
      (a) Timber (b) Iron (c) Bauxite (d) Coal
      Answer: (a) Timber

    20. Which of these shows unsustainable use?
      (a) Organic farming (b) Rainwater harvesting (c) Overfishing of tuna (d) Solar parks
      Answer: (c) Overfishing of tuna

    21. Which Indian text describes tree care and sustainable farming?
      (a) Arthashastra (b) Rigveda (c) Vr̥ikṣhāyurveda (d) Manusmriti
      Answer: (c) Vr̥ikṣhāyurveda

    Fill in the Blanks

    1. The first fully organic state of India is Sikkim.

    2. The over-extraction of groundwater is a major issue in Punjab.

    3. The International Solar Alliance was launched by India and France in 2015.

    4. Cement production is one of the most polluting industries.

    5. Petroleum is also known as black gold.

    6. The decline in the variety of life on Earth is called biodiversity loss.

    7. The festival that encourages tree plantation is Van Mahotsav.

    8. Coal reserves in India may last only another 50 years.

    9. Sacred groves are protected community forests.

    10. The case study of sustainable agriculture in Sikkim is linked to organic farming.

    True/False

    1. Solar energy is a renewable resource. ✅

    2. Over-extraction of groundwater is a problem only in Punjab. ❌

    3. Van Mahotsav encourages water conservation. ❌ (It promotes tree planting.)

    4. Petroleum is called black gold. ✅

    5. ISA was launched in 2015 by India and France. ✅

    6. Cement is the least polluting industry. ❌

    7. Sacred groves promote conservation of biodiversity. ✅

    8. Vr̥ikṣhāyurveda deals with astronomy. ❌

    9. Organic farming increases biodiversity. ✅

    10. The natural resource curse means abundance of resources always brings wealth. ❌