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  • Chapter 9: The Proposal, NCERT, Class 10th, English, First Flight

    Chapter 10 – The Proposal

    By Anton Chekhov

    NCERT Questions & Answers

    Thinking about the Play (Page 157–158)

    Q1. What does Chubukov at first suspect that Lomov has come for? Is he sincere when he later says “and I’ve always loved you, my angel, as if you were my own son”? Find reasons for your answer from the play.
    Answer:
    At first, Chubukov thinks Lomov has come to borrow money. When he realises Lomov wants to propose to his daughter, he quickly becomes affectionate. His earlier suspicion and sudden change show he is not entirely sincere — his affection depends on self-interest.

    Q2. Chubukov says of Natalya: “…as if she won’t consent! She’s in love; egad, she’s like a lovesick cat…” Would you agree? Find reasons for your answer.
    Answer:
    Yes, Natalya is eager to marry but does not openly express it. She argues with Lomov over land and dogs, yet when she learns he came to propose, she is desperate to bring him back. Her behaviour shows she does wish to marry him.

    Q3. (i) Find all the words and expressions in the play that the characters use to speak about each other, and the accusations and insults they hurl at each other.
    Answer:

    • Lomov calls Chubukov a grabber, intriguer, old rat.

    • Chubukov calls Lomov a pettifogger, lunatic, fool.

    • Natalya calls Lomov a malicious, double-faced intriguer.
      They accuse each other of dishonesty, lying, and cowardice.

    (ii) What do you learn about the characters from their exchanges?
    Answer:
    They are quarrelsome, short-tempered, and materialistic. Their pride and stubbornness overshadow reason. Yet, beneath all this, they are eager for marriage and social security.

    Q4. What does the play tell you about the contemporary notion of marriage?
    Answer:
    It shows that marriage was often seen as a social and economic arrangement, not just an affair of love. Land ownership, wealth, and social status mattered more than personal affection.

    Q5. How do Lomov and Natalya finally come to be married?
    Answer:
    Despite quarrelling about land and dogs, Natalya and Lomov are pushed by Chubukov, who insists they stop arguing and seal the proposal. In excitement, he blesses them, even as they continue bickering.

    Extra Questions & Answers

    Short Answer

    1. Why is the play called The Proposal?
      Because the entire play revolves around Lomov’s attempt to propose marriage to Natalya, though it keeps getting delayed by petty quarrels.

    2. Why is the play called a farce?
      It uses humour, exaggerated quarrels, and absurd situations to criticise human folly.

    3. What qualities of Lomov are revealed in the play?
      He is nervous, excitable, materialistic, and quarrelsome, yet also sincere in wanting to marry.

    Long Answer

    Q. Comment on the humour and satire in The Proposal.
    Anton Chekhov’s one-act play is a farce that uses humour to expose human weaknesses. Lomov, Chubukov, and Natalya indulge in endless quarrels over trivial issues like land and dogs, instead of focusing on the marriage proposal. Their exaggerated arguments, insults, and contradictions create comic effect.

    Chekhov satirises materialism — marriage is treated as a deal involving property and status, not love. He also mocks human stubbornness, as the characters are more eager to win arguments than to resolve matters. The humour lies in irony: Lomov proposes but ends up fighting; Natalya desires marriage but quarrels fiercely; Chubukov blesses the couple while they argue.

    Through laughter, Chekhov criticises the hypocrisy, greed, and folly of society. The play entertains while also prompting reflection on the true meaning of relationships.

    Summary of The Proposal

    Anton Chekhov’s The Proposal is a one-act farce that humorously exposes the materialism and foolishness of marriage arrangements in 19th-century Russian society.

    The play opens with Lomov visiting his neighbour Chubukov’s house. Chubukov first suspects that Lomov has come to borrow money. When Lomov reveals he has come to propose to Natalya, Chubukov becomes overjoyed and calls him “son.”

    Lomov is nervous and awkward in expressing his proposal. Instead of directly proposing, he begins discussing land disputes about the Oxen Meadows. Natalya quarrels fiercely, claiming the land belongs to her family. The quarrel escalates with insults. When Chubukov joins, the argument becomes louder.

    In frustration, Lomov leaves. When Natalya learns that he had come to propose, she becomes hysterical, begging her father to call him back. When Lomov returns, Natalya changes her tone. However, another quarrel starts, this time over whose dog is better — Lomov’s Guess or Natalya’s Squeezer. Again, harsh words are exchanged, and Lomov nearly collapses.

    Finally, Chubukov, exasperated, forces them to stop fighting and announces their engagement. Even then, the couple continues bickering, while Chubukov cheers that the marriage has been settled.

    The play ends with irony: the proposal is successful, but the foundation is quarrels and greed, not love.

    Chekhov, through witty dialogues and absurd situations, highlights human weaknesses — greed, pride, and lack of emotional depth. Marriage is portrayed as a social contract for wealth and property. The play is comic but also a satire on society’s misplaced priorities.

    Word Count: ~507

    ✦ Biography of Anton Chekhov

    Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860–1904) was a Russian playwright, short-story writer, and physician, considered one of the greatest writers in world literature.

    Born on 29 January 1860 in Taganrog, Russia, Chekhov came from a poor family. Despite hardships, he studied medicine at Moscow University, qualifying as a doctor in 1884. He practiced medicine throughout his life, famously saying, “Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress.”

    Chekhov began writing humorous sketches to support his family. His early works gained popularity for their wit. Gradually, he developed a more serious style, producing masterpieces of short fiction noted for psychological depth and realism. His famous stories include The Lady with the Dog, The Steppe, and Ward No. 6.

    As a dramatist, Chekhov revolutionised theatre. His plays The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, and The Cherry Orchard are landmarks of modern drama. Unlike melodramatic plots, Chekhov focused on everyday conversations, inner conflicts, and subtle emotions, creating realism on stage.

    His writing style is marked by brevity, understatement, irony, and compassion. He avoided moralising, instead presenting life as it is, with humour and sadness intertwined.

    Chekhov’s health was frail due to tuberculosis, which plagued him for years. He died on 15 July 1904 in Badenweiler, Germany, at the age of 44.

    Today, Chekhov is celebrated as a pioneer of the modern short story and drama. His works continue to influence literature and theatre worldwide, admired for their humanism, irony, and timeless relevance.

  • Chapter 5: Tea from Assam, NCERT, Class 10th, English, First Flight

    Chapter 5 – Part III: Tea from Assam

    by Arup Kumar Datta

    Textual Questions (Page No. 93)

    Q1. What legends are associated with the discovery of tea?
    Ans. Two main legends are associated with tea:

    • One Chinese legend says that tea was discovered by Emperor Shen Nung when some tea leaves accidentally fell into the hot water he was boiling.

    • An Indian legend says that Buddhist monk Bodhidharma cut off his eyelids to stay awake while meditating, and from those eyelids grew tea plants.

    Q2. What are the various legends about the origin of tea?
    Ans. Apart from the Chinese and Indian legends, tea is also associated with the Japanese practice of drinking it for meditation and health. These stories, though mythical, show tea’s ancient cultural importance.

    Q3. What are the places mentioned in the lesson that are known for tea plantations?
    Ans. Assam and Darjeeling in India are mentioned as famous tea-growing regions. Assam, especially, is known for its vast tea plantations.

    Q4. Which story do you find more interesting—the Chinese emperor’s discovery or the Indian legend?
    Ans. (Open-ended) Many may find the Indian legend of Bodhidharma cutting off his eyelids fascinating for its dramatic imagery. Others may prefer the Chinese emperor’s story for its simplicity.

    Extra Questions & Answers

    Short Answer Type

    1. Who were Rajvir and Pranjol?
      Rajvir was a schoolboy visiting Assam for the first time, while Pranjol was his classmate, the son of a tea estate manager in Assam.

    2. How does Rajvir describe the popularity of tea?
      He says more than eighty crore cups of tea are drunk daily across the world, making it the most popular drink.

    3. What legends about tea does Rajvir share?
      The Chinese legend of Emperor Shen Nung and the Indian legend of Bodhidharma’s eyelids.

    4. What did Rajvir see on the way to Assam?
      He saw vast stretches of tea plantations and women plucking tea leaves with bamboo baskets on their backs.

    5. When was tea first drunk in Europe?
      Tea reached Europe in the sixteenth century and was initially used as medicine.

    Long Answer Type

    Q1. How does the story present the cultural and historical significance of tea?
    Ans. Tea from Assam presents tea not just as a beverage but as a cultural and historical phenomenon. Rajvir explains that tea is the world’s most popular drink, consumed daily in huge numbers. The story recounts fascinating legends about its discovery, from China’s Emperor Shen Nung to India’s Bodhidharma. Historically, tea was used in China as early as 2700 B.C. and reached Europe in the sixteenth century. Through Rajvir’s excitement, the reader learns about tea’s global journey. At the same time, the description of Assam’s tea plantations and women plucking leaves shows its economic and cultural significance in India. Thus, the story connects myth, history, and present-day reality, highlighting tea’s central role in human society.

    Q2. How does the train journey in the story become educational for the reader?
    Ans. The train journey with Rajvir and Pranjol is not just a simple ride but an exploration of India’s tea culture. Rajvir, though visiting Assam for the first time, is knowledgeable about tea’s history, legends, and popularity. He shares these with Pranjol and, through him, with the reader. As the train passes through Assam, readers experience the beauty of endless tea plantations, with women plucking fresh leaves. This combination of travel, conversation, and observation makes the journey educational. It provides insights into the origin of tea, its spread across the world, and its economic importance in Assam. Thus, the story transforms a simple train journey into an informative lesson about one of the most important beverages in human history.

    Summary of the Story

    Tea from Assam by Arup Kumar Datta is both a travel account and an informative essay about the world of tea. It combines a simple journey of two boys with fascinating facts and legends about one of the world’s most popular beverages.

    The story begins with two friends, Rajvir and Pranjol, travelling by train to Assam. Pranjol, who is from Assam, is already familiar with tea plantations, while Rajvir, though new to the region, is excited to learn about it. As they sip tea bought from a vendor, Rajvir shares interesting information about tea, showing his enthusiasm and knowledge.

    Rajvir explains that tea is the most popular drink in the world, with over eighty crore cups consumed daily. He recounts the legends associated with its discovery. The Chinese legend credits Emperor Shen Nung with its discovery when leaves accidentally fell into boiling water. The Indian legend associates tea with Bodhidharma, a Buddhist monk, who cut off his eyelids to fight sleep during meditation; tea plants are said to have sprung from them. Rajvir also mentions that tea was first used in China as early as 2700 B.C., and it reached Europe in the sixteenth century, initially as medicine.

    As the train moves deeper into Assam, Rajvir marvels at the endless stretches of tea plantations, describing them as “a sea of tea bushes.” He notices women plucking fresh leaves and filling bamboo baskets, a scene that reflects the culture and economy of Assam.

    Pranjol, being a native, takes all this as normal, while Rajvir’s excitement highlights the beauty and uniqueness of the landscape. The narrative blends the simple joy of a train journey with the educational aspect of tea’s history and production.

    The story ends as the boys arrive at Pranjol’s home in Assam, near the tea estate where his father works as a manager. Rajvir looks forward eagerly to learning more about tea cultivation and industry.

    Thematically, the story highlights:

    • The cultural significance of tea in India and across the world.

    • The blend of history, legend, and modern-day reality.

    • Assam’s central role in India’s tea industry.

    Stylistically, the story is light and conversational but informative. It entertains while teaching readers about tea’s discovery, legends, and production.

    In conclusion, Tea from Assam is not just a travel sketch but also a celebration of India’s natural wealth and cultural traditions. It teaches readers to appreciate the everyday cup of tea as something with a rich history and global importance.

    ✒️ Biography of Arup Kumar Datta

    Arup Kumar Datta (born 1946) is an acclaimed Indian author, journalist, and academic from Assam. He is best known for his fiction and non-fiction works that highlight the culture, history, and environment of North-East India.

    Datta was born and raised in Guwahati, Assam. After completing his education at Cotton College, he studied English literature at Delhi University. He then worked as a teacher and journalist, while also writing extensively.

    His first major success came with the adventure novel The Kaziranga Trail (1978), which won the Shankar’s Award and was later translated into many languages. The book drew attention to the Kaziranga National Park and its wildlife, especially the one-horned rhinoceros, raising awareness about conservation.

    Over the years, Datta has written more than 20 books, including fiction for children, travelogues, and works on history and culture. His writings often combine storytelling with social and environmental themes. Some of his well-known works include The Blind Witness, The Adventure Stories of Northeast India, and The Brahmaputra: The Story of India’s Greatest River.

    In Tea from Assam, included in NCERT textbooks, Datta combines fact and narrative to introduce readers to the tea culture of Assam. He skillfully weaves legends, history, and descriptions of plantations into the story of two boys travelling by train. This reflects his ability to inform while entertaining, a hallmark of his style.

    Datta has received numerous awards for his contributions, including the Padma Shri in 2018 for literature and education. His works remain influential in highlighting the richness of North-East India, both its natural beauty and its cultural heritage.

    Today, Arup Kumar Datta is regarded as one of the most important literary figures from Assam. His stories not only entertain but also educate readers about environmental conservation, history, and the unique traditions of India’s North-East.

  • Chapter 5: A Baker from Goa, NCERT, Class 10th, English, First Flight

    Chapter 5 – Part I: A Baker from Goa

    by Lucio Rodrigues

    Textual Questions (Page No. 86)

    Q1. What are the elders in Goa nostalgic about?
    Ans. The elders in Goa are nostalgic about the good old days of the Portuguese rule, when there was great importance given to bakers and their bread. They fondly recall the traditional loaves, cakes, and the role bakers played in village life.

    Q2. Is bread-making still popular in Goa? How do you know?
    Ans. Yes, bread-making is still popular in Goa. The narrator notes that the tradition continues even after the Portuguese have gone, and the bakers are still recognised and respected in Goan villages.

    Q3. What is the baker called?
    Ans. The baker is called a pader in Goa.

    Q4. When would the baker come every day? Why did the children run to meet him?
    Ans. The baker would come twice a day—once in the morning with his jingling bamboo and again later. Children ran to meet him in the morning because they expected bread bangles, sweet bread, or special treats.

    Q5. Match the following: (The first one is done for you.)

    Column A Column B
    (i) Pader (a) Baker
    (ii) Bolinhas (b) Sweet bread
    (iii) Staff (c) The baker’s bamboo
    (iv) Bread-bangles (d) Children longed to eat those
    (v) Marriage gifts (e) Bol, sweet bread for special occasions

    Answer:

    • (i) Pader → (a) Baker

    • (ii) Bolinhas → (e) Bol, sweet bread for special occasions

    • (iii) Staff → (c) The baker’s bamboo

    • (iv) Bread-bangles → (d) Children longed to eat those

    • (v) Marriage gifts → (b) Sweet bread

    Extra Questions & Answers

    Short Answer Type

    1. What is the role of the baker in Goan culture?
      The baker is central to daily life and celebrations. Bread, cakes, and bol are indispensable at marriages, festivals, and family gatherings.

    2. What did children look forward to from the baker?
      They eagerly awaited bread-bangles and sweet treats.

    3. What is the baker’s staff described as?
      A bamboo staff that jingled, announcing the baker’s arrival.

    4. What is the baker’s traditional dress called?
      It was called the kabai, a single-piece frock reaching the knees.

    5. How can one recognise a baker even today?
      By his plump physique and round belly, a sign of prosperity.

    Long Answer Type

    Q1. Describe the significance of the baker in Goan life as presented in the essay.
    Ans. The baker in Goan life is not just a tradesman but a cultural icon. He plays a vital role in everyday life as well as in special occasions. Bread is a staple at every household meal, but during weddings, the sweet bread bol is indispensable. Cakes, sandwiches, and biscuits prepared from his loaves mark festivals like Christmas. Children, on the other hand, eagerly await his morning visit to receive bread-bangles and sweets. His arrival is heralded by the jingling bamboo staff, a sound that brings excitement to households. The baker also has a distinct appearance, wearing the traditional kabai and maintaining a prosperous physique. The essay shows that bakers were financially well-off and socially respected. Thus, the baker symbolises both livelihood and festivity in Goa.

    Q2. “A Baker from Goa is a nostalgic sketch.” Discuss.
    Ans. Lucio Rodrigues writes the essay with fondness and nostalgia. He recalls the Portuguese days when bread was introduced to Goa, and how the baker became a beloved part of village life. The essay paints a vivid picture of mornings filled with excitement at the baker’s arrival, children running for bread-bangles, and families preparing for celebrations. Rodrigues notes that even after the Portuguese left, the tradition of bread-making and the presence of bakers continues. His humorous description of the bakers’ appearance and attire adds to the charm. The essay is not merely informative but a heartfelt remembrance of the joy, simplicity, and cultural richness of Goan society. It is this nostalgic tone that makes the essay delightful and memorable.

    Summary of the Story

    A Baker from Goa by Lucio Rodrigues is a nostalgic account of the tradition of bread-making in Goa, a practice introduced by the Portuguese and still cherished by Goans today. The story highlights the cultural significance of bakers, the joyous memories of childhood, and the continuing presence of this unique tradition in Goan society.

    The narrator begins by recalling the days of Portuguese rule in Goa when the baker, or pader, was an essential figure in every village. Even though the Portuguese have left, their legacy continues in the form of bread-making, which remains an integral part of Goan culture.

    The baker was not just a tradesman but a vital part of social and family life. His arrival every morning was a much-anticipated event. The jingling bamboo staff he carried announced his presence, and children rushed eagerly to meet him. For them, the most delightful treats were bread-bangles, sweet loaves, and special goodies. These were far more exciting than any fancy food because they represented joy and indulgence in their simple lives.

    Bread was also central to important occasions. During marriages, the sweet bread called bol was indispensable. Cakes and sandwiches made from bread were prepared during Christmas and other festive occasions. In fact, no celebration was considered complete without the baker’s products.

    The baker’s visits were not only memorable for the children but also for the entire household. The maidservants purchased loaves, while the children cherished the small pieces given to them. This created a sense of community, where the baker’s arrival was more than a commercial exchange—it was a cultural event.

    The narrator fondly remembers the bakers’ distinctive attire: a special frock-like garment called the kabai. It was a single-piece, knee-length dress, giving the bakers a unique identity. In modern times, the bakers wear simple trousers and shirts, but the tradition of their service continues.

    Bakers were not just respected but also financially stable. Their families were often well-fed and content. The narrator humorously remarks that one could always recognise a baker by his physical appearance—he had a plump physique with a prominent “jackfruit-like belly,” a sign of prosperity.

    Through these recollections, the author brings out the cultural bond between the people of Goa and the bakers. The baker was not merely a provider of food but a symbol of festivity, comfort, and community. His presence was woven into the daily routines and special occasions of Goan life.

    Thematically, the story highlights nostalgia, tradition, and cultural continuity. It shows how colonial influences left lasting impressions on local traditions. The baker symbolises both heritage and joy, reminding us of the importance of simple pleasures and community ties.

    In conclusion, A Baker from Goa is more than a story about bread. It is about memories, traditions, and the cultural identity of Goa. It teaches us that some traditions, though simple, hold deep significance and remain timeless.

    ✒️ Biography of Lucio Rodrigues

    Lucio Rodrigues (1916–1973) was a noted Goan essayist, teacher, and folklorist who made significant contributions to Indian English literature. Born in South Goa, Rodrigues grew up in a culturally rich environment influenced by both Portuguese colonial heritage and traditional Goan life. This duality shaped much of his writing, which often focused on Goan culture, folklore, and traditions.

    Rodrigues worked as a teacher of English Literature in colleges across Goa and later in Mumbai. He was admired not only for his teaching but also for his engaging essays that captured the essence of Goan life. He wrote extensively about the customs, traditions, and everyday experiences of the Goan people, giving readers insights into a unique cultural landscape.

    His essays were published in reputed journals and periodicals such as The Illustrated Weekly of India, The Times of India, and The Hindu. Through these writings, Rodrigues became an important voice in portraying the socio-cultural life of Goa during and after Portuguese rule.

    A Baker from Goa, included in NCERT’s First Flight, is one of his most popular essays. It highlights the lasting legacy of the Portuguese—the tradition of bread-making—and reflects on its role in Goan society. With a mix of humour, nostalgia, and vivid description, Rodrigues brings alive the image of the baker, the village community, and the joy associated with bread.

    As a folklorist, Rodrigues was dedicated to preserving Goan cultural traditions, which were at risk of fading under modernisation. His writings serve as valuable records of Goan social life, celebrations, and practices.

    Although he did not produce a large volume of work, the quality and authenticity of his essays earned him recognition in the field of Indian English literature. He is often remembered for his ability to turn everyday details into memorable cultural narratives.

    Lucio Rodrigues passed away in 1973, but his legacy endures through his essays, which continue to be studied in schools and colleges. His works not only preserve Goan heritage but also remind readers of the importance of valuing local culture and traditions.

  • Chapter 3: Part II – Fredrick Forsyth – The Black Aeroplane, NCERT, Class 10th, First Flight

    Chapter 3 – Part II: The Black Aeroplane

    by Frederick Forsyth

    📖 Textual Questions (Page No. 40)

    Q1. “I’ll take the risk.” What is the risk? Why does the narrator take it?
    Ans. The risk was flying his old Dakota straight into huge storm clouds. The narrator took this risk because he was eager to reach England in time for breakfast and meet his family, despite knowing the danger.

    Q2. Describe the narrator’s experience as he flew the aeroplane into the storm.
    Ans. As soon as he entered the clouds, everything turned black. The plane twisted and jumped. His compass stopped working, other instruments failed, and the radio went dead. He was completely lost, unable to see or communicate, and running out of fuel.

    Q3. Why does the narrator say, “I landed and was not sorry to walk away from the old Dakota…”?
    Ans. Because he had narrowly escaped a dangerous situation. His plane had no compass, no radio, and very little fuel left. Landing safely gave him relief, and he did not regret leaving the plane after such a terrifying experience.

    Q4. What made the woman in the control centre look at the narrator strangely?
    Ans. She looked at him strangely because, according to radar records, no other aircraft was flying that night. Yet, the narrator insisted that another plane had guided him through the storm.

    Q5. Who do you think helped the narrator to reach safely?
    Ans. The story leaves the question open. It might have been a phantom plane, his imagination, or divine intervention. Symbolically, the “black aeroplane” could represent hope, courage, or unseen help that guides us through dark times.

    Extra Questions & Answers

    Short Answer Type

    1. What was the narrator’s dream while flying at night?
      He dreamed of reaching England in time for breakfast with his family.

    2. Why couldn’t the narrator fly around the storm clouds?
      Because his plane had limited fuel, not enough to go north or south.

    3. What went wrong with the Dakota inside the storm?
      The compass spun, other instruments stopped working, the radio went dead, and he lost his way.

    4. Why did the narrator follow the black aeroplane?
      Because he was lost and frightened, and the mysterious pilot seemed to guide him safely through the storm.

    5. What mystery remained unsolved at the end?
      The identity of the black aeroplane and its pilot, since radar showed no such plane existed.

    Long Answer Type

    Q1. How did the narrator escape from the storm?
    Ans. The narrator escaped from the storm with the unexpected help of a mysterious black aeroplane. When his Dakota’s instruments and radio failed, he was lost and terrified. At that moment, he saw another plane flying close by, with a pilot who gestured for him to follow. Trusting him, the narrator obediently followed the black aeroplane like a child. For half an hour, it guided him through the dark storm until he suddenly saw runway lights below. He landed safely, relieved and grateful. However, when he turned to thank his mysterious saviour, the black aeroplane had vanished. The control centre confirmed that no other planes were flying that night. This left the narrator puzzled but alive. His escape remains a mystery, suggesting unseen forces of hope or divine help in times of crisis.

    Q2. “The Black Aeroplane” is a story of mystery and faith. Discuss.
    Ans. The story blends adventure with mystery. The narrator risked flying into a storm out of desire to reach home. When his plane failed and he was lost, a black aeroplane appeared to guide him. Yet, no record of that plane existed. The mystery lies in whether the plane was real, imagined, or supernatural. Readers are left to decide whether it was divine intervention, a guardian spirit, or the narrator’s imagination born out of desperation. The story symbolises faith—sometimes unseen forces guide us through life’s storms. It teaches that in difficult times, courage and hope can create miraculous escapes. The mystery of the black aeroplane makes the story unforgettable and thought-provoking.

    Summary of the Story

    The Black Aeroplane by Frederick Forsyth is a thrilling and mysterious story about a pilot’s narrow escape while flying at night. It combines suspense, adventure, and mystery, leaving readers to ponder the strange events that saved the narrator’s life.

    The story begins with the pilot flying his old Dakota aeroplane from France to England. It was one thirty in the morning, and the night sky was clear with the moon shining and stars twinkling. The narrator was happy and looked forward to enjoying an English breakfast with his family. He was confident, with Paris Control guiding him on the route.

    After passing Paris, he noticed huge black storm clouds ahead, like dark mountains across his path. He knew he did not have enough fuel to fly around them or go back to Paris. Still, driven by his desire to reach home, he decided, “I’ll take the risk,” and flew into the storm.

    Inside, everything turned pitch dark. The plane tossed violently, making it difficult to control. To his horror, the compass spun uselessly, the instruments failed, and the radio went silent. He was completely lost, unable to see or contact anyone, and his fuel was almost gone. Fear gripped him as he realised the danger of crashing.

    Then, in the midst of the storm, he spotted another aeroplane flying alongside him. It was black, had no lights, but he could clearly see the pilot’s face. The other pilot gestured to him to follow. Relieved, the narrator obediently followed the mysterious plane like a child, believing it would lead him to safety.

    For about half an hour, he followed the black aeroplane through the storm, until suddenly he saw runway lights below. He landed his Dakota safely, his heart filled with gratitude. But when he turned to look for his guide, the mysterious plane had vanished.

    After landing, the narrator rushed to the control centre and asked about the other pilot. The woman in charge looked surprised and told him that no other planes were in the sky that night. His Dakota was the only one on the radar.

    The story ends with a haunting question: Who was the pilot of the black aeroplane? Was it a real person, a phantom, or a creation of the narrator’s imagination? Forsyth leaves it unanswered, intensifying the mystery.

    Thematically, the story reflects human vulnerability, courage, and the mysterious forces that sometimes guide us in life. The “black aeroplane” may symbolise hope, divine intervention, or inner strength that appears during crises. The story is also a reminder of how survival often depends not only on skill but also on faith in the unknown.

    With its suspenseful narration and unresolved ending, The Black Aeroplane remains a fascinating tale that stirs both curiosity and imagination.

    ✒️ Biography of Frederick Forsyth

    Frederick Forsyth (1938–2022) was a celebrated British author and journalist, best known for his gripping thrillers and adventure stories. He was born on 25 August 1938 in Ashford, Kent, England. From an early age, he showed a keen interest in languages and adventure.

    Forsyth began his career as a journalist. He worked for Reuters and later as a BBC correspondent, covering international events. His assignments took him across Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, giving him firsthand experience of global politics and conflicts. This background gave authenticity and realism to his novels.

    His breakthrough came with The Day of the Jackal (1971), a political thriller about an assassination attempt on French President Charles de Gaulle. The book was an instant bestseller and established him as a master of the thriller genre. It was later adapted into a successful film.

    Forsyth’s writing was marked by detailed research, journalistic precision, and suspenseful storytelling. His novels, including The Odessa File (1972), The Dogs of War (1974), The Devil’s Alternative (1979), and The Fourth Protocol(1984), combined fact with fiction so seamlessly that they felt both believable and thrilling.

    Though The Black Aeroplane is a simple short story included in school texts, it reflects Forsyth’s ability to create suspense and mystery within a concise framework. It departs from his usual political thrillers but still carries his hallmark of tension and unanswered questions.

    Apart from writing, Forsyth led an adventurous life. He served briefly in the Royal Air Force as a pilot, an experience that influenced many of his aviation-themed stories. He also worked as a war correspondent during conflicts such as the Biafran War in Nigeria, which shaped his understanding of human struggle and survival.

    Forsyth received numerous awards for his literary contributions, including the Edgar Award and the Crime Writers’ Association’s Cartier Diamond Dagger. In 1997, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to literature.

    He passed away on 2 August 2022 at the age of 83. Frederick Forsyth is remembered as one of the greatest thriller writers of the twentieth century, whose works combined suspense, politics, and adventure. His stories, including The Black Aeroplane, continue to captivate readers with their mix of realism and mystery.

  • Chapter 3: Liam O’Flaherty – Part I – His First Flight, NCERT, Class 10th, First Flight

    Chapter 3 – Part I: His First Flight

    by Liam O’Flaherty

    Textual Questions (Page No. 36)

    Q1. Why was the young seagull afraid to fly? Do you think all young birds are afraid to make their first flight, or are some birds more timid than others? Do you think a human baby also finds it a challenge to take its first steps?
    Ans. The young seagull was afraid to fly because he thought his wings would not support him and he would fall into the deep sea below. Yes, it is natural for young birds to hesitate before flying; some are more timid than others. Similarly, a human baby also faces difficulty and fear while taking its first steps, but encouragement and practice help them overcome it.

    Q2. “The sight of the food maddened him.” What does this suggest? What compelled the young seagull to finally fly?
    Ans. The sight of food maddened him because he was starving after not eating for 24 hours. His mother tempted him with a piece of fish but stopped short of giving it to him. Hunger overpowered his fear, and he dived to grab the food, which forced him to fly.

    Q3. “They were beckoning to him, calling shrilly.” Why did the seagull’s father and mother threaten him and cajole him to fly?
    Ans. His parents wanted him to learn the essential skill of flying for survival. They threatened him with starvation and tried to lure him with food to push him to overcome his fear. Their intention was to encourage him to be independent.

    Q4. Have you ever had a similar experience, where your parents encouraged you to do something that you were too scared to try?
    Ans. Yes. Many of us hesitate to ride a bicycle, swim, or speak in public for the first time. Parents often encourage us, sometimes with strictness and sometimes with persuasion, to overcome fear. These efforts help us succeed eventually.

    Q5. In the case of a bird flying, it seems a natural act, and a foregone conclusion that it should succeed. In the examples you have given in answer to the previous question, was your success guaranteed, or was it important for you to try, regardless of a possibility of failure?
    Ans. Success is never guaranteed, but trying is important. Like the young seagull, we need courage to attempt new things. Even if we fail, trying gives us confidence, and eventually we succeed.

    Extra Questions & Answers

    Short Answer Type

    1. Why didn’t the young seagull fly with his brothers and sister?
      Because he lacked courage and was afraid his wings wouldn’t support him.

    2. How did the seagull’s family treat him when he refused to fly?
      They scolded, threatened, and taunted him. Finally, they left him alone to starve.

    3. What role did hunger play in the story?
      Hunger acted as a driving force, compelling him to dive for food and unknowingly take his first flight.

    4. What happened when the seagull finally dived for the fish?
      His fear vanished as he discovered his wings could support him, and he began to fly joyfully.

    5. What lesson does the story convey?
      That fear can only be overcome by action, and independence comes when we face challenges bravely.

    Long Answer Type

    Q1. How did the young seagull overcome his fear of flying?
    Ans. The young seagull overcame his fear through a combination of hunger, instinct, and encouragement from his family. Initially, he was terrified of the vast sea below and convinced his wings would not support him. His parents tried various means—scolding, threatening, and ignoring him. Finally, his mother used food as bait. When she flew close with a piece of fish but stopped short, hunger drove him to dive towards it. In that moment, instinct took over. He spread his wings, felt the wind beneath them, and realised he could fly. Fear gave way to exhilaration as he soared, dived, and joined his family in the sky. Hunger acted as the trigger, but courage and instinct enabled him to succeed.

    Q2. “His First Flight” is not only about a bird but about all learners. Discuss.
    Ans. The story symbolises the struggles faced by anyone learning a new skill or becoming independent. Just as the young seagull was afraid of flying, humans too hesitate before taking new steps—whether it is walking, swimming, speaking, or facing challenges in life. Like the seagull’s parents, mentors and parents often push us out of comfort zones. Failure or fear is natural, but persistence and necessity help us succeed. The story teaches that growth requires effort, courage, and sometimes the push of hunger or need. It reflects a universal truth—that success comes to those who dare to try. Thus, the seagull’s flight mirrors human journeys of learning and independence.

    Summary of the Story

    His First Flight by Liam O’Flaherty is a heart-touching story about a young seagull who is afraid of taking his first flight. It illustrates the universal truth that growth requires courage, and fear must be conquered with determination.

    The young seagull lived with his parents, two brothers, and a sister on the edge of a cliff. His siblings had already flown the previous day, but he hesitated. When he tried to run to the brink and flap his wings, the vast sea below terrified him. He was certain that his wings would fail and that he would fall into the depths. So, he hid under the ledge in fear. His family encouraged him, scolded him, and even threatened to let him starve, but he could not gather the courage.

    The next day, he watched as his family enjoyed flying. They perfected the art of soaring and diving, and his elder brother even caught his first herring. The young seagull felt miserable and lonely as hunger gnawed at him. His parents ignored him, hoping he would be compelled to take flight.

    The sun blazed, and he was weak from hunger. Then he saw his mother tearing at a piece of fish, sharpening her beak on the rock. Maddened by hunger, he begged her for food. She flew across to him with the fish, but just as she was about to reach him, she stopped mid-air, holding the food just out of reach. Desperate, he dived forward to snatch it.

    That moment changed everything. Though he plunged outward in terror, he instinctively spread his wings. He felt the wind beneath them, lifting him. The fear vanished as he realised he was flying. His parents and siblings cheered him on, soaring and diving around him. Joy replaced his fear as he curved, soared, and shrieked in delight.

    He soon reached the sea and attempted to land, but when his feet sank, he panicked. His family reassured him, and he found that he could float on the water. His hunger was satisfied as they offered him fish, and his pride soared with his first successful flight.

    The story is symbolic of the struggles all beings face in overcoming fear and learning independence. It highlights the role of encouragement, hunger (as motivation), and instinct in helping one succeed. The young seagull’s transformation from cowardice to courage mirrors human growth when facing challenges like walking, speaking, or learning new skills.

    In essence, the story teaches that fear is natural but must be conquered. Once the leap is taken, courage grows, and the joy of achievement replaces fear. The young seagull’s first flight becomes a universal metaphor for stepping out of one’s comfort zone and embracing independence.

    ✒️ Biography of Liam O’Flaherty

    Liam O’Flaherty (1896–1984) was an Irish novelist and short-story writer, best known for his realistic portrayal of Irish life, struggles, and the human condition. Born on 28 August 1896 on Inishmore, one of the Aran Islands off the west coast of Ireland, O’Flaherty grew up in a traditional Gaelic-speaking community. His upbringing amidst rugged landscapes and fishing communities profoundly shaped his literary imagination.

    Educated in Galway and later at University College Dublin, he developed a love for literature and history. However, his life took a dramatic turn when he enlisted in the Irish Guards during World War I. His wartime experiences deeply scarred him, leaving him with shell shock (now known as PTSD). This trauma influenced his writing, which often carried themes of violence, survival, and the fragility of life.

    O’Flaherty’s literary career flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. His works reflected Irish rural life, social conflicts, and the struggles of ordinary people. He wrote novels, short stories, and political essays. Some of his most acclaimed works include The Informer (1925), which won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and was later adapted into an Oscar-winning film by John Ford. Other notable works are Skerrett (1932) and Famine (1937), which depicted Ireland’s Great Famine with stark realism.

    He was also a socialist and politically outspoken, often engaging with themes of class struggle and injustice. His writing style was marked by simplicity, vivid descriptions, and emotional intensity. He could capture both the beauty of nature and the harshness of human life with equal skill.

    “His First Flight,” one of his most widely read short stories, departs from political themes and instead focuses on personal growth, courage, and instinct. By using a young seagull as the protagonist, O’Flaherty created an allegory that resonates universally. It reflects his deep understanding of human psychology and nature’s lessons.

    Despite literary success, O’Flaherty lived a turbulent life. He struggled with poverty, political exile, and health issues. Nevertheless, he remained committed to his craft. In his later years, he lived quietly, continuing to write and reflect on Irish identity and struggles.

    Liam O’Flaherty passed away on 7 September 1984 in Dublin. He left behind a rich legacy of novels and stories that portray human resilience, social struggles, and the challenges of life. His works, including His First Flight, continue to inspire readers worldwide by reminding us of the courage required to overcome fear and embrace independence.

  • Chapter 1: A Letter to God, NCERT, Class 10th, English, First Flight

    Chapter 1: A Letter to God

    by Gregorio López y Fuentes

    Page No. 5 – Oral Comprehension Check

    Q1. What did Lencho hope for?
    Ans. Lencho hoped for a good shower of rain to nourish his ripe cornfield, as it was the only requirement left for a successful harvest.

    Q2. Why did Lencho say the raindrops were like ‘new coins’?
    Ans. Lencho compared the raindrops to coins because they promised prosperity and wealth. The big drops were imagined as ten-cent pieces and the smaller ones as five-cent pieces. For him, rain symbolised money, since it would result in a rich harvest.

    Q3. How did the rain change? What happened to Lencho’s fields?
    Ans. At first, it rained beautifully, but soon strong winds blew and large hailstones fell. Within an hour, Lencho’s fields were completely destroyed—crops, flowers, and trees were ruined.

    Q4. What were Lencho’s feelings when the hail stopped?
    Ans. Lencho was deeply saddened. He realised that nothing was left, and his family would starve that year.

    Page No. 6 – Oral Comprehension Check

    Q1. Who or what did Lencho have faith in? What did he do?
    Ans. Lencho had absolute faith in God. He wrote a letter to God, requesting one hundred pesos to re-sow his field and sustain his family until the next harvest.

    Q2. Who read the letter?
    Ans. A postman discovered the letter and showed it to the postmaster, who then read it.

    Q3. What did the postmaster do then?
    Ans. The postmaster admired Lencho’s unshakable faith and decided to help him. He collected money from his employees and friends, contributed part of his own salary, and sent Lencho seventy pesos in the name of God.

    Page No. 7 – Oral Comprehension Check

    Q1. Was Lencho surprised to find a letter for him with money in it?
    Ans. No, Lencho was not surprised. His faith in God was so strong that he firmly believed God would reply to his request.

    Q2. What made him angry?
    Ans. Lencho became angry because the money was only seventy pesos instead of one hundred. He thought the post office employees had stolen the remaining thirty pesos.

    Page No. 7 – Thinking About the Text

    Q1. Who does Lencho have complete faith in? Which sentences in the story tell you this?
    Ans. Lencho had complete faith in God. Sentences that prove this are:

    • “It was during the meal, just as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall.”

    • “It’s during the night only one hope remained: the help of God, whose eyes see everything.”

    • “Such was his confidence — but he became angry when he counted the money.”

    Q2. Why does the postmaster send money to Lencho? Why does he sign the letter ‘God’?
    Ans. The postmaster sent money to Lencho to preserve his faith in God. He was moved by Lencho’s innocent belief. He signed as ‘God’ so that Lencho would remain convinced that his prayer had been answered.

    Q3. Did Lencho try to find out who had sent the money to him? Why/Why not?
    Ans. No, Lencho did not try to find out. His faith was so unquestioning that he assumed God had sent it. He believed no human could intervene.

    Q4. Who does Lencho think has taken the rest of the money? What is the irony in the situation?
    Ans. Lencho thought the post office employees had stolen the remaining thirty pesos. The irony is that these very employees had collected the money out of kindness, but Lencho considered them thieves.

    Q5. Are there people like Lencho in the real world? What kind of a person would you say he is?
    Ans. Yes, some people still possess blind, unquestioning faith. Lencho is simple, innocent, hardworking, and naive, but also ungrateful and unquestioning.

    Q6. There are two kinds of conflict in the story: between humans and nature, and between humans themselves. How are these conflicts illustrated?
    Ans.

    • Humans vs. Nature: Lencho’s crops were destroyed by the hailstorm, showing man’s helplessness against natural calamities.

    • Humans vs. Humans: Lencho doubted and insulted the very people who helped him, showing mistrust among humans.

    Extra Questions & Answers

    Short Answer Type

    1. Why did Lencho compare raindrops with coins?
      Because they promised wealth. A good harvest meant money, so raindrops were “new coins.”

    2. Why was Lencho’s family sorrowful after the hailstorm?
      Because all their crops were destroyed, leaving them with nothing to eat or sell.

    3. What did the postmaster admire in Lencho?
      He admired Lencho’s unquestioning faith in God.

    4. Why did Lencho call the post office employees ‘a bunch of crooks’?
      He thought they had stolen part of the money God had sent him.

    5. What is the main irony in the story?
      The helpers were mistaken as thieves by the man they tried to support.

    Long Answer Type

    Q1. Describe Lencho’s faith in God. How did it affect his actions?
    Ans. Lencho had absolute faith in God. When a hailstorm destroyed his crops, he did not despair completely but turned to God as his only hope. He wrote a letter asking for one hundred pesos, convinced that God would send it. His faith was so strong that he was neither surprised when he received money nor grateful to the post office employees who had helped him. Instead, he believed God had sent the money, but the postal workers had stolen a part of it. His blind faith made him unquestioning and innocent, but also ungrateful. Thus, his actions highlight how faith can give hope but can also blind a person to human kindness.

    Q2. The story “A Letter to God” illustrates both kindness and irony. Discuss.
    Ans. The story reflects human kindness through the postmaster and his staff, who collected money for Lencho to preserve his faith in God. Their selflessness shows the good side of humanity. However, the story also ends in irony. Lencho, instead of being thankful, accuses these very helpers of being crooks. His blind faith prevents him from seeing the truth. This creates situational irony, where the outcome is opposite to what one expects. Therefore, the story blends kindness with irony, making it deeply thought-provoking.

    Summary of the Story

    A Letter to God by Gregorio López y Fuentes is a touching short story that explores human faith, simplicity, and irony in life. It is centred around a poor farmer named Lencho, who lived with his family in a solitary house atop a valley. His only wealth was his cornfield, which promised a good harvest. All it required was a timely shower.

    Lencho was optimistic and predicted rainfall. His prediction came true as dark clouds appeared, and raindrops fell like a blessing. With excitement, he compared raindrops to new coins, symbolising prosperity. However, this joy was short-lived. The rain turned violent, accompanied by hailstones that destroyed the entire field. In just an hour, all the crops, flowers, and trees were ruined. Lencho and his family were heartbroken as they faced certain starvation.

    Despite the devastation, Lencho’s faith in God remained unshaken. He believed that God saw everything and would not let his family die of hunger. Relying on this faith, he decided to write a letter directly to God. In his letter, he requested one hundred pesos to re-sow the field and support his family until the next harvest.

    When the letter reached the post office, it surprised the employees. The postmaster, a kind-hearted man, admired Lencho’s innocence and deep faith. He decided to respond, not to break Lencho’s trust. With the help of his staff, friends, and part of his own salary, he collected seventy pesos. Though it was not the full amount, he placed it in an envelope, signed it as “God,” and sent it to Lencho.

    The next Sunday, Lencho eagerly checked for a reply. Seeing the money, he was not astonished; instead, his confidence grew stronger. However, upon counting, he grew angry. He was certain that God would never make a mistake and would have sent the entire hundred pesos. Therefore, he concluded that the post office employees had stolen thirty pesos. With great conviction, he wrote another letter to God, complaining and requesting that the remaining money be sent directly to him, not through the “crooks” at the post office.

    The story ends with dramatic irony. The very people who helped Lencho were accused of dishonesty. This highlights the irony of blind faith—while faith can inspire noble actions, it can also blind one to reality.

    The story beautifully portrays two conflicts: between humans and nature, and between humans themselves. On one hand, Lencho’s helplessness before natural calamity reflects the vulnerability of farmers. On the other, his mistrust of human helpers highlights the lack of faith between people.

    Through Lencho, the author paints a portrait of a man both admirable and flawed. His unwavering faith is inspiring, but his inability to recognise kindness makes him appear naive and ungrateful.

    Thus, A Letter to God is not merely about a farmer’s plea but a universal tale of hope, faith, generosity, and irony. It reminds us that while faith sustains us, it must be accompanied by gratitude and understanding.

    ✒️ Biography of Gregorio López y Fuentes

    Gregorio López y Fuentes (1897–1966) was a distinguished Mexican writer, journalist, and novelist, celebrated for his powerful portrayals of rural life and the struggles of common people. Born in Veracruz, Mexico, López y Fuentes grew up in an environment that deeply influenced his literary themes. His keen observations of farmers, indigenous communities, and the effects of social inequalities shaped his writings.

    He began his career as a journalist, contributing to Mexican newspapers and magazines, where he refined his craft of storytelling. Journalism gave him access to real struggles of rural Mexico, particularly the plight of peasants who often suffered from poverty, illiteracy, and natural calamities. His transition from journalism to literature allowed him to give voice to these neglected sections of society.

    One of his defining qualities as a writer was his ability to blend realism with compassion. His stories often reflected the harsh realities of Mexican rural life while also emphasising universal themes of hope, faith, and human resilience. In A Letter to God, his most famous short story, López y Fuentes captured the innocence of a farmer who believed so strongly in divine help that he mistook human kindness for God’s intervention.

    Apart from short stories, López y Fuentes authored several novels, many of which dealt with the Mexican Revolution and its impact on ordinary people. His works such as Campamento and Tierra reflected the turmoil of social transformation. His writing style was simple, direct, and powerful, enabling him to reach a broad audience.

    López y Fuentes was also recognised for his humanitarian approach. His writings were not just creative expressions but also social commentaries. They often highlighted the injustice, inequality, and exploitation faced by peasants. Through his works, he became a chronicler of rural Mexico during a time of great political and economic change.

    Throughout his career, he received acclaim not only in Mexico but also internationally. His works were translated into several languages, making him one of the most widely read Mexican authors of his time. His ability to blend local colour with universal human emotions gave his stories a timeless appeal.

    Gregorio López y Fuentes passed away in 1966, but his legacy endures. His stories, particularly A Letter to God, are still read worldwide as lessons in faith, irony, and the human condition. By portraying ordinary men like Lencho, he immortalised the struggles and hopes of countless farmers. His writings remind us of the fragile balance between human resilience, faith, and reality.