Culture and Tradition

Part 1 — Hamara Bharat: Incredible India!

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. What makes India unique in the world?
India is unique because of its diversity in languages, religions, food, festivals, music, dance, and traditions, yet all people live together as one nation.

Q2. Which part of India do you belong to? What is special about it?
(Students give personal answers — e.g., Punjab is known for Bhangra and wheat fields, Tamil Nadu for Bharatanatyam and temples, etc.)

Comprehension Check

Q1. What does “Incredible India” mean?
It means India is full of wonders, with rich culture, history, and traditions that make it truly special.

Q2. How does India show unity in diversity?
People from different regions, speaking different languages, eating different foods, and following different religions live together with respect and harmony.

Q3. What examples of India’s cultural richness are given?
Examples include colourful festivals like Diwali and Eid, classical dances like Kathak and Bharatanatyam, monuments like the Taj Mahal, and cuisines like dosa, biryani, and chole-bhature.

Q4. What is the message of this passage?
The message is to take pride in our country’s diversity and to celebrate our shared heritage.

Think & Answer

Q1. Why do people from around the world visit India?
They visit to see its monuments, experience its traditions, taste its food, and enjoy its festivals.

Q2. What can students do to preserve India’s culture?
Students can learn about folk art, respect traditions, celebrate festivals, and promote unity in schools and communities.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Heritage = valuable traditions and culture from the past

• Diverse = varied, different

• Harmony = peaceful living together

• Pride = feeling of honour and respect

Sentences:

1. India has a rich cultural heritage.

2. Our country is diverse in languages and traditions.

3. People should live in harmony despite differences.

4. We feel pride in being Indians.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. What is meant by “unity in diversity”?
   It means people of different backgrounds live together peacefully in one nation.

2. Name some Indian dances.
   Kathak, Odissi, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Manipuri.

3. Which Indian monuments are famous worldwide?
   Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Red Fort, Sun Temple at Konark.

Long Answer

Q. How is India an example of unity in diversity?
India is one of the most diverse countries in the world. People follow different religions like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism. They speak different languages like Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Punjabi, and many more. The food also varies — from idlis and dosas in the south to parathas and dal in the north. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, and Baisakhi are celebrated with equal joy. Despite this diversity, Indians stand united as one nation. This unity makes India strong and unique. It teaches us that differences are not weaknesses but strengths when combined with respect and love.

Summary of Hamara Bharat: Incredible India!

Hamara Bharat introduces the idea of India as “Incredible India,” a land of endless wonders. The passage celebrates the diversity of the country and explains why India is respected all over the world.

India has always been known for its unity in diversity. It is home to people of different religions, languages, and traditions. Each region has its own food, dress, dance, and music. Festivals such as Diwali, Holi, Eid, Pongal, Christmas, and Baisakhi fill the land with colours and joy. Despite all these differences, Indians live together as one family, which makes the country unique.

The passage also highlights India’s cultural heritage. Its monuments like the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Sun Temple attract visitors from all over the world. Tourists also come to enjoy India’s classical dances such as Kathak, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, and Manipuri. The food culture of India is another attraction. From spicy curries to sweets, every state offers something special.

The text reminds readers that India is not just a land of traditions but also of values like peace, respect, and harmony. The strength of India lies in its people, who share their culture with love.

In the end, the message is clear: we must feel proud of our culture, preserve our traditions, and celebrate our unity. This is what makes India incredible.

Part 2 — Kala Kritiyon ka Bharat

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. What kinds of art do you see in your region?
I see folk dances, traditional paintings, handicrafts, and music that reflect local culture.

Q2. Why is it important to learn about other states’ cultures?
It helps us respect diversity, build unity, and feel proud of India’s rich traditions.

Comprehension Check

Q1. What is the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme?
It is a programme started by the Government of India to strengthen unity and cultural exchange among states.

Q2. What are some examples of folk art from different states?

• Madhubani painting from Bihar

• Kathakali dance from Kerala

• Garba dance from Gujarat

• Warli painting from Maharashtra

• Bihu dance from Assam

Q3. How does this programme help students?
It helps students learn about different languages, songs, festivals, art, and culture of other states.

Q4. Why is folk art important?
Because it preserves traditions, teaches history, and shows the creativity of common people.

Think & Answer

Q1. How do cultural exchanges make India strong?
They create respect and understanding among people of different states, building unity in diversity.

Q2. How can schools promote Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat?
By organising cultural exhibitions, folk dance competitions, art fairs, and exchange programmes with students from other states.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Culture = traditions and customs of a group

• Heritage = valuable traditions from the past

• Exchange = giving and receiving between people

• Preserve = to protect and keep safe

Sentences:

1. Each state in India has its own unique culture.

2. Monuments are part of our heritage.

3. Students had an exchange of ideas in the fair.

4. We must preserve our old temples and paintings.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. What does Madhubani painting show?
   It shows scenes from nature, gods, and village life using bright colours.

2. Which dance from Kerala is famous for colourful masks?
   Kathakali is famous for its makeup, masks, and costumes.

3. Why do we need to promote folk art among children?
   Because it keeps traditions alive and helps the young generation value their roots.

Long Answer

Q. Why is Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat important for students?
The Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme is important because it teaches students about India’s unity in diversity. By pairing one state with another, students learn about each other’s language, songs, food, art, and festivals. For example, children from Gujarat may learn about Assam’s Bihu dance, and children from Assam may learn about Gujarat’s Garba. This exchange builds respect, friendship, and national pride. It also prevents traditions from being forgotten and helps preserve folk art. For students, it is fun and educational because they not only read but also perform dances, create art, and celebrate festivals together. Thus, the programme makes the idea of “One India, Great India” a reality.

Summary of Kala Kritiyon ka Bharat

The passage Kala Kritiyon ka Bharat explains India’s rich tradition of folk arts and how the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme helps preserve them.

India is a country of diversity. Each state has its own art forms, dances, music, and handicrafts. For example, Bihar is famous for Madhubani paintings, Kerala for Kathakali dance, Assam for Bihu, Gujarat for Garba, and Maharashtra for Warli painting. These art forms are created by common people and passed from one generation to the next. They show the creativity and traditions of villages.

The Government of India started the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme to promote unity. In this programme, states are paired so that students can learn about each other’s culture. Through festivals, exhibitions, workshops, and competitions, young people experience the language, songs, food, and art of other regions. This creates respect and unity among different communities.

The text reminds us that folk art is more than entertainment. It carries stories of history, faith, and everyday life. Without efforts to preserve it, such traditions could be lost. Schools and students play a big role by celebrating art fairs, performing folk dances, and sharing culture.

The message is clear: by respecting and promoting folk art, we celebrate India’s unity in diversity. The strength of our country lies not only in modern progress but also in our cultural heritage.

Part 3 — The Kites

Poem by Daphne Lister

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Have you ever flown a kite? How did you feel?
Yes, I have flown a kite. I felt excited, happy, and free as it rose high in the sky.

Q2. Why do you think people enjoy kite flying?
Because it is fun, colourful, and gives a feeling of freedom as the kite dances in the wind.

Comprehension Check

Q1. What do kites look like as they fly in the sky?
The poet compares them to colourful birds soaring in the wind.

Q2. What happens to the kites when the wind blows strongly?
They rise high, dart, and dive, dancing playfully against the sky.

Q3. How does the poet describe kites at sunset?
She describes them as resting, tired and quiet, as the day ends.

Q4. What is the main idea of the poem?
That kites are symbols of joy, playfulness, and freedom, and their flight is like a dance in the sky.

Think & Answer

Q1. How does the poem show the beauty of simple pleasures?
It shows that something as simple as flying kites can fill our hearts with joy and wonder.

Q2. What lesson can we learn from the poem?
We learn to appreciate small joys in life, just like watching kites fly freely in the wind.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Soar = to fly high

• Flutter = to move lightly in the air

• Dart = to move quickly

• Tired = feeling weak after effort

Sentences:

1. Eagles soar high above the mountains.

2. The butterfly began to flutter its wings.

3. The cat made a quick dart to catch the toy.

4. After the long walk, I felt tired.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why are kites compared to birds?
   Because they fly high, move swiftly, and dance with the wind like colourful birds.

2. What does kite flying symbolise?
   It symbolises freedom, joy, and the playful spirit of life.

3. What happens to kites when the evening comes?
   They grow still and tired, no longer dancing, just as day ends.

Long Answer

Q. How does the poet describe the journey of kites in the sky?
The poet Daphne Lister describes the kites as lively and colourful objects dancing in the wind. At first, they rise high, soaring gracefully. The wind makes them flutter, dart, and dive, just like birds full of energy. Children on the ground control the strings, but the kites look free as they move across the blue sky. The poem captures the excitement of their flight and the beauty of the moment. As the sun sets, the kites grow tired and rest. This ending shows how even joyful things must come to a close. Through her description, the poet shows us how kite flying is not only a game but also a picture of freedom, happiness, and the cycles of life.

Summary of The Kites

The poem The Kites by Daphne Lister is a joyful description of kite flying.

The poet compares the kites to birds that soar high in the sky. They are colourful and move gracefully with the wind. At times they flutter gently, and at other times they dart and dive quickly, showing their playful nature. The sky becomes bright and lively with the kites dancing across it.

The poet shows how kite flying is a symbol of freedom and joy. Children enjoy watching them climb higher and higher, feeling proud of their control. Yet, to the eyes, the kites seem independent, flying freely like living creatures.

As the day moves on and the evening arrives, the kites grow still. They no longer dance in the air but rest quietly as the sun sets. This gives the poem a peaceful ending, reminding us that every activity and every joy has a time to pause.

The poem celebrates the beauty of simple pleasures in life. Just as flying a kite can make a person happy, small experiences can bring great joy. It also symbolises life’s journey — full of energy and play at first, but calm and restful at the end.

Biography — Daphne Lister

Daphne Lister was a poet known for her simple and delightful poems, often written for children. Although not much is widely recorded about her personal life, her works are remembered for their clarity, simplicity, and ability to connect with young readers.

She often used everyday experiences, nature, and play as themes for her poems. The Kites is one such poem, where she describes the movement of kites in the sky. Through vivid comparisons and lively words, she makes children see the beauty of kite flying as more than just a pastime.

Her poetry style is straightforward. She avoids complex words and instead writes with simplicity, so readers can easily understand and enjoy her verses. Many of her poems have been included in school textbooks, where they teach not only language but also values — such as appreciating small joys, respecting nature, and finding beauty in ordinary things.

Through her writing, Daphne Lister has influenced many young learners by showing that poetry is not distant or difficult, but close to our everyday lives. Poems like The Kites are timeless because they remind us of the innocence of childhood and the happiness found in simple activities.

Part 4 — Ila Sachani: Embroidering Dreams with Her Feet

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Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Have you heard of people doing extraordinary things despite disabilities?
Yes, there are many inspiring people who achieve greatness despite physical challenges.

Q2. Why is it important to respect differently-abled persons?
Because they show courage, talent, and determination, and they remind us that ability is stronger than disability.

Comprehension Check

Q1. Who is Ila Sachani?
Ila Sachani is a differently-abled woman from Gujarat, famous for her beautiful embroidery work, which she does using her feet.

Q2. Why does Ila use her feet for embroidery?
Because she was born without hands, she trained herself to use her feet skillfully.

Q3. What kind of embroidery does she create?
She creates colourful designs with traditional stitches like mirror work, beadwork, and chain stitch.

Q4. What recognition has Ila Sachani received?
She has won several awards, including the President’s Award for Outstanding Artistry.

Q5. What is the lesson of her life story?
That hard work, courage, and determination can overcome any limitation.

Think & Answer

Q1. How did Ila turn her weakness into her strength?
She could not use her hands, so she trained her feet and became a skilled embroidery artist.

Q2. What inspiration can children take from Ila’s life?
Children can learn that nothing is impossible if we work hard, stay positive, and never give up.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Differently-abled = having physical challenges but special abilities

• Embroidery = decorative needlework on cloth

• Determination = strong willpower

• Inspire = to encourage by setting an example

Sentences:

1. She is differently-abled but very talented.

2. The dress had beautiful embroidery on it.

3. With determination, he achieved his goal.

4. Great leaders inspire people to do good.

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Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Where is Ila Sachani from?
   She is from Gujarat, India.

2. What makes her embroidery special?
   She uses her feet with skill and creativity to make colourful, traditional designs.

3. What message does her story give us?
   That courage and determination can turn challenges into opportunities.

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Long Answer

Q. How does Ila Sachani’s life show that disability is not an obstacle to success?
Ila Sachani was born without hands, but she did not let her disability stop her. Instead of feeling helpless, she decided to train her feet to do embroidery. She practised for years and developed extraordinary skill. Using her toes, she threads needles, makes fine stitches, and creates colourful traditional designs. Her work includes mirror embroidery, beadwork, and chain stitch, which are admired for their beauty. Ila’s efforts earned her national awards and recognition. She is respected as an artist who proved that talent and determination are more powerful than physical limitations. Her life teaches us that success is possible if we believe in ourselves and keep working hard.

Summary of Ila Sachani: Embroidering Dreams with Her Feet

The story Ila Sachani: Embroidering Dreams with Her Feet is an inspiring account of courage and determination.

Ila Sachani was born in Gujarat without hands. For many people, this would have been a barrier, but Ila refused to let it stop her. From childhood, she was interested in embroidery, a traditional craft of her state. She realised she could not use her hands, so she decided to train her feet instead.

With patience and effort, Ila learned to hold needles and thread between her toes. She practised tirelessly and gradually became skilled at creating beautiful embroidery. Her designs include mirror work, beadwork, and chain stitch, all of which require precision and creativity. What makes her work special is that she uses her feet with the same accuracy that others use their hands.

Her embroidery became famous in her community and later across the country. She participated in exhibitions and received the President’s Award for Outstanding Artistry. Ila’s story spread as an example of how determination can overcome any limitation.

The story also highlights the value of traditional arts. Ila keeps alive the embroidery techniques of Gujarat while showing that disability does not mean inability. Her life teaches everyone that courage, self-belief, and hard work are the keys to success.

In the end, Ila Sachani stands as a role model for children and adults alike. She shows that no obstacle is too great if one has the will to achieve. Her dreams, embroidered with her feet, inspire us to never give up.

Biography — Ila Sachani

Ila Sachani is a famous differently-abled embroidery artist from Gujarat, India. Born without hands, she faced many challenges as a child. Yet, instead of giving up, she found her own way to create art. She trained her feet to do embroidery and soon became highly skilled.

Her work includes traditional embroidery styles such as mirror work, beadwork, and chain stitch, which are part of Gujarat’s heritage. She makes colourful designs on cloth that show both creativity and precision. What makes her embroidery special is that she does it all with her toes.

Ila’s talent brought her national recognition. She was honoured with awards, including the President’s Award for Outstanding Artistry, which is given to people who show excellence in traditional crafts. Her life story has been featured in newspapers, magazines, and school textbooks as an inspiration.

Through her work, Ila Sachani has shown that disability is not the end of dreams. She proves that talent, when combined with determination, can achieve wonders. She also preserves India’s traditional art while motivating others to be strong.

Her biography is not just about art but about courage, perseverance, and hope. Ila Sachani inspires us to believe that there are no limits when we have the will to succeed.

Sports and Wellness

Part 1 — Change of Heart

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Do you play outdoor games? Which is your favourite?
Yes, I play outdoor games. My favourite is cricket because it teaches teamwork and strategy.

Q2. What do we learn from playing games?
We learn discipline, teamwork, leadership, patience, and respect for rules.

Q3. How should we behave with our competitors?
We should respect them, play fairly, and show good sportsmanship whether we win or lose.

Comprehension Check

Q1. Who were Prabhat and Surya?
Prabhat and Surya were classmates and competitors in a running race.

Q2. How did Prabhat feel before the race?
Prabhat was nervous and wanted to win at any cost.

Q3. What happened during the race?
Prabhat ran fast, but when he saw Surya fall down, he stopped to help him instead of continuing.

Q4. What was the reaction of the spectators?
The spectators cheered for Prabhat’s kindness and appreciated his sporting spirit more than a medal.

Q5. What did Prabhat realise in the end?
He realised that true victory lies in humanity, compassion, and good sportsmanship, not just in winning medals.

Think & Answer

Q1. Why did Prabhat stop during the race?
Because he saw Surya fall and realised helping a friend was more important than winning.

Q2. What lesson does the story teach us?
It teaches us that humanity, kindness, and sportsmanship are more valuable than competition.

Vocabulary & Grammar

Q1. Opposites from the story:

• Win × Lose

• Start × Finish

• Nervous × Confident

• Friend × Enemy

Q2. Sentences:

1. The player showed great sportsmanship by praising his opponent.

2. Helping others is the true mark of humanity.

3. She was nervous before the test.

4. Winning with honesty brings pride.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why did the audience clap for Prabhat?
   Because he showed kindness and humanity, which were greater than winning.

2. What did Surya learn from Prabhat’s action?
   He learned that friendship and support matter more than rivalry.

3. What does the title “Change of Heart” mean?
   It means Prabhat changed his attitude from selfishness to kindness and humanity.

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Long Answer

Q. How does the story highlight the true meaning of sports?
The story highlights that sports are not only about winning but also about discipline, compassion, and fair play. Prabhat initially wanted to win at any cost. However, when he saw Surya fall, he stopped and helped him instead of rushing to victory. This act earned him the respect of the spectators. The crowd valued his humanity more than a medal. Prabhat’s action showed that the spirit of sports lies in friendship, respect, and care. Winning is temporary, but kindness is remembered forever. The story teaches children that true success is measured by values, not trophies.

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Summary of Change of Heart

Change of Heart is a heartwarming story about two classmates, Prabhat and Surya, who take part in a school running race.

Prabhat was determined to win and dreamed of standing first. He practised hard and wanted the medal badly. On the day of the race, the students gathered to cheer. Prabhat and Surya lined up with other competitors. The whistle blew, and the race began. Prabhat ran with all his strength, his eyes fixed on the finish line.

As the race progressed, Surya suddenly stumbled and fell to the ground. Seeing this, Prabhat felt torn. At first, he thought of running on to secure victory. But then his heart changed. Instead of ignoring Surya, he stopped, turned back, and helped his classmate to stand. The two boys walked together, finishing the race side by side.

The crowd erupted in applause. They admired Prabhat’s humanity more than they would have admired any winner. Though he lost the race, he won the hearts of all. The teachers and students praised him for showing true sportsmanship.

Prabhat realised that medals and trophies fade, but kindness and friendship are remembered forever. The story teaches us that the purpose of sports is not just to compete but to build discipline, friendship, and values.

The title Change of Heart refers to Prabhat’s transformation — from focusing only on victory to understanding that helping others is the real triumph. His noble act showed that compassion is greater than competition.

This story is an inspiring reminder for children and adults alike: winning is important, but playing with fairness, respect, and humanity is the true essence of sports.

Part 2 — The Winner

Poem by Georgia Heard

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Who do you think is a winner?
A winner is someone who tries their best, shows courage, and does not give up, even if they lose.

Q2. Is winning only about medals and trophies?
No, true winning is about effort, honesty, and never losing hope.

Comprehension Check

Q1. What does the poet mean by “the one who listens to the heart”?
It means the true winner follows their inner voice, dreams, and values rather than focusing only on prizes.

Q2. Who does the poet call a real winner?
The poet calls someone a real winner who keeps trying, believes in themselves, and does not give up, whether they win a medal or not.

Q3. Why does the poet say the winner is not always the one who comes first?
Because winning is about courage, effort, and determination, not just standing first in a competition.

Think & Answer

Q1. How is effort more important than result?
Effort shows our strength, honesty, and spirit. Results may change, but effort makes us stronger and teaches lessons.

Q2. What message does the poem give to children?
That they should not worry only about ranks and medals. True victory lies in trying, dreaming, and believing in themselves.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Courage = bravery to face difficulties

• Effort = hard work put into something

• Heart = symbol of feelings and inner strength

• Victory = success or triumph

Sentences:

1. She had the courage to speak the truth.

2. With constant effort, he improved his handwriting.

3. Always listen to your heart while making decisions.

4. The team celebrated their victory with joy.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why is listening to the heart important?
   Because it guides us to follow our dreams and stay true to ourselves.

2. What kind of people are true winners?
   Those who work hard, stay positive, and never give up even if they lose.

3. Why does the poet say victory is not always about coming first?
   Because the value lies in trying and showing courage, not just winning medals.

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Long Answer

Q. How does the poem redefine the meaning of winning?
The poem The Winner teaches us that true winning is not about trophies or ranks but about courage, determination, and effort. The poet, Georgia Heard, explains that a real winner is someone who listens to their heart, follows their dreams, and does not give up. Such a person may or may not come first, but they have the courage to keep trying. The poem inspires children to value effort over results. It encourages them not to be discouraged by failure but to see every step as progress. This view makes winning more meaningful because it is about inner strength, not just outer prizes.

Summary of The Winner

Georgia Heard’s poem The Winner gives a new meaning to the idea of victory.

The poet says that the real winner is not always the person who comes first in a competition. Instead, the true winner is the one who listens to their heart, works hard, and never gives up. Winning is not just about medals and certificates but about courage, hope, and determination.

The poem explains that dreams and goals guide us, and those who keep following their dreams are true champions. Even if they fail sometimes, their effort makes them stronger. True winners rise after every fall and continue their journey with courage.

The poet’s message is simple: do not measure success only by trophies. Success is about honesty, effort, and inner satisfaction. Children should learn to try their best without fear of losing. The poem inspires everyone to be brave, hopeful, and determined in life.

Thus, The Winner is not about victory in sports alone but about victory in life through courage and perseverance.

Biography — Georgia Heard

Georgia Heard is an American poet, author, and educator known for her inspiring poems and books for children. She believes that poetry is not just about rhyme and rhythm but about feelings and truth.

She was born in 1958 in the United States and grew up with a love for reading and writing. She studied creative writing and later began teaching children how to express themselves through poetry. Her career is dedicated to making poetry meaningful and accessible to students.

Heard has written many poetry collections and books on teaching poetry, such as Awakening the Heart: Exploring Poetry in Elementary and Middle School, For the Good of the Earth and Sun, and The Arrow Finds Its Mark. Her works show how poetry can help children understand their emotions and connect with the world.

In her poems, she often talks about courage, dreams, and inner strength. The poem The Winner is an excellent example of her belief that success is about effort and self-belief, not just medals.

She has been honoured as a thoughtful teacher and writer who inspires both children and teachers. Her life’s work is to spread the joy of poetry and to teach young people that their voices matter.

Georgia Heard continues to write, teach, and inspire readers all over the world. Her poems are included in many schoolbooks because of their simple language and strong messages.

Part 3 — Yoga: A Way of Life

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Have you ever practised yoga? How did you feel?
Yes, I have practised yoga. It made me feel calm, fresh, and more energetic.

Q2. Why do you think yoga is popular all over the world?
Because yoga improves both physical health and mental peace, and anyone can practise it.

Comprehension Check

Q1. What is yoga?
Yoga is an ancient practice from India that connects the body, mind, and spirit through postures, breathing, and meditation.

Q2. Who is known as the father of yoga?
Sage Patanjali is called the father of yoga because he compiled its principles in the Yoga Sutras.

Q3. How does yoga help our body?
It makes the body flexible, improves blood circulation, strengthens muscles, and keeps us fit.

Q4. How does yoga help the mind?
It improves concentration, reduces stress, and brings peace of mind.

Q5. Why is yoga called “a way of life”?
Because it is not just exercise but a discipline that guides how we live, eat, think, and behave in daily life.

Think & Answer

Q1. Why do people all over the world practise yoga today?
Because it improves health, reduces stress, and brings balance to life.

Q2. What lesson does yoga teach us?
It teaches harmony, discipline, self-control, and respect for both body and nature.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Posture = the position of the body

• Meditation = practice of focusing the mind

• Discipline = training of the mind and body to follow rules

• Harmony = living peacefully and in balance

Sentences:

1. The teacher corrected my sitting posture.

2. Daily meditation brings peace of mind.

3. Good health requires discipline.

4. Music brings harmony to the soul.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. What are some yoga postures mentioned in the text?
   Examples include Padmasana (lotus pose), Bhujangasana (cobra pose), and Tadasana (mountain pose).

2. Why is breathing important in yoga?
   Because controlled breathing gives more oxygen, calms the mind, and improves focus.

3. What does yoga combine together?
   Yoga combines body, mind, and spirit into harmony.

Long Answer

Q. How is yoga different from ordinary exercise?
Yoga is different from ordinary exercise because it focuses on both the body and the mind. While exercise strengthens muscles and improves stamina, yoga also improves breathing, concentration, and emotional balance. Yoga includes postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), and meditation. It not only makes the body flexible but also helps to reduce stress and anxiety. Unlike exercises that may strain the body, yoga works gently and can be done by people of all ages. It teaches self-control, discipline, and harmony. That is why yoga is called a way of life.

Summary of Yoga: A Way of Life

Yoga: A Way of Life is an informative passage that explains the origin, benefits, and importance of yoga.

Yoga is an ancient Indian practice that connects the body, mind, and spirit. It was developed thousands of years ago and explained by Sage Patanjali in his Yoga Sutras. He is remembered as the father of yoga. The text explains that yoga is not only physical exercise but a lifestyle that promotes balance and harmony.

Yoga includes asanas (postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and dhyana (meditation). Postures make the body strong and flexible, while breathing exercises improve oxygen supply and calm the mind. Meditation develops focus and peace. Together, these practices create overall well-being.

The passage explains that yoga benefits both the body and the mind. It helps in digestion, blood circulation, and muscle strength. It reduces stress, improves memory, and develops confidence. Unlike ordinary exercise, yoga is gentle and can be done by anyone. It also teaches discipline, healthy eating, and right thinking.

That is why yoga is called “a way of life.” It is not limited to the yoga mat but extends to how we live each day — with harmony, respect, and discipline.

Today, yoga has spread all over the world. People in every country practise it for fitness and mental peace. The United Nations has even declared June 21 as International Yoga Day to honour this priceless gift of India to the world.

The passage concludes by reminding us that practising yoga daily makes life healthier and happier. It brings unity between body and mind, and teaches us to live in balance with nature.

Biography / Note — Sage Patanjali

Sage Patanjali is remembered as the father of yoga. He lived in ancient India, though the exact dates of his life are not known. He is famous for compiling the Yoga Sutras, a collection of 195 short verses that explain the philosophy and practice of yoga.

Patanjali taught that yoga is more than exercise; it is a way to control the mind and achieve inner peace. According to him, yoga helps us reduce suffering, calm the mind, and move toward self-realisation. His Yoga Sutras describe the eightfold path of yoga, known as Ashtanga Yoga, which includes moral values, self-discipline, postures, breathing, concentration, meditation, and ultimate union with the spirit.

Because of his clear explanation, yoga became organised and easier to practise. That is why Patanjali is called the father of yoga. His teachings are still relevant today, and millions of people around the world practise yoga according to his principles.

Yoga is India’s gift to the world, and Sage Patanjali’s contribution is invaluable. By reminding us to live with discipline, harmony, and balance, his work continues to guide people toward a healthy and peaceful life.

Nurturing Nature

Part 1 — Neem Baba

(Adapted from S. I. Farooqi)

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Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Have you seen a neem tree? What is special about it?
Yes, neem trees are common. They are special because their leaves, bark, and oil are used as medicine and for keeping away insects.

Q2. Do you think trees can talk?
No, trees cannot speak like humans, but they communicate through their presence, shade, and usefulness. In stories, writers often imagine trees talking to teach lessons.

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Comprehension Check

Q1. Who is Amber?
Amber is a young child who talks with the neem tree in the story.

Q2. What does Amber ask the neem tree?
Amber asks why people call the tree “Neem Baba” and why they respect it so much.

Q3. What reply does the Neem Baba give?
Neem Baba explains that he gives shade, cures diseases, and protects people from insects and germs.

Q4. How does the neem tree protect villagers from diseases?
Its leaves and twigs are used as medicine, and its smoke keeps away mosquitoes and germs.

Q5. Why do people call the tree “Neem Baba”?
Because the neem tree has served people for generations like a wise elder and protector, they respect it by calling it “Baba.”

Think & Answer

Q1. What lesson do we learn from Neem Baba?
We learn that trees are selfless. They serve humans, animals, and birds without expecting anything in return.

Q2. How should we treat trees?
We should respect, protect, and plant more trees because they give us life and health.

Vocabulary & Grammar

Q1. Opposites from the story:

• Young × Old

• Disease × Health

• Enemy × Friend

• Respect × Disrespect

Q2. Sentences:

1. Neem leaves are bitter but very healthy.

2. The old man gave me good advice.

3. Clean water keeps us free from disease.

4. We should always show respect to elders and nature.

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Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why do people use neem twigs to brush teeth?
   Because they are good for gums and keep the mouth healthy.

2. How does Neem Baba describe himself?
   As a humble servant of nature who heals, protects, and provides shade.

3. What does the story teach us about nature?
   That nature gives generously, and we must take care of it.

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Long Answer

Q. How is the neem tree a symbol of selfless service?
The neem tree, called Neem Baba, serves as a symbol of generosity and selflessness. It provides shade in the hot sun, its leaves and bark cure many illnesses, and its smoke keeps away mosquitoes. People also use its twigs as toothbrushes for healthy gums. All of this it gives without asking anything in return. The tree does not choose who benefits from it — rich or poor, young or old, all enjoy its gifts. That is why people respect it like a wise elder and call it Baba. The story reminds us to respect trees, plant more of them, and live in harmony with nature.

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Summary of Neem Baba

The story Neem Baba is an imaginative conversation between a child, Amber, and a neem tree. It highlights the neem tree’s importance and the lessons it teaches us.

Amber asks the tree why people call it Neem Baba and why they show so much respect. The tree replies that it has served people for centuries. It explains that it provides shade to travellers and villagers, helps cure many diseases, and protects people from mosquitoes and germs. Its leaves, bark, and oil are used in home remedies. Its twigs are used to clean teeth and keep gums healthy.

The neem tree tells Amber that it expects nothing in return. It gives its services freely to everyone, whether rich or poor. This selfless service is why people respect it as Baba, meaning a wise and kind elder.

Through this conversation, Amber learns that nature silently helps humans in many ways. Trees provide oxygen, medicines, shade, fruits, and shelter for birds and animals. The neem tree teaches that humans must care for nature in return.

The story ends with the strong message that we should never cut down trees carelessly. Instead, we should plant more trees and respect them. The neem tree stands as a guardian of health and a symbol of kindness.

Thus, Neem Baba reminds us that nature is our greatest teacher and that we must live in harmony with it.

Biography — S. I. Farooqi

Syed Iqbal Farooqi (often written as S. I. Farooqi) is a well-known Indian science writer and environmentalist. He is admired for writing about plants, animals, and the environment in a way that children can easily understand.

He has published many books and articles on medicinal plants, environmental science, and the importance of biodiversity. His works often highlight how nature, especially trees and plants, play a vital role in human life. By writing in simple language, he makes young readers curious about science and respectful towards nature.

One of his contributions has been spreading knowledge about India’s traditional herbal medicines. He explains how common plants like neem, tulsi, and turmeric are powerful in healing and protecting health. His writings connect modern science with traditional wisdom.

Farooqi also contributed to children’s literature by adapting folk tales and stories about nature into forms suitable for school textbooks. Neem Baba is one such adaptation, where a neem tree speaks to a child and explains its usefulness.

Through his work, Farooqi has encouraged readers to conserve the environment and respect natural resources. His life and writings show his deep love for nature and his mission to make everyone, especially children, aware of its value.

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Part 2 — What a Bird Thought

Poem by Anonymous

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Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Have you seen birds in their nests? What do they do there?
Yes, I have seen birds in their nests. They rest, feed their chicks, and stay safe from danger.

Q2. Do birds change their nests? Why?
Yes, they often change their nests when they grow bigger, when chicks learn to fly, or when they migrate.

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Comprehension Check

Q1. What did the bird first think about its world?
The bird first thought that its world was only the little shell of its egg.

Q2. How did the bird’s idea of the world change when it hatched?
When it hatched, it saw the nest and thought the nest was the entire world.

Q3. What happened when the bird grew a little older?
As the bird grew, it looked out and saw trees, the sky, and rivers. It realised the world was much bigger.

Q4. How did the bird feel when it discovered the vast world?
The bird was surprised and amazed at how big the world was compared to what it had first imagined.

Think & Answer

Q1. What does the poem teach us about life and knowledge?
The poem teaches that as we grow, our understanding of the world expands. Life is much bigger than we first imagine.

Q2. How is the bird’s journey like a human child’s growth?
Just as the bird first thought its shell was the world, children too think their small home is the whole world. As they grow, they learn that the world is vast and full of wonders.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• World: the place we live in

• Nest: home made by birds

• Shell: the covering of an egg

• Amazed: surprised in a happy way

Sentences:

1. The baby bird cracked its shell.

2. The crow built a nest in the tree.

3. The world is full of different countries.

4. She was amazed by the fireworks.

Extra Questions

Short Answer (2–3 lines)

1. Why did the bird think the egg was the whole world?
   Because that was the only place it knew before hatching.

2. What made the bird realise the world was bigger than the nest?
   Looking out at the sky, trees, and rivers showed the bird how vast the world was.

3. What feeling does the bird’s discovery reflect?
   It reflects wonder, curiosity, and excitement about learning new things.

Long Answer

Q. How does the poem compare the growth of a bird to human learning?
The poem compares the stages of a bird’s life to the way humans grow and learn. At first, the bird believes its egg is the world. This is like a newborn baby who only knows its mother. After hatching, the bird thinks the nest is the whole world, just as a child thinks the home is everything. Later, as the bird grows, it sees trees, rivers, and the sky. Similarly, as children grow, they explore schools, society, and the world outside. Finally, the bird realises the world is much bigger than it imagined, which is also true for humans as they learn more and discover life’s vastness. The poem teaches us that knowledge is endless and that curiosity helps us expand our view of the world.

Summary of What a Bird Thought

What a Bird Thought is a short and meaningful poem that describes a bird’s discovery of the world.

At first, the bird is inside its egg. It thinks that the egg is the entire world because that is all it knows. Later, when the bird hatches, it finds itself in a nest. Now it believes that the nest is the world.

As the bird grows older, it looks out of the nest and sees trees, rivers, and the wide sky. It realises that the world is much bigger than the shell or the nest. The bird is filled with surprise and wonder at this discovery.

The poem uses the bird’s growth as a symbol for human growth and learning. Just as the bird’s understanding of the world changes, humans also start by knowing very little but slowly learn that the world is vast and full of new experiences.

The poem’s message is simple but powerful: our knowledge and view of life grow with time. What we think is the whole world now may only be a small part of the bigger reality.

Note on Authorship (Anonymous)

The poem What a Bird Thought is credited to Anonymous in the textbook, meaning the author’s name is not known. Many old poems and folk rhymes are passed down through generations without records of who wrote them. Such poems are preserved in oral tradition and collected later in school readers.

The value of these anonymous works is not in knowing the author but in the lessons they give. What a Bird Thought is one such timeless piece that connects children to curiosity, growth, and the beauty of discovery.

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Part 3 — Spices that Heal Us

(A letter from Daadi about home remedies)

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Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. What do you do when you catch a cold or cough?
I usually drink warm water, take rest, and sometimes have home remedies like ginger tea.

Q2. Do you know of any spices used in your home for health?
Yes, we use turmeric in milk for colds, ginger for sore throats, and black pepper for cough.

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Comprehension Check

Q1. Who writes the letter in the story?
Daadi (grandmother) writes the letter to her grandchildren.

Q2. Why does she write the letter?
To tell her grandchildren about the healing power of Indian spices and to encourage them to use home remedies.

Q3. Which spice does she suggest for sore throat?
Ginger with honey, or turmeric milk.

Q4. Which spice helps with digestion?
Cumin seeds help with digestion.

Q5. Which spice is used for cough?
Black pepper is used for cough and colds.

Q6. Why does Daadi say spices are special?
Because they are not only used for cooking but also as natural medicines for common illnesses.

Think & Answer

Q1. What do we learn about the wisdom of grandparents?
Grandparents carry knowledge of traditional remedies, which are safe, natural, and effective.

Q2. Why are spices important in Indian homes?
They add flavour to food and also act as home medicines.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Remedy = cure

• Digest = to process food

• Sore = painful

• Aroma = pleasant smell

Sentences:

1. Turmeric milk is a good remedy for colds.

2. Cumin water helps to digest heavy meals.

3. She had a sore throat and drank ginger tea.

4. The aroma of spices filled the kitchen.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why does Daadi mention turmeric?
   Because turmeric is a natural antiseptic and good for colds when mixed with warm milk.

2. Which spice is used for stomach pain?
   Cumin seeds are used for stomach aches and indigestion.

3. What is the main message of Daadi’s letter?
   That natural spices in our kitchen are powerful medicines and should be respected.

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Long Answer

Q. How does the story show the importance of traditional knowledge?
The story shows that our grandparents’ knowledge of spices is precious. Daadi writes a letter explaining how simple kitchen spices can heal common illnesses. Turmeric cures colds, cumin helps digestion, and black pepper eases cough. She wants children to value natural remedies instead of always running for modern medicines. This teaches us that Indian households carry generations of wisdom, passed down with love. By sharing these remedies, Daadi not only teaches health care but also shows her love and concern. The story highlights that tradition and modern life can go together.

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Summary of Spices that Heal Us

Spices that Heal Us is a story told in the form of a letter from a grandmother, Daadi, to her grandchildren. In the letter, Daadi explains the medicinal value of common Indian spices and encourages her grandchildren to use them wisely.

She begins by telling them that spices are not only for adding taste to food but also work as natural medicines. She lists some examples. Turmeric, when added to warm milk, cures colds and works as an antiseptic. Ginger, mixed with honey, helps with sore throats. Black pepper is useful in curing coughs. Cumin seeds help with digestion and relieve stomach aches.

Daadi shares these remedies not just as health tips but as part of the wisdom passed down through generations. She reminds her grandchildren that before modern medicines were popular, people relied on natural remedies, and they were very effective. She also explains that spices are safe, easily available, and have no harmful side effects if used properly.

The letter is filled with care and warmth. Daadi’s love for her grandchildren is seen in her desire to keep them healthy. She wants them to grow up respecting the knowledge of elders and to see the value in nature’s gifts.

Through this letter, the reader learns that everyday kitchen spices are treasures. They add flavour to food and also protect our health. The story also teaches us to respect our traditions, as they often contain valuable scientific truths.

Thus, Spices that Heal Us is not just about home remedies but also about love, tradition, and the importance of passing knowledge from one generation to another.

About the Source (Folk Wisdom & Traditional Healing)

This text is written in the form of a grandmother’s letter, showing how family elders share health knowledge. It draws on India’s long tradition of using spices like turmeric, ginger, cumin, and pepper for healing. Such wisdom has been part of Ayurveda and folk practices for centuries.

Friendship

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Part 1 — The Unlikely Best Friends

By Subba Rao

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Pages: 40–51 (as in the textbook)

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. Have you ever had an unlikely friend?
Yes, sometimes I have become friends with people or animals I never expected. These friendships turned out to be special.

Q2. Why are friends important?
Friends give us joy, support us in difficult times, and make life meaningful.

Comprehension Check

Q1. Who were Gajaraj and Buntee?
Gajaraj was a royal elephant, and Buntee was a stray dog.

Q2. How did Buntee come to live with Gajaraj?
She entered the stable for food and gradually became Gajaraj’s companion.

Q3. Why did Gajaraj become ill?
Because Buntee was taken away by a farmer, and he became lonely and sad.

Q4. What cured Gajaraj?
Buntee’s return brought him joy, and he quickly recovered.

Think & Answer

Q1. Why did the elephant and the dog become unlikely best friends?
Because they offered each other love, loyalty, and companionship despite being different species.

Q2. What is the lesson of the story?
True friendship goes beyond size, shape, or background. It is based on trust and love.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Opposites: Big × Small, Happy × Sad, Ill × Healthy

• Sentences:

  • Majestic: The king rode a majestic horse.

  • Appetite: After running, he had a good appetite.

  • Loyalty: The dog showed loyalty by guarding the house.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why did the farmer buy Buntee? → He admired her loyalty and wanted her for himself.

2. How did the mahout know Gajaraj was unhappy? → He noticed the elephant stopped eating and looked sad.

3. What does this story show about animals? → That they can form deep and loving friendships like humans.

Long Answer (150–200 words)
The story proves that friendship is not limited to humans. Gajaraj, a huge elephant, and Buntee, a small dog, became best friends. They shared food, joy, and companionship. When Buntee was taken away, Gajaraj grew so sad that he fell ill. Only Buntee’s return could cure him. This shows that true friendship is about emotional bonds, not size or species.

Summary

The Unlikely Best Friends by Subba Rao is a touching tale of friendship between Gajaraj, a royal elephant, and Buntee, a stray dog.

Gajaraj lived in a temple stable and was looked after by the mahout. He had everything, but he was lonely. One day, Buntee, a stray dog, entered the stable searching for food. She ate the crumbs left after Gajaraj’s feeding. Slowly, she began staying in the stable.

Over time, Buntee and Gajaraj became inseparable. Buntee shared his food, played with him, and gave him warmth. Gajaraj, in return, gave her love and protection. Their unlikely friendship blossomed, proving that bonds of love can exist beyond species.

One day, a farmer noticed Buntee’s loyalty and affection. He bought her and took her away. Gajaraj became very sad. He refused to eat, lost his appetite, and looked weak. The mahout and priest grew worried and called a vet. The vet found no physical illness. He realised Gajaraj’s suffering was emotional.

When Buntee was returned, Gajaraj’s joy returned too. He ate well again, and his health improved. Their reunion showed how deep their bond was.

The story teaches that true friendship is about love and loyalty, not appearances. It shows that even animals can form strong friendships that heal hearts.

Biography — Subba Rao

Subba Rao is an Indian writer well-known for his children’s stories and retellings of traditional tales. He often drew inspiration from folklore, mythology, and moral fables. His writing is simple, clear, and always carries a valuable lesson.

Many of Subba Rao’s works are used in school textbooks because they are easy for children to understand and enjoyable to read. He believed stories were not only for entertainment but also for teaching values like kindness, honesty, friendship, and loyalty.

The Unlikely Best Friends is one such story. By narrating the friendship between a mighty elephant and a small dog, Subba Rao teaches children that friendship is about love and not about size or power. His style is warm and engaging, making young readers connect with his characters.

Though Subba Rao may not be widely known outside classrooms, his stories have shaped the moral lessons of countless students. He belongs to the tradition of Indian writers who use stories as tools to guide young minds toward goodness.

His contribution lies in keeping moral tales alive for modern readers. Children remember his stories for their simplicity and lasting message.

A Friend’s Prayer

By Jill Wolf

Pages: 52–55 (as printed)

 Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Q1. What do you pray for your friends?
I pray for their happiness, good health, and courage.

Q2. Is a good friend a blessing? Why?
Yes, a good friend is a blessing because true friends share joys and sorrows.

Comprehension Check

Q1. What does the poet pray for?
She prays for her friend’s courage, small sorrows, joyful laughter, and lasting friendship.

Q2. What does “use my heart to see” mean?
It means to understand friends with compassion and love, not judgment.

Think & Answer

Why is laughter important?
Laughter brings joy and makes life lighter, strengthening friendships.

Vocabulary & Grammar

• Courage = bravery

• Sorrow = sadness

• Forever = always

Sentences:

• Courage helps us face hardships.

• Sorrow teaches us patience.

• True friendship lasts forever.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why is the poem called a prayer? → Because it expresses heartfelt wishes for a friend.

2. What does the poet promise? → To help her friend, to listen, and to love them as they are.

Summary

A Friend’s Prayer by Jill Wolf is a heartfelt poem about the love between friends.

The poet begins by asking for courage for her friend to face life’s battles bravely. She prays that her friend’s sorrows be small and bearable so they do not take away happiness. She also prays for abundant laughter, so her friend’s life is full of joy.

The poet then promises to be a true friend herself. She says she will do all she can to help and make her friend’s wishes come true. She asks for the ability to use her heart to see, meaning she wants to understand her friends with compassion. She promises to love her friend as they are, without judgment.

The poem ends with a prayer that friendship continues forever. It beautifully expresses the selfless nature of true friendship.

Biography — Jill Wolf

Jill Wolf is a poet whose works are loved for their warmth, simplicity, and sincerity. Although not much is known about her personal life, her poems are widely used in school readers and anthologies because they carry timeless values.

Her poem A Friend’s Prayer is especially popular. It expresses what true friendship means — wishing courage in sorrows, joy in laughter, and loyalty forever. Children and adults alike enjoy it because of its simple words and deep feelings.

Jill Wolf believed that poetry should be clear and touch the heart. She did not use difficult language or abstract ideas. Instead, she wrote about universal emotions like love, care, hope, and friendship. This makes her poems relatable to all readers.

Though she may not be a famous literary figure, her contribution is significant in moral education. Teachers use her poems to explain human values, and students remember them easily.

Through A Friend’s Prayer, Jill Wolf has given us a model of true friendship — one that is selfless, loyal, and eternal.

Part 3 — The Chair

Pages: 60–63 (as printed)

Pre-Reading / Warm-up

Do true friends stay when times are hard?
Yes, true friends stay with us in good times and bad, while false friends leave.

Comprehension Check

Q1. Who was Mario?
Mario was a boy proud of having many friends.

Q2. What gift did his grandfather give him?
An invisible chair to test who his true friends were.

Q3. What happened when Mario sat on the chair?
Some laughed at him because they could not see it, but a few true friends held him up.

Think & Answer

What does the invisible chair symbolise?
It symbolises life’s tests that reveal who truly stands by us.

Moral: True friends are few but precious.

Summary

The Chair is a short moral story about Mario, a boy with many friends. He often boasted about them but secretly doubted if they were real friends. His wise grandfather gave him a magical invisible chair to test them.

The chair could only be seen and supported by true friends. Mario took it to school and tried to sit. Many classmates could not see it and laughed at him, thinking he was pretending. Some even mocked him.

But three of his friends came forward. They believed in him, saw the chair, and helped him sit without falling. These three friends proved their loyalty, while the others proved false.

Through this test, Mario understood that true friends are not many but a precious few who support us in times of need. The story teaches that friendship should not be measured by numbers but by loyalty and love.

A Bottle of Dew

By Sudha Murty

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Pre-Reading / Warm-up (Before the Story)

Q1. Have you ever met a beggar? How did you feel when you saw him/her?
Yes, I have seen beggars near temples and traffic signals. I felt both pity for their suffering and sadness that they had no proper work or support.

Q2. Do you think giving money to beggars really helps them? Why/Why not?
Not always. Sometimes money is misused. Instead of giving money, providing food, clothes, or opportunities for work is more helpful.

Q3. What qualities should a king or a leader have?
A king or leader should be kind, just, wise, fair, and able to guide people toward good values.

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Page 1–3 – Comprehension Check

Q1. Who came to meet the king one morning?
An old man came to meet the king.

Q2. What did the old man say?
He said he was very poor and needed money to marry off his daughter.

Q3. How did the king respond to the old man’s request?
The king kindly gave him some money and promised to help again if needed.

Q4. What did the old man do with the money?
He wasted it on useless things and came back again for more help.

Q5. What did the king finally ask him to do?
The king asked him to bring a bottle of dew before he would give more money.

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Page 4–5 – Think and Answer

Q1. Why did the king ask the old man to bring a bottle of dew?
The king wanted to teach him that life cannot be lived on charity. Just as dew cannot be collected in a bottle, living without work is impossible.

Q2. What lesson did the old man learn at the end of the story?
He realised that hard work is necessary for survival, and depending on others is shameful and fruitless.

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Page 6–7 – Vocabulary & Grammar

Q1. Pick the opposites from the story:

• Rich × Poor

• Morning × Evening

• Useful × Useless

• Young × Old

Q2. Fill in the blanks:
(i) The old man was lazy and did not work.
(ii) The king was kind but also wise.
(iii) The man wanted money to marry his daughter.
(iv) A bottle of dew cannot be collected.

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Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Why did the king stop giving money after some time?
   Because the old man wasted it and showed no signs of changing his habits.

2. What does the bottle of dew symbolise?
   It symbolises the futility of laziness and the importance of self-reliance.

3. How did the king balance kindness with wisdom?
   He gave help at first but then used a clever way to make the old man learn a lesson.

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Long Answer

Q. How does Sudha Murty’s story teach the value of hard work?
The story shows that hard work is the foundation of a meaningful life. The old man in the story wanted to live by asking for money without doing any work. Though the king was generous and helped him, he also realised that this attitude would not change unless the old man learned a lesson. By asking him to bring a bottle of dew, the king cleverly showed that his approach was impossible. Just as dew cannot be collected, life cannot be lived without effort. At last, the old man understood that nothing in the world is free and that one must earn to survive. The story teaches children to be hardworking, independent, and responsible rather than lazy and dependent.

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Summary of A Bottle of Dew

Sudha Murty’s A Bottle of Dew is a story that combines kindness with wisdom to teach the importance of self-reliance.

The story begins with a poor old man who goes to meet a king. He tells the king he is poor and needs money to marry off his daughter. The king, known for his kindness, gives him some money. The old man, however, does not use the money wisely. Instead of saving it or spending it on his daughter, he wastes it on useless things. Soon, he returns to the king, asking for more help.

The king understands that the old man is lazy and careless. Giving him money again will not help him but make him more dependent. So, the king decides to teach him a lesson. He tells the man he will give him more money only if he brings him a bottle of dew.

The old man tries, but collecting dew is impossible. After many failed attempts, he realises the king’s hidden message: just as one cannot fill a bottle with dew, one cannot live without working hard. Charity may help for a moment, but it cannot replace self-effort.

Ashamed of his behaviour, the old man learns that nothing in life is free. One must earn through hard work to live with dignity.

The story ends with the moral that self-reliance, not laziness, gives true happiness.

Biography – Sudha Murty

Sudha Murty is a famous Indian writer, social worker, and teacher. She was born on 19 August 1950 in Shiggaon, Karnataka. From a young age, she was hardworking, curious, and loved learning.

She studied engineering and became the first woman engineer at TELCO (now Tata Motors). Later, she also earned a master’s degree and worked as a teacher. She is married to N. R. Narayana Murthy, the co-founder of Infosys.

Sudha Murty is best known as a writer. She writes in both English and Kannada. Her stories are simple but powerful, teaching values like honesty, hard work, compassion, and kindness. Some of her famous books are Wise and Otherwise, How I Taught My Grandmother to Read, The Magic of the Lost Temple, and The Day I Stopped Drinking Milk. Children especially love her books because they are easy to understand and always have a moral.

She is also the Chairperson of Infosys Foundation, which helps in areas like education, healthcare, and rural development. She has built schools, libraries, and hospitals in many villages.

Sudha Murty lives a simple life and believes in service to others. She is admired for her humility, generosity, and wisdom. Her stories, like A Bottle of Dew, continue to inspire children and adults to live better lives.

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The Raven and the Fox

By Jean de la Fontaine

Pre-Reading / Warm-up (Before the Poem)

Q1. Have you ever seen a crow or raven with food in its beak? What happens then?
Yes, often other birds try to snatch it, or people throw stones to make the crow drop it.

Q2. Why do you think animals sometimes trick each other?
Animals trick each other mostly to get food or protect themselves.

Q3. Do you think it is right to flatter others for selfish gain? Why/Why not?
No, flattery for selfish gain is wrong because it is dishonest and may harm the other person.

Reading the Poem – Comprehension Check

Q1. Who is sitting on a tree in the poem? What is he holding in his beak?
A raven (crow) is sitting on a tree, holding a piece of cheese in his beak.

Q2. What does the fox say to the raven at first?
The fox flatters the raven by praising his beauty and calling him the king of birds.

Q3. What does the fox ask the raven to do? Why?
The fox asks the raven to sing. He wants the raven to open his beak so that the cheese will fall down.

Q4. What happens when the raven tries to sing?
When the raven opens his beak to sing, the cheese falls to the ground, and the fox quickly snatches it.

Q5. What lesson does the raven learn?
The raven realises he has been fooled by flattery and should not trust sweet words blindly.

Think and Answer

Q1. Do you think the raven was foolish? Why?
Yes, the raven was foolish because he was carried away by the fox’s false praise and lost his food.

Q2. What is the moral of the poem?
We should not be misled by flattery. Always judge people by their actions, not their sweet words.

Vocabulary & Grammar

Q1. Find opposites in the poem/story context:

• Foolish × Wise

• Friend × Enemy

• Praise × Criticism

• Win × Lose

Q2. Make sentences using these words:

1. Flattery – He fell into trouble because of false flattery.

2. Foolish – It was foolish to believe the stranger’s lies.

3. Snatch – The monkey tried to snatch the banana from my hand.

4. Praise – The teacher praised the student for his honesty.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. How does the fox trick the raven?
   By flattering the raven’s looks and requesting him to sing, so the cheese falls.

2. Why does the raven lose his cheese?
   Because he opens his beak to sing, forgetting he is holding the cheese.

3. What should we learn from the raven’s mistake?
   We should not let pride or flattery make us lose our sense.

Long Answer

Q. How does the poem teach us the dangers of flattery?
The poem shows how flattery can deceive even the proud. The fox praises the raven’s beauty and pretends to admire him as king of birds. The raven, feeling proud, wants to prove his talent by singing. But as soon as he opens his beak, the cheese falls, and the fox runs away with it. This teaches us that people may use sweet words for selfish purposes. Pride makes us vulnerable to such tricks. The poem warns us to remain humble and cautious. True friends give honest praise, while flatterers seek only their own benefit.

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Summary of The Raven and the Fox

Jean de la Fontaine’s poem The Raven and the Fox is a fable in verse that teaches a moral lesson.

The poem begins with a raven sitting on a tree branch, holding a piece of cheese in his beak. A fox passes by and sees the cheese. Being cunning, he decides to trick the raven into dropping it.

The fox starts praising the raven. He calls him handsome, the king of birds, and says that if his voice is as sweet as his looks, he would be the most perfect bird. The raven, flattered by these words, feels proud and wishes to show off his singing voice.

When the raven opens his beak to sing, the cheese falls down. The fox immediately picks it up and runs away. The raven is left embarrassed and hungry.

Through this simple tale, the poet conveys a universal truth: flattery can be dangerous. Those who trust false praise often lose what they have. The raven’s mistake was pride and foolishness, while the fox’s cunning teaches us to beware of flatterers.

Thus, the poem is entertaining but also carries a clear moral lesson: “Do not trust flatterers.”

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Biography – Jean de la Fontaine

Jean de la Fontaine (1621–1695) was a famous French poet and fabulist, best known for his fables.

He was born on 8 July 1621 in Château-Thierry, France. From childhood, he loved stories and poetry. Though trained in law, he was more interested in literature and writing.

La Fontaine became famous for his Fables, inspired by Aesop and Indian stories like the Panchatantra. He wrote them in verse, making them entertaining and easy to remember. His fables often featured animals with human qualities, teaching moral lessons through their actions. The Raven and the Fox is one such fable, showing how pride and flattery can lead to foolishness.

His fables were not only for children but also for adults, as they cleverly criticised human weaknesses like greed, pride, and dishonesty. Kings, courtiers, and ordinary people all enjoyed them.

Apart from fables, he also wrote tales, poems, and plays, but his fables made him immortal. Even today, they are read worldwide and form part of school textbooks.

La Fontaine lived during the reign of King Louis XIV. Though life was not always easy, his talent earned him the admiration of scholars and readers.

He passed away on 13 April 1695, but his stories continue to inspire generations. He is remembered as one of the greatest fabulists in the world.

Rama to the Rescue

Amar Chitra Katha Retelling

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Pre-Reading / Warm-up (Before the Story)

Q1. Who is your favourite character from the Ramayana? Why?
My favourite is Hanuman because he is brave, loyal, and helps Rama selflessly.

Q2. Do you know why Rama had to fight Ravana?
Yes, because Ravana kidnapped Sita, Rama’s wife, and took her to Lanka. Rama fought to rescue her.

Q3. Do you think good always wins over evil? Why?
Yes, in the long run, goodness wins because truth and justice are stronger than lies and cruelty.

Page 8–10 – Comprehension Check

Q1. Why did Ravana kidnap Sita?
Because he wanted to take revenge on Rama and also desired Sita’s beauty.

Q2. Who helped Rama in finding Sita?
Hanuman, along with Sugriva and the Vanara (monkey) army, helped Rama.

Q3. How did Rama and his army cross the sea to reach Lanka?
They built a bridge of stones across the sea, known as the Ram Setu.

Q4. Who killed Ravana in the battle?
Rama himself killed Ravana with his divine bow and arrow.

Q5. What happened after Ravana was killed?
Sita was freed, and Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana returned to Ayodhya, where Rama was crowned king.

Page 11 – Think and Answer

Q1. What qualities of Rama do you admire most?
Rama was brave, truthful, compassionate, and always stood for dharma (righteousness).

Q2. What lesson does the story of Rama and Ravana teach us?
It teaches us that evil, no matter how strong, is ultimately defeated by goodness, truth, and justice.

Vocabulary & Grammar

Q1. Find opposites in the story context:

• Good × Evil

• Truth × Lies

• Friend × Enemy

• Brave × Cowardly

Q2. Fill in the blanks:

1. Rama was the prince of Ayodhya.

2. Sita was kidnapped by Ravana.

3. The bridge across the sea was called Ram Setu.

4. Rama killed Ravana with his bow and arrow.

Extra Questions

Short Answer

1. Who was Ravana?
   Ravana was the ten-headed king of Lanka, a great scholar but arrogant and cruel.

2. How did Hanuman help Rama?
   Hanuman leapt across the ocean, found Sita in Ashok Vatika, and burned Lanka with his fiery tail.

3. What role did the Vanara army play?
   They helped Rama build the bridge, fought bravely in battle, and supported him in rescuing Sita.

Long Answer

Q. How does the battle between Rama and Ravana symbolise the fight between good and evil?
The Ramayana’s central theme is the victory of good over evil. Rama represents virtue, truth, and righteousness, while Ravana represents arrogance, lust, and cruelty. Ravana kidnaps Sita through deceit, symbolising the misuse of power. Rama, instead of acting out of anger, patiently gathers allies and prepares for battle with courage and fairness. The Vanara army, led by Hanuman and Sugriva, shows the strength of loyalty and friendship. The construction of the Ram Setu demonstrates determination and teamwork. Finally, Rama defeats Ravana, proving that evil, no matter how mighty, cannot last. The story teaches us that moral values, courage, and justice always triumph. This timeless message inspires us to live truthfully and bravely.

Summary of Rama to the Rescue

The story Rama to the Rescue retells an important episode from the Ramayana — Rama’s battle with Ravana to rescue Sita.

Rama, the prince of Ayodhya, lived in exile with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana. One day, Sita was kidnapped by Ravana, the ten-headed king of Lanka. Ravana, though a learned scholar and powerful king, was arrogant and driven by desire. He carried Sita to his palace in Lanka.

Rama was heartbroken but determined to bring her back. With the help of Hanuman and Sugriva, the king of monkeys, Rama raised a mighty army of Vanaras. Hanuman leapt across the ocean, discovered Sita in Ashok Vatika, and assured her that Rama would rescue her soon.

To reach Lanka, Rama’s army built a bridge of stones across the sea, called Ram Setu. With faith and teamwork, they crossed over and prepared for battle.

A fierce war followed between Rama’s army and Ravana’s forces. Many heroic duels took place, with warriors on both sides displaying bravery. Hanuman, Angada, and Lakshmana fought valiantly. Ultimately, Rama confronted Ravana himself. With his divine bow and arrow, Rama killed Ravana and ended his reign of terror.

Sita was freed and reunited with Rama. Together with Lakshmana, they returned to Ayodhya. Rama was crowned king, and his rule, known as Rama Rajya, became a symbol of justice, peace, and prosperity.

The story is not just about war but about values. Rama’s patience, courage, and devotion to truth stand in contrast to Ravana’s arrogance and greed. The message is clear: good always defeats evil, and righteousness is the strongest weapon of all.

About Amar Chitra Katha

Rama to the Rescue is adapted from Amar Chitra Katha, India’s most famous comic book series.

Amar Chitra Katha (ACK) was founded in 1967 by Anant Pai, popularly known as “Uncle Pai.” His idea was to teach Indian children about their own history, mythology, and culture in a fun way, through colourful comic books. At that time, children were more familiar with Western stories, and Pai wanted to connect them with India’s heritage.

Amar Chitra Katha comics cover Indian epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, stories of gods and goddesses, freedom fighters, kings, saints, and great leaders. The stories are written in simple language and beautifully illustrated, making them easy for children to enjoy and understand.

The comics became so popular that generations of Indians grew up reading them. Today, ACK has published more than 400 titles in many Indian languages and English, with millions of copies sold worldwide.

Through Amar Chitra Katha, children learn not just stories but also values like courage, honesty, respect, and devotion. In Rama to the Rescue, ACK brings alive the epic battle of Rama and Ravana, showing how truth and goodness always win.

Even today, Amar Chitra Katha remains a cultural treasure, keeping India’s rich traditions alive in the hearts of young readers.