Q1. Who is the author of “Republic”?
(A) Plato (B) Aristotle (C) Socrates (D) Cicero
✅ Answer: (A) Plato
🧠 Explanation:
Plato’s Republic presents his vision of the ideal state, where justice prevails through the rule of philosopher-kings. It remains one of the earliest systematic works of political philosophy.
Q2. Who said “Man is by nature a political animal”?
(A) Socrates (B) Plato (C) Aristotle (D) Cicero
✅ Answer: (C) Aristotle
🧠 Explanation:
Aristotle in Politics wrote that humans are naturally social beings who can fulfill their potential only within a polis (community) — hence “political animals.”
Q3. According to Aristotle, the best practicable form of government is —
(A) Monarchy (B) Aristocracy (C) Polity (D) Democracy
✅ Answer: (C) Polity
🧠 Explanation:
Aristotle’s Polity is a mixed form of government combining democracy and oligarchy. It is stable, moderate, and serves the common interest.
Q4. Who wrote “Leviathan”?
(A) Hobbes (B) Locke (C) Rousseau (D) Montesquieu
✅ Answer: (A) Thomas Hobbes
🧠 Explanation:
In Leviathan (1651), Hobbes explained his social contract theory, arguing for an absolute sovereign to ensure peace in a chaotic human state of nature.
Q5. Who propounded the theory of Separation of Powers?
(A) Hobbes (B) Locke (C) Rousseau (D) Montesquieu
✅ Answer: (D) Montesquieu
🧠 Explanation:
Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws (1748) introduced the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judiciary to prevent tyranny and protect liberty.
Q6. Who said “Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains”?
(A) Locke (B) Rousseau (C) Hobbes (D) Hegel
✅ Answer: (B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
🧠 Explanation:
Opening line of The Social Contract (1762) — Rousseau argued that social institutions corrupt natural freedom and called for a government based on the General Will.
Q7. Who propounded the theory of Surplus Value?
(A) Marx (B) Engels (C) Lenin (D) Stalin
✅ Answer: (A) Karl Marx
🧠 Explanation:
Marx’s Das Kapital explains that surplus value is the difference between workers’ wages and the value they produce — the basis of capitalist exploitation.
Q8. The statement “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” is associated with —
(A) Lenin (B) Engels (C) Marx (D) Mao
✅ Answer: (C) Karl Marx
🧠 Explanation:
This principle from Marx’s Critique of the Gotha Programme describes the ideal communist society, where production and distribution are based on human need.
Q9. Who said “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely”?
(A) Machiavelli (B) Lord Acton (C) Locke (D) Hobbes
✅ Answer: (B) Lord Acton
🧠 Explanation:
Lord Acton’s famous remark warns that unchecked authority leads to moral decay and tyranny. It supports constitutional limits on power.
Q10. The book “The Prince” was written by —
(A) Hobbes (B) Locke (C) Machiavelli (D) Hegel
✅ Answer: (C) Niccolò Machiavelli
🧠 Explanation:
The Prince (1513) offers practical advice to rulers. Machiavelli separated politics from ethics, focusing on power, realism, and statecraft.
Q11. Who propounded the Command Theory of Law?
(A) Hobbes (B) Austin (C) Bentham (D) Locke
✅ Answer: (B) John Austin
🧠 Explanation:
Austin’s legal positivism defines law as a command of the sovereign backed by sanctions, distinct from morality or divine law.
Q12. Who wrote “Two Treatises of Government”?
(A) Hobbes (B) Locke (C) Rousseau (D) Montesquieu
✅ Answer: (B) John Locke
🧠 Explanation:
Locke argued that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government exists only by the consent of the governed.
Q13. Who said “The State is the march of God on Earth”?
(A) Hegel (B) Marx (C) Rousseau (D) Machiavelli
✅ Answer: (A) G.W.F. Hegel
🧠 Explanation:
Hegel viewed the state as the embodiment of ethical spirit — a rational realization of divine will on earth, expressing human freedom.
Q14. Who said “Law is the command of the sovereign”?
(A) Hobbes (B) Locke (C) Austin (D) Bentham
✅ Answer: (C) John Austin
🧠 Explanation:
Austin’s positivism sees laws as sovereign commands enforced by penalties, separating jurisprudence from ethics.
Q15. The concept of General Will is given by —
(A) Rousseau (B) Hobbes (C) Locke (D) Bentham
✅ Answer: (A) Rousseau
🧠 Explanation:
The General Will represents the collective moral will of citizens aimed at the common good, central to Rousseau’s theory of popular sovereignty.
Q16. According to Karl Marx, the state is —
(A) A moral institution
(B) An instrument of class rule
(C) A neutral institution
(D) A social contract
✅ Answer: (B) An instrument of class rule
🧠 Explanation:
Marx considered the state as a tool used by the ruling class (bourgeoisie) to preserve its dominance over the working class (proletariat).
Q17. Who is regarded as the father of modern political philosophy?
(A) Plato (B) Aristotle (C) Hobbes (D) Machiavelli
✅ Answer: (D) Niccolò Machiavelli
🧠 Explanation:
Machiavelli laid the foundation of modern political realism, emphasizing power and pragmatic governance over moral ideals.
Q18. Who said “In the absence of justice, what is sovereignty but organized robbery?”
(A) St. Augustine (B) Machiavelli (C) Marx (D) Hobbes
✅ Answer: (A) St. Augustine
🧠 Explanation:
Augustine believed justice is the essence of the state; without it, governments are merely instruments of organized oppression.
Q19. Who said “End of the State is not power, but good life”?
(A) Plato (B) Aristotle (C) Machiavelli (D) Hobbes
✅ Answer: (B) Aristotle
🧠 Explanation:
Aristotle viewed the state as an ethical community whose purpose is to promote virtue and enable citizens to live the good life.
Q20. Who is associated with the idea of Laissez-faire?
(A) Marx (B) Bentham (C) Adam Smith (D) Keynes
✅ Answer: (C) Adam Smith
🧠 Explanation:
Smith advocated minimal government intervention in the economy — the market, guided by the “invisible hand,” leads to efficiency and prosperity.