Tag: Expected Questions in UGC NET Performing Arts

  • UGC NET UNIT 10 — THEATRE EDUCATION, PEDAGOGY & RESEARCH – MCQs – Performing Arts

     100 MCQs (UGC-NET level)

    1. Theatre in Education (TIE) primarily aims to:
      a) Produce commercially successful plays
      b) Use drama techniques to achieve defined educational objectives
      c) Replace the school curriculum entirely
      d) Create theatrical spectacles for festivals
      Ans: b

    2. Practice-as-Research (PaR) in theatre signifies:
      a) Archival research only
      b) Creative practice as an investigatory method that generates knowledge
      c) Survey research among audiences
      d) Textual editing of plays
      Ans: b

    3. The classical Indian treatise that forms the foundation for traditional actor training is:
      a) Abhinaya Darpana
      b) Natyashastra
      c) Sangeet Ratnakara
      d) Natya Manjusha
      Ans: b

    4. Which institution is the principal national agency for recognition and support to Indian performing arts including theatre?
      a) National School of Drama (NSD)
      b) Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA)
      c) Lalit Kala Akademi
      d) Directorate of Film Festivals
      Ans: b

    5. Nepathya vidhi in classical Indian theatre refers to:
      a) Onstage costume and make-up conventions
      b) Backstage procedures, preparations and rituals
      c) Audience seating plan
      d) Types of stage machines
      Ans: b

    6. A pedagogical method that uses short improvisational exercises to develop listening, spontaneity and status awareness is attributed to:
      a) Konstantin Stanislavsky
      b) Keith Johnstone and Viola Spolin
      c) Vsevolod Meyerhold
      d) Bharata Muni
      Ans: b

    7. Which movement discipline is most directly associated with breath control and centring practices used in actor training?
      a) Kalaripayattu
      b) Yoga (pranayama)
      c) Laban movement analysis
      d) Peking opera singing
      Ans: b

    8. A researcher using participant observation, field notes and interviews to study a living folk theatre tradition is employing:
      a) Experimental method
      b) Ethnography
      c) Bibliographic method
      d) Content analysis
      Ans: b

    9. The National School of Drama (NSD) in India is best described as:
      a) A grant-giving body only
      b) A professional training, repertory and research institution for theatre
      c) A film institute
      d) A private theatre company
      Ans: b

    10. Which of the following best exemplifies applied theatre?
      a) A commercial West End musical
      b) A prison drama workshop facilitating rehabilitation and reintegration
      c) A festival premiere of a classical play
      d) A corporate gala performance
      Ans: b

    11. Abhinaya in Indian performance theory includes all EXCEPT:
      a) Angika (physical expression)
      b) Vachika (speech)
      c) Nepathya (backstage ritual)
      d) Sattvika (psychic-emotional expression)
      Ans: c

    12. In theatre pedagogy, “devising” refers to:
      a) A director staging a canonical script unchanged
      b) Collaborative creation of performance often through improvisation and workshop practice
      c) Only costume design process
      d) Teaching acting by lecturing only
      Ans: b

    13. Which scholar authored Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory and Urban Performance in India since 1947?
      a) Rustom Bharucha
      b) Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker
      c) Kapila Vatsyayan
      d) Ebrahim Alkazi
      Ans: b

    14. A “production thesis” in a theatre MA/MFA programme typically involves:
      a) Only a written literature review
      b) Mounting a staged production accompanied by a written critical reflection or documentation
      c) Only coursework exams
      d) A business plan for a theatre company
      Ans: b

    15. Which of the following accurately describes “Theatre of the Oppressed”?
      a) A form of classical Indian ritual theatre
      b) Augusto Boal’s set of interactive techniques that empower audiences to rehearse social change
      c) A style of musical theatre
      d) A 19th century melodrama genre
      Ans: b

    16. Kinesthetic awareness in movement training refers to:
      a) Knowledge about lighting instruments
      b) Sensitivity to body position, movement dynamics and internal sensation
      c) Skill in sewing costumes
      d) The study of dramatic texts only
      Ans: b

    17. Which method is most appropriate to evaluate learning outcomes in school theatre programmes?
      a) Only multiple-choice tests
      b) Portfolios, performance assessment rubrics and reflective journals
      c) Box office revenue analysis
      d) Costume checklists only
      Ans: b

    18. Which one is an example of practice-as-research output?
      a) An annotated bibliography only
      b) A documented performance (video) with reflective exegesis linking practice and research questions
      c) A press release for a play
      d) A ticketing report
      Ans: b

    19. Which institution organises Bharat Rang Mahotsav?
      a) Sangeet Natak Akademi
      b) National School of Drama (NSD)
      c) Prithvi Theatre
      d) Ministry of Sports
      Ans: b

    20. Which of the following is NOT a primary aim of community theatre?
      a) Engaging local participants in performance making
      b) Addressing local social concerns and fostering dialogue
      c) Maximising commercial profit for producers
      d) Preserving local performance traditions and knowledge
      Ans: c

    21. Which training system emphasises codified hand gestures (mudras), facial micro-expressions and rasa aesthetic?
      a) Stanislavskian method
      b) Indian classical abhinaya tradition
      c) Meyerhold’s biomechanics
      d) Spolin improvisation games
      Ans: b

    22. Which movement analysis framework is commonly used in actor movement studies to annotate and analyse movement quality (weight, space, time, flow)?
      a) Stanislavsky’s given circumstances
      b) Laban Movement Analysis (LMA)
      c) Brechtian gestus
      d) Boal’s forum techniques
      Ans: b

    23. Which is a core difference between Theatre in Education (TIE) and Applied Theatre?
      a) TIE is always commercial while Applied Theatre is not
      b) TIE is typically curriculum-linked educational practice in schools; Applied Theatre has broader social/therapeutic/community aims beyond formal schooling
      c) TIE uses only puppets; Applied Theatre uses only song
      d) There is no difference; they are identical terms
      Ans: b

    24. Which Indian scholar is known for influential work on intercultural performance and postcolonial critique?
      a) Aparna Dharwadker
      b) Rustom Bharucha
      c) Kapila Vatsyayan
      d) Bharata Muni
      Ans: b

    25. Which of these is a typical research method in theatre studies?
      a) Randomised controlled trials only
      b) Archival research, ethnography, practice-as-research, discourse analysis
      c) Only laboratory chemical tests
      d) Only financial audits
      Ans: b

    26. Which practice is most directly useful for training stage combat and safe falling?
      a) Laban notation
      b) Martial arts (e.g., Kalaripayattu, Aikido) and stage combat techniques
      c) Script analysis only
      d) Costume fitting workshops
      Ans: b

    27. Which major Indian award is conferred for lifetime contribution in performing arts by the Government of India?
      a) Oscar Award
      b) Padma Awards (Padma Shri / Padma Bhushan) and Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship/awards
      c) Booker Prize
      d) Turner Prize
      Ans: b

    28. Which of the following best defines “ensemble devising” in theatre pedagogy?
      a) Theatre made by a single playwright with no performer input
      b) Collective creation where performers co-create material often through improvisation and workshops
      c) A standard proscenium rehearsal process only
      d) Only choreography for musicals
      Ans: b

    29. Which practice emphasizes reduction of spectacle to concentrate on actor–audience encounter and rigorous actor training?
      a) Broadway musical production
      b) Jerzy Grotowski’s Poor Theatre
      c) Kabuki theatre
      d) Peking Opera spectacle
      Ans: b

    30. Which of the following is NOT generally part of a university theatre curriculum?
      a) Theatre history and criticism
      b) Practical workshops in acting / direction / design
      c) Research methodology and dissertation work
      d) Exclusively commercial film production internships (unless elective)
      Ans: d

    31. Which of these is the most suitable method for documenting oral histories of theatre practitioners?
      a) Participant observation and recorded interviews with consent, cataloguing and archiving materials
      b) Only reading published plays
      c) Only scanning ticket stubs
      d) Only filming stage fight sequences without permission
      Ans: a

    32. Which of the following best describes a performance portfolio used in theatre education?
      a) A list of only monetary transactions
      b) An organised collection of evidence — videos, photographs, scripts, reflective notes — demonstrating a student’s learning and creative development
      c) A program brochure only
      d) Only costume receipts
      Ans: b

    33. Which training approach integrates Stanislavskian psychological techniques with traditional Indian abhinaya practices to create hybrid actor training?
      a) Exclusive method acting only
      b) Integrative or hybrid curricula offered in many contemporary conservatories and NSD modules
      c) Only biomechanics training
      d) Only Grotowski’s poor theatre training
      Ans: b

    34. Which festival is primarily associated with contemporary and experimental theatre in Mumbai?
      a) Prithvi Theatre Festival
      b) Bharat Rang Mahotsav
      c) Jaipur Literature Festival
      d) Edinburgh Fringe
      Ans: a

    35. Which of these is a common outcome measure for applied theatre interventions (e.g., health education, social awareness)?
      a) Ticket sales only
      b) Behavioural change indicators, community engagement metrics, qualitative testimonies, pre/post knowledge assessments
      c) Number of costumes used
      d) Only production length
      Ans: b

    36. Which scholar is most associated with the theoretical concept of “performance studies” in global scholarship?
      a) Erika Fischer-Lichte / Richard Schechner (both influential in performance studies)
      b) Only Bharata Muni
      c) Only Keith Johnstone
      d) Only Ebrahim Alkazi
      Ans: a

    37. Which of the following is a key advantage of incorporating puppetry exercises in early theatre pedagogy?
      a) Encourages object work, focus, precision, and non-verbal storytelling skills in learners
      b) Teaches only advanced vocal technique for opera
      c) Replaces theatre games entirely
      d) Is only relevant for film acting
      Ans: a

    38. Which body typically provides fellowships and financial support for theatre research in India?
      a) Sangeet Natak Akademi and University Grants Commission (UGC) / Ministry of Culture schemes
      b) Only commercial film studios
      c) Automobile corporations exclusively
      d) Only fashion houses
      Ans: a

    39. Which movement notation system is used to record and analyse movement in theatre and dance pedagogy?
      a) Morse code
      b) Labanotation (Laban Movement Analysis notation)
      c) Musical notation only
      d) Binary code
      Ans: b

    40. Which pedagogical resource is most useful to assess process-oriented learning in children’s theatre?
      a) End-of-term written exams only
      b) Observational checklists, portfolios, video reflections and peer/self assessment
      c) Solely box office income
      d) Costume invoices
      Ans: b

    41. Which research approach most directly foregrounds the researcher’s creative practice as the method of enquiry and the artistic product as a form of knowledge claim?
      a) Archival cataloguing
      b) Practice-as-Research (PaR) or Practice-led research
      c) Purely bibliographic study
      d) Secondary data analysis
      Ans: b

    42. Which of the following is a central concern of feminist theatre pedagogy?
      a) Reproducing male-centric canonical texts without critique
      b) Addressing gender inequalities, foregrounding women’s narratives and promoting inclusive participatory methodologies
      c) Only commercial success metrics
      d) Excluding women from performance
      Ans: b

    43. Which of the following is most characteristic of community theatre practice?
      a) Exclusive reliance on professional actors and high production budgets
      b) Participation of local community members, use of vernacular forms, focus on social issues and local relevance
      c) Only historical reconstructions by scholars
      d) Corporate entertainment only
      Ans: b

    44. Which method is commonly taught in actor training to develop dynamic use of space, weight and timing?
      a) Only textual analysis
      b) Laban movement techniques and Bartenieff fundamentals
      c) Only costume drawing exercises
      d) Only sound design
      Ans: b

    45. Which of the following accurately describes the role of a dramaturge in a university production?
      a) Only buying tickets
      b) Providing script research, contextual analysis, adaptation guidance and working with director and students on textual coherence and research content
      c) Making coffee backstage only
      d) Controlling house lights only
      Ans: b

    46. Which of these best illustrates a practice-based doctoral research question in theatre education?
      a) “What is the GDP growth of the theatre industry?”
      b) “How does devising theatre with adolescent participants influence civic engagement? — A practice-as-research study combining workshops, performances and reflective analysis.”
      c) “How many seats are in all Indian theatres?”
      d) “What are the colours of costumes used in film?”
      Ans: b

    47. Which of the following is an internationally recognised model of participatory theatre used for social change and empowerment?
      a) Kabuki theatre
      b) Theatre of the Oppressed (Augusto Boal)
      c) Stanislavsky’s ensemble method only
      d) Peking Opera
      Ans: b

    48. Which research output is typically peer-reviewed and considered academically rigorous in theatre studies?
      a) A blog post with no references
      b) Article in a peer-reviewed journal, monograph or peer-reviewed conference proceedings
      c) A press release for a performance
      d) A tweet thread
      Ans: b

    49. Which is a core component of an undergraduate theatre programme aimed at professional training?
      a) Only three months of study
      b) Theory modules (history/criticism), practical labs (acting/directing/design), production participation, internships and assessment via performance portfolios
      c) Only watching recorded films
      d) Only marketing classes
      Ans: b

    50. Which of the following actions best exemplifies ethical research practice when documenting community theatre traditions?
      a) Recording performers without consent and publishing raw footage
      b) Obtaining informed consent, acknowledging contributors, sharing outcomes with community, and respectful contextualisation
      c) Selling materials without attribution
      d) Presenting undocumented material as your own creation
      Ans: b

    51. Which practical training element is most likely to be emphasised in a children’s theatre workshop?
      a) Advanced stage lighting programming
      b) Playful storytelling, puppetry, role-play, simple devising and movement games
      c) Detailed costume manufacturing techniques for adults
      d) Complex scenic construction methods
      Ans: b

    52. Which institution is commonly cited as instrumental in professionalising theatre practice and pedagogy in post-Independence India?
      a) National Film and Television School only
      b) National School of Drama (NSD)
      c) Only private theatre groups
      d) Comics publishers
      Ans: b

    53. Which of the following is a typical indicator of successful theatre outreach in an educational setting?
      a) Increase in spectator ticket prices only
      b) Improvement in student participation, communication skills, curricular learning outcomes and wider community involvement
      c) Only more elaborate costumes
      d) Fewer school plays produced
      Ans: b

    54. Which one is NOT a sound research method in theatre education?
      a) Ethnography
      b) Controlled laboratory chemical experiments unrelated to theatre
      c) Practice-as-research (PaR)
      d) Archival research
      Ans: b

    55. Which of the following is most relevant when preparing a production for a multi-lingual school setting?
      a) Ignoring language and only using complex dialogue
      b) Use of translation, simple language, non-verbal storytelling, and inclusive participatory exercises
      c) Only using original language irrespective of comprehension
      d) Only imported texts with no adaptation
      Ans: b

    56. Which of the following best describes “forum theatre”?
      a) A classical Sanskrit performance ritual
      b) An interactive form in Theatre of the Oppressed where audience members intervene and propose/act alternatives to a staged problem
      c) A musical theatre format for kids
      d) A proscenium production with no audience involvement
      Ans: b

    57. Which of the following is primarily responsible for higher education accreditation and oversight related to university theatre programmes in India?
      a) National School of Drama (NSD) only
      b) University Grants Commission (UGC) and relevant universities/colleges under regulatory frameworks
      c) Film studios
      d) Theatre companies only
      Ans: b

    58. Which of the following is an appropriate qualitative indicator to measure impact of a theatre outreach project?
      a) Profit margins only
      b) Participant narratives, observed behavioural change, community testimonials and follow-up interviews
      c) Number of seats in the theatre only
      d) Number of costume pieces used
      Ans: b

    59. Which movement training approach emphasises economy of movement, precision, and codified physical actions often used in non-realistic performance?
      a) Biomechanics (Meyerhold)
      b) Pure Stanislavskian emotional recall only
      c) Only vocal training
      d) None of the above
      Ans: a

    60. Which of these is a valid reason to include theatre in the primary school curriculum?
      a) Only to train future actors
      b) To develop language, social skills, confidence, creativity and critical thinking across subjects
      c) Only to sell theatre tickets
      d) Only to prepare students for commercial films
      Ans: b

    61. Which organisation maintains lists of national awardees (Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards) and supports documentation?
      a) An ad-hoc private group only
      b) Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) under Ministry of Culture
      c) Only foreign NGOs
      d) Commercial social media influencers
      Ans: b

    62. Which of the following best exemplifies an ethical community theatre project?
      a) Using community stories without permissions for profit
      b) Co-producing a show with community members, shared decision-making, capacity building and attribution
      c) Outsourcing all creative decisions to an external director with no local input
      d) Using community only as background extras
      Ans: b

    63. Which of these is a primary consideration in designing a research proposal for PhD in theatre education?
      a) The shopping list for props
      b) Clear research question, literature review, methodology (fieldwork/PaR), ethical considerations and expected contribution to knowledge
      c) Only the number of performances planned
      d) Only the costume budget
      Ans: b

    64. Which technique is particularly useful in TIE for rehearsing real-life decision making and civic behaviour?
      a) Passive listening to lectures only
      b) Role-play, simulations, and problem-based scenario enactments
      c) Only costume painting
      d) Only scenery painting
      Ans: b

    65. Which term best describes the practice of documenting, archiving and digitising theatre performances and oral histories?
      a) Production only
      b) Performance documentation and digital archiving
      c) Only costume storage
      d) Only ticket copying
      Ans: b

    66. Which pedagogy explicitly integrates local folk idioms with contemporary theatre practice for cultural relevance and pedagogy?
      a) Exclusive Western conservatory training only
      b) Theatre of Roots / folk-informed pedagogy used in many regional training programmes
      c) Only film school curricula
      d) Only corporate training modules
      Ans: b

    67. Which of the following is the best indicator of a robust theatre research culture in a country?
      a) Only high box office returns
      b) Active peer-reviewed journals, research theses, conferences, funded projects and archival repositories
      c) Only celebrity interviews on TV
      d) Only fashion shows
      Ans: b

    68. Which of the following research outputs would most likely be called practice-led scholarship?
      a) A performance accompanied by a reflective critical exegesis submitted as a doctoral thesis
      b) A one-line theatre review in a blog with no evidence
      c) Only a costume drawing with no context
      d) A private rehearsal diary not shared academically
      Ans: a

    69. Which of the following is a common challenge in implementing theatre programmes in primary schools?
      a) Lack of any educational benefit
      b) Limited curricular time, insufficient teacher training in drama pedagogy, resource constraints and assessment pressures
      c) Too many trained theatre teachers available
      d) Abundance of rehearsal space
      Ans: b

    70. Which of the following pairing is correct?
      a) Augusto Boal — Biomechanics
      b) Keith Johnstone — Improvisation and status work
      c) Vsevolod Meyerhold — Theatre of the Oppressed
      d) Bharata Muni — Poor Theatre
      Ans: b

    71. Which of the following best describes a reflexive journal used in PaR?
      a) A ledger of ticket sales only
      b) A research tool where practitioner-researchers record observations, decisions, feelings and analytical reflections during creative practice
      c) A certification of costume authenticity
      d) A list of theatre donors
      Ans: b

    72. Which Indian organisation is most associated with the promotion of regional theatre and festivals at state level?
      a) Ministry of Finance only
      b) State Sangeet Natak Akademis and State Cultural Departments
      c) Only private film producers
      d) Only sports federations
      Ans: b

    73. Which of the following is the most appropriate research ethics consideration in theatre fieldwork?
      a) Using hidden cameras without consent
      b) Obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality where required, and being culturally sensitive to participants
      c) Publishing participants’ private data without permission
      d) Falsifying interviews to enhance findings
      Ans: b

    74. Which of the following teaching resources is most useful when introducing primary school children to theatre?
      a) Dense theoretical monographs only
      b) Storybooks, puppets, simple scripts, theatre games and play-based activities
      c) Only academic journal articles
      d) Expensive large scale sets
      Ans: b

    75. Which approach would you use to study the impact of a theatre project on community health awareness?
      a) Only secondary data from unrelated industries
      b) Mixed methods — pre-/post surveys, focus groups, qualitative interviews, participant observation and process documentation
      c) Only ticket revenue measurement
      d) Only costume sales tracking
      Ans: b

    76. Which theatre practitioner is credited with professionalising theatre training at NSD and bringing modern production standards to Indian theatre?
      a) Ebrahim Alkazi
      b) Rustom Bharucha
      c) Bharata Muni
      d) Keith Johnstone
      Ans: a

    77. Which of the following is a central feature of feminist theatre practice used in pedagogy?
      a) Reproducing patriarchal narratives without critique
      b) Autobiographical testimony, collective devising, critique of gender hierarchies and embodied methodologies
      c) Only male ensemble training
      d) Only rigid classical replication
      Ans: b

    78. Which of the following funding sources is increasingly important for sustaining theatre projects in India post-1990s?
      a) Only state grants
      b) Corporate CSR funding and private foundations alongside government grants
      c) Only box office income
      d) Only ticket resales
      Ans: b

    79. Which is an example of ethical community engagement in theatre pedagogy?
      a) Extracting stories and leaving without feedback or benefit to participants
      b) Engaging communities as co-creators, capacity building, crediting sources, and sharing project benefits
      c) Using participants only as unpaid extras for profit
      d) Only staging performances for external VIPs
      Ans: b

    80. Which of the following best captures a core objective of research in theatre education?
      a) Only making commercial productions
      b) Advancing understanding of learning processes, methods of pedagogy, and evidencing impact of drama in educational/social contexts
      c) Only copying foreign curricula
      d) Only marketing theatre shows
      Ans: b

    81. Which of the following is a key advantage of using theatre games in classroom pedagogy?
      a) Encouraging passive listening
      b) Fostering spontaneity, cooperation, creativity and communication skills among learners
      c) Reducing student participation
      d) Replacing literacy learning entirely
      Ans: b

    82. Which of the following would be the best empirical indicator for success of a TIE programme on environmental awareness?
      a) Number of costumes used in the production
      b) Pre/post knowledge test scores, observed behavioural changes, and follow-up community actions related to environmental practices
      c) Number of social media followers for the school only
      d) Box office revenue alone
      Ans: b

    83. Which of the following research outputs would most likely require ethics committee clearance?
      a) Analysis of publicly available archived texts only
      b) Research involving minors as participants in theatre workshops and collecting personal data
      c) Only reading classical plays alone
      d) Only scanning public posters without interaction
      Ans: b

    84. Which actor-training method emphasises “given circumstances”, objectives and the actor’s truthful inner life?
      a) Meyerhold’s biomechanics
      b) Stanislavsky system / Method foundations
      c) Grotowski’s poor theatre only
      d) Kabuki stylisation only
      Ans: b

    85. Which of the following best describes a “performance ethnography”?
      a) A purely quantitative study using only structured surveys
      b) An approach where ethnographic methods are used to study performance contexts and where the research may itself be performative or reflexive
      c) Only costume inventories
      d) Only ticket sales analysis
      Ans: b

    86. Which of the following is a recommended way to sustain theatre education programmes in schools?
      a) Rely solely on single-event funding
      b) Integrate drama into the curriculum, build teacher capacity through continuous professional development and secure multi-year funding partnerships
      c) Only permit external companies to run one-off shows with no follow up
      d) Avoid parental engagement entirely
      Ans: b

    87. Which of the following is a common form of dissemination for theatre research?
      a) Peer-reviewed journals, edited volumes, conference presentations, performance presentations with exegesis and digital archives
      b) Only private diary entries not shared publicly
      c) Only gossip columns
      d) Only ticket stubs
      Ans: a

    88. Which of the following best characterises an action research cycle used in theatre pedagogy?
      a) Planning → Action → Observation → Reflection, repeated iteratively to refine practice
      b) Only final performance without iteration
      c) Only theoretical reading without practice
      d) Only administrative paperwork
      Ans: a

    89. Which of these statements is true about theatre pedagogy at tertiary level?
      a) It excludes research skills entirely
      b) It integrates practice, theory and research including methodology training and production projects
      c) It is identical to primary school drama activities
      d) It focuses exclusively on box office management
      Ans: b

    90. Which of the following is most likely to be funded by a cultural grant for theatre research?
      a) A documentation and digitisation project for endangered folk theatre forms
      b) Only a private wedding performance
      c) Only sports events
      d) Only private parties
      Ans: a

    91. Which of the following is a recognized challenge specific to PaR (practice-as-research) in theatre?
      a) Clear signposting of research questions and making practice legible as research, assessment criteria for creative outputs, and ethical concerns in documenting participants
      b) No need for methodology at all
      c) Only purely numerical data suffices
      d) No dissemination required
      Ans: a

    92. Which of the following is a common indicator of collaborative pedagogy in theatre schools?
      a) Solo lectures only with no practice
      b) Cross-disciplinary projects, ensemble devising, regular production cycles involving students as practitioners and researchers
      c) Only theoretical exams with no practical component
      d) No assessment of learning outcomes
      Ans: b

    93. Which of the following is most appropriate when designing a theatre workshop for illiterate adult learners?
      a) Rely primarily on text-heavy scripts
      b) Use image, movement, role-play, story circles and participatory methods that do not depend on literacy
      c) Only assign lengthy reading homework
      d) Only use written exams to assess learning
      Ans: b

    94. Which of the following indicates good practice in archiving performance materials?
      a) Storing materials haphazardly in any available location
      b) Systematic cataloguing, metadata creation, high-quality digitisation, backups and access policies respecting copyright and participant consent
      c) Only keeping ticket stubs in shoeboxes without records
      d) Posting raw materials online without permissions
      Ans: b

    95. Which of the following is a formative assessment tool in theatre education?
      a) Final exam only
      b) Continuous feedback, rehearsal notes, peer review, reflective journals and incremental performance tasks
      c) Only year-end public performance with no feedback
      d) Only attendance register
      Ans: b

    96. Which of the following is true of integrating folk forms into contemporary theatre pedagogy?
      a) It should be avoided entirely
      b) It provides cultural specificity, rhythmic and musical vocabularies, ensemble models and community engagement opportunities when practised respectfully and contextually
      c) It replaces all modern methods and is mandatory everywhere
      d) It is only for costume design classes
      Ans: b

    97. Which of the following best reflects an interdisciplinary research project in theatre?
      a) A project combining theatre practice with public health education to examine behaviour change using workshops, performances and evaluation metrics
      b) A project only about box office data
      c) A project only on painting unrelated to theatre
      d) A project selling theatre merchandise online
      Ans: a

    98. Which of the following is the best immediate first step when planning a community theatre project?
      a) Booking the largest theatre in a city before talking to community members
      b) Conducting initial consultations with community stakeholders to identify needs, interests and ethical considerations
      c) Only writing a press release first
      d) Immediately staging a large commercial show for profit
      Ans: b

    99. Which of the following best summarises the rationale for including theatre in school curricula according to education research?
      a) Theatre only trains future actors
      b) Theatre supports holistic development — language, social skills, empathy, creativity, critical thinking and emotional intelligence — and can be integrated across subjects
      c) Theatre is only a leisure activity with no educational value
      d) Theatre distracts from core subjects and should be excluded
      Ans: b

    100. Which of the following constitutes a rigorous final submission for a PhD in Theatre Education using PaR?
      a) A video of a devised production accompanied by a 60–100 page written exegesis that situates practice within scholarly literature, methodology, analysis and contribution to knowledge
      b) Only a short tweet about a rehearsal
      c) A private scrapbook not shared or assessed
      d) Only a poster with no theoretical underpinning
      Ans: a

  • UGC NET Unit 10 — Theatre Education, Pedagogy & Research

    (UGC-NET: Performing Arts — Drama & Theatre — Exam-ready notes)


    1. Overview: Why this unit matters for UGC-NET

    Unit 10 tests three interconnected areas: education & curriculum, training methods & movement analysis, and research, institutions and current ecosystem (festivals, awards, patrons). Questions commonly ask for definitions, comparisons (e.g., formal university training vs traditional gurukula systems), names of eminent scholars/works, and recent institutional/award news. Prepare concise definitions plus examples and a few up-to-date names.


    2. Theatre in Formal Curriculum (Primary to University)

    A. Primary & Secondary Levels

    • Rationale: Theatre in early education develops communication skills, empathy, creativity, social learning and enhances language and cognitive abilities.

    • Curricular Models:

      • Integrated approach: Drama activities embedded within language, social studies and life-skills.

      • Activity units: Story drama, puppetry, role-play, theatre games, community projects.

    • Pedagogy: Play-based learning, participatory workshops, child-centred pedagogy (focus on process over product).

    • Assessment: Portfolios, performance rubrics, reflective journals, peer assessment.

    B. Higher Education (Undergraduate & Postgraduate)

    • University Programmes: Theatre departments offer BA/BFA, MA/MFA, PhD in Drama, Theatre Studies, Direction, Design, Applied Theatre and Performance Studies.

    • Pedagogical Components: Theory (dramatic literature, history, criticism), practical training (acting, direction, design), research methodology, production work, internships.

    • Professional Training Institutes: National School of Drama (NSD), university departments, drama schools offering diplomas/advanced training — link theoretical study to practical productions and repertory work (see Institutions section).

    Exam tip: Be ready to contrast primary (learning-through-play) vs university (systematic theory + practice).


    3. Relevance of Traditional Theatre Training

    • What counts as ‘traditional’: Bharata Muni’s Natyashastra, gurukula apprenticeship, classical dance-drama training (Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Yakshagana), and folk apprenticeship systems.

    • Why it remains relevant:

      • Codified techniques (mudras, tala/rhythm, abhinaya) underpin physical and vocal discipline.

      • Ritual consciousness and embodiment of rasa provide depth to expressive work.

      • Local knowledge systems (folk music, oral storytelling) expand repertoire and community engagement.

    • Integration into modern pedagogy: Many contemporary curricula integrate abhinaya, nattuvangam, kalaripayattu or yoga with Stanislavskian and Grotowskian methods to produce versatile actors.

    Exam note: Expect a comparative question asking advantages/limitations of traditional vs institutional training.


    4. Movement Analysis & Somatic Practices (kinesthetics, Yoga, Theatre Games, Martial Arts, Folk, Puppetry)

    A. Kinesthetics

    • Definition: Study of body movement quality, dynamics, space, force and timing.

    • Use in training: Movement analysis (Laban/Bartenieff), body mapping, kinaesthetic awareness exercises to build presence and clarity.

    B. Yoga

    • Contribution: Breath control (pranayama), focused attention, postural alignment, stamina and meditative concentration.

    • Applications: Voice support, emotional regulation, and centring before performance.

    C. Theatre Games

    • Origins & Purpose: Viola Spolin, Keith Johnstone inspired improvisation games that build spontaneity, listening, ensemble and status play.

    • Pedagogical roles: Warm-ups, creativity enhancement, devising and inclusion.

    D. Martial Arts

    • Relevance: Kalaripayattu, Karate, Tai Chi — training posture, fall training, fight choreography, rhythmic discipline and physical control.

    • Use: Stage combat safety, stylised movement vocabularies, body conditioning.

    E. Folk Forms

    • Examples: Bhavai, Nautanki, Bhand Pather, Yakshagana — rhythmic stamping, chorus/chorus leader dynamics, large gesture vocabularies.

    • Use: Ensemble aesthetics, music-movement integration, audience engagement techniques (song, call-and-response).

    F. Puppetry

    • As training tool: Develops imagination, object work, silent storytelling, and precise manual coordination.

    • Dramaturgical use: Hybrid productions combine puppetry and live acting; useful in TIE and children’s theatre.

    Exam tip: Prepare short definitions and one example application for each movement source. A frequent question asks to match a technique to its benefit (e.g., Yoga → breath control).


    5. Eminent Scholars & Their Works (selective and exam-relevant)

    Be prepared to name 6–10 scholars and one key contribution each (UGC often tests names + works).

    • Bharata MuniNatyashastra (foundational Indian dramaturgy).

    • Aparna Bhargava DharwadkerTheatres of Independence (post-1947 urban performance studies).

    • Rustom BharuchaTheatre and the World / Theatre of Our Times (postcolonial and intercultural performance studies).

    • Kapila Vatsyayan — Research on Indian classical forms and natya theory.

    • Ebrahim Alkazi — Pedagogy and institutionalisation at NSD (theatre training & production practices).

    • Dilip Chitre, Girish Karnad, Vijay Tendulkar (practitioner-scholars whose plays and essays inform modern Indian theatre).

    • Other scholars: Erika Fischer-Lichte (performance theory — global), Patrice Pavis (semiotics of theatre), P. C. Chatterjee (regional studies).

    Exam tip: If asked “Name a scholar who wrote on Indian theatre since independence,” Dharwadker’s Theatres of Independence is a safe citation.


    6. Trends in Indian Theatre Research & Scholarship

    • Historic waves: Post-colonial historiography, group theatre and leftist cultural studies (IPTA), modernism and experiment (1960s–80s), Theatre-of-Roots and Third Theatre debates (1970s), postdramatic/intercultural experiments (1990s–present).

    • Recent emphases:

      • Performance studies and interdisciplinarity (visual art, film studies);

      • Community/Applied theatre research (development, health, education);

      • Digital/archival projects and performance documentation;

      • Studies of marginalised performance traditions and vernacular literatures.

    • Methodologies: Ethnography, archival research, practice-as-research (PAR), and critical theory.


    7. Patronage & Institutional Support (Post-Independence)

    • Major national institutions: Sangeet Natak Akademi (national academy), National School of Drama (NSD), Lalit Kala Akademi & state academies — crucial for awards, training, documentation and grants.

    • Key repertories & private initiatives: Prithvi Theatre (Mumbai), NCPA (Mumbai), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bharat Bhavan (Bhopal) — venues and production support.

    • Corporate & NGO patronage: CSR funding, arts festivals support, workshops (increasingly important since 1990s).

    • State patronage: State cultural departments support regional festivals and training.

    • Exam note: Learn functions of Sangeet Natak Akademi and NSD; name two prominent private institutions (Prithvi, Bharat Bhavan).


    8. Festivals, Awardees & Current Affairs (how to prepare)

    • Major National Festivals (regularly referenced):

      • Bharat Rang Mahotsav (National School of Drama) — large national festival.

      • Prithvi Theatre Festival (Mumbai) — annual, showcases contemporary theatre.

      • Jairangam (Jaipur Theatre Festival), Nandikar, Serendipity Arts, Kala Ghoda — notable regional festivals.

    • Major Awards:

      • Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (lifetime and yearly contributions in theatre & allied arts). The Akademi publishes awardee lists online.

      • Padma Awards (Cultural) recognize theatre practitioners; also state awards and fellowships.

    • Current awareness: For NET, know recent notable awardees or festival highlights only if explicitly asked — otherwise, be prepared to name major recurring festivals and the function of Sangeet Natak Akademi/NSD. (If an exam question asks a current-year winner, verify from official sites; SNA maintains updated lists).

    Practical study tip: Memorise 6–8 festivals, 4 institutions, and 4 recent/high-profile awardees (from SNA/Padma lists) relevant to your exam year.


    9. Research Methods & Dissertation Topics (PhD/MA level guidance)

    • Common methodologies: Practice-as-research, ethnography, performance analysis, archival reconstruction, dramaturgical case studies.

    • Suggested research areas: Devising community theatre for development; archival studies of regional repertories; comparative studies of abhinaya & acting pedagogy; technology and performance (digital theatre).

    • Proposal components: Research question, literature review, methodology (fieldwork/archives/practice), expected contributions, timeline.


    10. Quick Revision Cheatsheet (UGC-NET style)

    • Define: Natyashastra; Ahārya; Nepathya; Theatre of the Oppressed; TIE.

    • Name 4 institutions: NSD, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Prithvi Theatre, Bharat Bhavan.

    • Name 4 scholars & one work each: Bharata Muni (Natyashastra), Aparna Dharwadker (Theatres of Independence), Rustom Bharucha (Theatre and the World), Kapila Vatsyayan (classical studies).

    • List 6 movement sources: Kinesthetics (Laban), Yoga, Theatre Games, Martial Arts, Folk forms, Puppetry.

    • Top festivals (memorise 6): Bharat Rang Mahotsav, Prithvi, Jairangam, Nandikar Festival, Serendipity Arts, Kala Ghoda.

  • UGC NET Unit 9: Theatre Design and Techniques – MCQs – Performing Arts

    Unit 9: Theatre Design and Techniques (UGC-NET Performing Arts – Drama & Theatre), modelled on previous year question styles (odd-one-out, matching, sequence, assertion-reason, direct MCQ).
    They cover architecture, stage-craft, Ahārya/Nepathya, management, and applied theatre forms.

    1. The “orchestra” in Greek theatre refers to the:
      a) actor’s dressing room
      b) circular performance space for chorus and actors
      c) scenery backdrop
      d) audience seating area
      Ans: b

    2. A freestanding semicircular theatre building with a scaenae frons is characteristic of:
      a) Greek theatre
      b) Roman theatre
      c) Elizabethan theatre
      d) Sanskrit Natyagruha
      Ans: b

    3. The “thrust stage” is best described as:
      a) audience on one side only
      b) audience on three sides with stage projecting into seating
      c) full arena with audience all around
      d) proscenium arch stage
      Ans: b

    4. In a proscenium theatre, the architectural feature that separates stage from audience is the:
      a) orchestra pit
      b) flying gallery
      c) proscenium arch
      d) thrust platform
      Ans: c

    5. The term Vikr̥ṣṭa Natyagruha in the Sanskrit tradition denotes:
      a) a small intimate theatre
      b) a large theatre house for major performances
      c) a mobile stage cart
      d) an open-air arena only
      Ans: b

    6. The hanamichi is a feature of which theatre tradition?
      a) Greek
      b) Chinese Opera
      c) Kabuki
      d) Noh
      Ans: c

    7. In stage-craft, “masking” primarily refers to:
      a) actor’s facial prosthetics
      b) blocking audience view of wings and offstage areas
      c) sound amplification
      d) lighting colour filters
      Ans: b

    8. Which of the following is not a key function of lighting in theatre?
      a) Mood and atmosphere
      b) Visibility of actors
      c) Costume change
      d) Indicating time/place
      Ans: c

    9. A “gobo” in lighting design is used to:
      a) change bulb colour
      b) project patterns or textures of light onto stage surfaces
      c) control sound cues
      d) mount stage props
      Ans: b

    10. The costume design element that conveys the period, class and occupation of a character is its:
      a) light plot
      b) silhouette and texture
      c) acoustic setting
      d) actor’s position on stage
      Ans: b

    11. Ahārya Vidhi in classical Indian theatre refers to:
      a) backstage rituals and management
      b) external stage adornments – costume, makeup, ornaments
      c) audience behaviour guidelines
      d) actor’s vocal training
      Ans: b

    12. Nepathya Vidhi refers to:
      a) the on-stage visual presentation
      b) the backstage arrangements and rituals
      c) audience seating plan
      d) proscenium arch construction
      Ans: b

    13. Which of the following seating configurations gives actors the greatest immersive contact with audience (360°)?
      a) Proscenium
      b) Thrust Stage
      c) Arena/Theatre-in-the-Round
      d) Open Stage
      Ans: c

    14. The principle of “visual balance” in set design means:
      a) both sides of stage must be identical
      b) the visual weight of objects and actors is proportionally distributed for aesthetic harmony
      c) the lighting must be equal everywhere
      d) actors should not move too much
      Ans: b

    15. In theatre management, the person responsible for overall creative vision and season line-up is the:
      a) Box-office manager
      b) Artistic Director
      c) Stage-hand supervisor
      d) Costume cutter
      Ans: b

    16. Theatre in Education (TIE) primarily uses theatre for:
      a) commercial entertainment
      b) pedagogy and educational outcomes
      c) architectural design
      d) costume exhibitions
      Ans: b

    17. Theatre of the Oppressed was developed by:
      a) Bertolt Brecht
      b) Jerzy Grotowski
      c) Peter Brook
      d) Augusto Boal
      Ans: d

    18. In children’s theatre, a key design consideration is:
      a) ultra-luxury costumes
      b) interactive stage space and clear visual imagery
      c) adult language complexity
      d) proscenium grandiosity
      Ans: b

    19. A “unit set” in modern theatre refers to:
      a) a completely static single scenery piece
      b) modular set pieces that can represent multiple locations
      c) no scenery at all
      d) a classical temple façade only
      Ans: b

    20. The term fly loft refers to:
      a) the area above the stage where scenery can be hoisted and stored
      b) the audience balcony
      c) the backstage corridor
      d) the stage floor trapdoor section
      Ans: a

    21. Matching – Match List I (Stage Type) with List II (Characteristic):
      List I: a) Proscenium, b) Thrust, c) Arena, d) Open/Black Box
      List II: i) Audience on three sides, ii) One-side audience facing, iii) Flexible seating configuration, iv) Audience all around
      Select correct code:
      a b c d
      (A) ii i iv iii
      (B) ii iv i iii
      (C) iv ii i iii
      (D) ii i iii iv
      Ans: A

    22. Pick the odd one out (in terms of stage lighting instrument):
      a) Fresnel
      b) PAR Can
      c) Follow Spot
      d) Treadmill
      Ans: d

    23. Assertion (A): The costume designer must consider colour in relation to stage lighting.
      Reason (R): Some fabrics appear differently under coloured lighting and may clash or disappear.
      (A) Both A & R true and R explains A
      (B) Both A & R true but R does not explain A
      (C) A true, R false
      (D) A false, R true
      Ans: A

    24. Which seating form was used predominately in Elizabethan playhouses?
      a) Arena
      b) Proscenium
      c) Thrust
      d) Roman oval
      Ans: c

    25. Choose the matching pair:
      a) Sanskrit large theatre – Vikr̥ṣṭa Natyagruha
      b) Kabuki – Thrust stage
      c) Noh – Haeromium (??)
      d) Roman Theatre – Proscenium arch
      Ans: a

    26. In lighting design, cross-lighting assists primarily in:
      a) making scenery look flat
      b) reducing actor’s visibility
      c) modelling actor’s body and giving depth
      d) silencing sound cues
      Ans: c

    27. The term masking in set design is used for:
      a) audience participation
      b) hiding off-stage areas from audience’s view
      c) painting of actor’s face
      d) costuming
      Ans: b

    28. Which theatre form emphasised minimal scenery and the “actor-spectator” direct encounter?
      a) Kabuki
      b) Noh
      c) Poor Theatre
      d) Chinese Opera
      Ans: c

    29. Pick the odd one out in terms of backstage design function:
      a) Fly rail
      b) Green room
      c) Hanamichi
      d) Trapdoor
      Ans: c (Hanamichi is onstage runway not purely backstage)

    30. Which function is not central to theatre management?
      a) Budgeting
      b) Script analysis
      c) Audience development
      d) Safety compliance
      Ans: b (Script analysis is artistic rather than administrative)

    31. In children’s theatre design, the emphasis is least on:
      a) high adult-language dialogue
      b) visual clarity
      c) mobility and interaction
      d) bright colours
      Ans: a

    32. A major feature of Kabuki stage design is:
      a) Raised circular orchestra pit
      b) Hanamichi (runway)
      c) Open hillside seating
      d) Masked actor chorus
      Ans: b

    33. In Sanskrit theatre, the backstage area is called:
      a) Skene
      b) Nepathya
      c) Pātalā
      d) Orchestra
      Ans: b

    34. The term “cyclorama” in lighting or set design refers to:
      a) a flat floor surface only
      b) a large curved backdrop used for background lighting or projection
      c) a handheld mirror used by actors
      d) overhead speakers
      Ans: b

    35. Match List I (Classical Asian Theatre) with List II (Architectural Feature):
      List I: a) Noh, b) Peking Opera, c) Sanskrit Natyagruha, d) Kabuki
      List II: i) Bridge-way (hashigakari), ii) Orchestra plus skene, iii) Large Natyagruha with portico, iv) Hanamichi runway
      Codes: a b c d
      (A) i ii iii iv
      (B) i iii ii iv
      (C) i ii iv iii
      (D) iv ii iii i
      Ans: A

    36. Which of the following is a primary responsibility of the light designer?
      a) Hiring actors
      b) Blocking scenes
      c) Creating the lighting cue list and mood transitions
      d) Designing walls
      Ans: c

    37. The term “fly gallery” is associated with:
      a) Roman theatre machinery
      b) Proscenium theatre backstage architecture where scenery is flown in/out
      c) Sanskrit Natyagruha
      d) Kabuki hanamichi
      Ans: b

    38. In set design, the “unit set” concept is best described as:
      a) A single set used for one scene only
      b) Modular and versatile set architecture for multiple scenes
      c) Hand-held props only
      d) No set at all
      Ans: b

    39. Which of the following theatre forms explicitly uses actor’s minimal physical movement and symbolism rather than naturalistic behaviour?
      a) Realistic proscenium drama
      b) Noh theatre
      c) Stanislavskian Naturalism
      d) Modern Broadway musical
      Ans: b

    40. Which of the following is not a typical function of costume design?
      a) Conveying character’s psychological state
      b) Providing actor’s voice modulation
      c) Indicating social status
      d) Supporting period and context
      Ans: b

    41. Which of the following stage types is most flexible and used for experimental theatre?
      a) Proscenium
      b) Arena
      c) Black Box/Open Stage
      d) Thrust
      Ans: c

    42. In theatre management, FOH stands for:
      a) Front of House
      b) Fly on House
      c) Festival of Theatre
      d) Form of Handling
      Ans: a

    43. Which applied theatre form primarily uses performance for social change and encourages audience participation?
      a) Commercial musical
      b) Theatre of the Oppressed
      c) Classic Shakespeare performance
      d) Stand-up comedy
      Ans: b

    44. The Sanskrit term anga, bhava, rasa etc. are part of which design domain?
      a) Lighting design
      b) Set construction
      c) Actor’s expressional system and abhinaya
      d) Theatre management
      Ans: c

    45. In lighting design, the use of side lights helps to:
      a) Flatten actor’s form
      b) Emphasise actor’s profile and add modelling/shadow
      c) Blind the audience
      d) Hide the actors
      Ans: b

    46. The concept of “Quick Change” in costume practice refers to:
      a) Changing lighting quickly
      b) Actors changing costume in minimal time between scenes
      c) Switching sound cues
      d) Altering set pieces silently
      Ans: b

    47. The instrument “PAR Can” is commonly used for:
      a) Soft wash lighting
      b) Strong beam or backlight/fill light for large stage areas
      c) Sound effect
      d) Prop movement
      Ans: b

    48. The term “green room” in theatre refers to:
      a) A backstage area where actors wait before going on stage
      b) The lighting control booth
      c) The main audience foyer
      d) The fly-tower
      Ans: a

    49. A “cold box” stage set material refers to:
      a) a refrigerated storage for costumes
      b) set-pieces used outdoors
      c) modular flats used for easy change and minimal construction
      d) None of the above
      Ans: c

    50. Match List I (Set Type) with List II (Characteristic):
      List I: a) Realistic, b) Stylised/abstract, c) Unit set, d) No scenery/minimalist
      List II: i) Detailed reproduction of environment, ii) Non-literal elements, iii) Versatile modular units, iv) Actor/audience focus with minimal distractions
      Codes: a b c d
      (A) i ii iii iv
      (B) iii i ii iv
      (C) i iii iv ii
      (D) i ii iv iii
      Ans: A

    51. Which seating arrangement demands that actor movement accommodates audiences on all four sides?
      a) Thrust
      b) Arena
      c) Proscenium
      d) Open Box
      Ans: b

    52. The “skene” in Greek theatre functions as:
      a) orchestra pit
      b) actor’s dressing building and backdrop
      c) audience gallery
      d) fly tower
      Ans: b

    53. In costume design, when fabric appears too dark under stage lights and loses detail, the designer has failed to consider:
      a) silhouette
      b) fabric texture and lighting interaction
      c) actor’s height
      d) prop colour
      Ans: b

    54. The term fly rail refers to:
      a) audience seating on balcony
      b) mechanical system where stage cloths, lights, and scenery are raised and lowered
      c) director’s seating row
      d) sound control table
      Ans: b

    55. Which of the following is not a typical prop category?
      a) Hand prop
      b) Set prop
      c) Decorative prop
      d) Actor’s vocal prop
      Ans: d

    56. Which theatre architect is associated with designing Tagore Theatre in Chandigarh?
      a) CP Kukreja
      b) Aditya Prakash
      c) Laurie Baker
      d) Charles Correa
      Ans: b Wikipedia

    57. The “bridge-way” or hashigakari is a key architectural element of:
      a) Greek theatre
      b) Kabuki
      c) Noh theatre
      d) Chinese opera
      Ans: c

    58. In theatre management, the term “load-in” refers to:
      a) Ticket collection
      b) Bringing in set and equipment to venue
      c) Actor’s warm-ups
      d) Lightning cue rehearsal
      Ans: b

    59. The “Open Stage” is also called the:
      a) Proscenium arch
      b) Thrust platform
      c) Black box theatre
      d) Arena stage
      Ans: c

    60. In children’s theatre, the “fourth wall” convention is least important because:
      a) Theatre is always improvisational
      b) Children often break wall and enter stage space for interaction
      c) Costumes are bright
      d) Actors speak louder
      Ans: b

    61. Which of the following is a key difference between Noh and Kabuki theatres?
      a) Both use masks
      b) Kabuki uses hanamichi, Noh uses hashigakari
      c) Only Noh uses costume change
      d) Neither uses music
      Ans: b

    62. The term “prompt corner” refers to:
      a) Actor’s waiting area
      b) Location where stage manager gives cues and controls prompt books
      c) Lighting control desk
      d) Audience seat near aisle
      Ans: b

    63. Which form would most likely use street performance, minimal set and audience interaction?
      a) Realist proscenium drama
      b) Community theatre
      c) Opera
      d) Kabuki
      Ans: b

    64. Which of the following is not a typical component of theatre backstage infrastructure?
      a) Fly loft
      b) Quick-change area
      c) Control booth
      d) Orchestra pit when used as dressing area
      Ans: d

    65. Matching – Match List I (Stage form) with List II (Characteristic):
      List I: a) Circle stage, b) Proscenium, c) Kabuki, d) Sanskrit Vikr̥ṣṭa Natyagruha
      List II: i) Hanamichi, ii) Large classical Indian theatre, iii) Picture-frame stage, iv) Arena/360° seating
      Codes: a b c d
      (A) iv iii i ii
      (B) iii iv ii i
      (C) iv ii i iii
      (D) ii i iii iv
      Ans: A

    66. In theatre production terminology, a “dry tech” rehearsal is when:
      a) all technical cues (light/sound) are run without actors
      b) full dress rehearsal
      c) improvisation only
      d) actor warm-up session
      Ans: a

    67. In set design, a cyclorama serves primarily as:
      a) background surface for lighting or projections
      b) actor’s dressing room
      c) absorb sound only
      d) restrict actor movement
      Ans: a

    68. Which term refers to a minimalist production where the focus is actor & audience with minimal technical distraction?
      a) Realistic naturalism
      b) Poor Theatre
      c) Musical theatre
      d) Grand opera
      Ans: b

    69. In a proscenium theatre, the “legs” refer to:
      a) actor’s stage shoes
      b) vertical side curtains that mask wings from audience view
      c) blocks on stage floor
      d) audience brackets
      Ans: b

    70. In costume design for a large thrust stage audience, costume details should be:
      a) very small and subtle
      b) bold, clear and high-contrast for visibility
      c) invisible
      d) exactly like film wardrobe
      Ans: b

    71. Which element is least likely to be considered in theatre management budgeting?
      a) Set construction
      b) Costume purchase
      c) Lighting colour gels
      d) Actor’s internal psychological memo
      Ans: d

    72. Which form of applied theatre emphasises performance for marginalized communities with participatory methods?
      a) Musical theatre
      b) Theatre of the Oppressed
      c) Stand-up comedy
      d) Classical Sanskrit dance-drama
      Ans: b

    73. The “wings” of a proscenium stage refer to:
      a) parts of the fly loft
      b) side off-stage areas masked from audience view
      c) audience balconies
      d) control booth
      Ans: b

    74. Which light fixture is ideal for a sharp-edged spotlight used for actor highlighting?
      a) Fresnel
      b) PAR Can
      c) ERS/Profile Spotlight
      d) Floodlight
      Ans: c

    75. An example of stylised set design (rather than realistic) might be:
      a) Detailed Victorian living room
      b) Bare stage with simple geometric forms representing a forest
      c) Complete historical set of castle and moat
      d) Entire city street built on stage
      Ans: b

    76. The term fly drop refers to:
      a) scenery piece flown in from above
      b) actor’s last line
      c) prop theft
      d) sound cue
      Ans: a

    77. In match list: The area between the legs and borders in a proscenium stage is known as:
      a) Wings
      b) Backstage
      c) Apron
      d) Fly tower
      Ans: a

    78. Which statement is true of a black box theatre?
      a) It has fixed seating only
      b) It is highly flexible in configuration of stage and audience
      c) It supports large traditional proscenium scenery
      d) It always uses arena seating
      Ans: b

    79. In set design, masking flats are used to:
      a) hide lighting instruments
      b) cover wings and off-stage areas from public view
      c) mount actor names
      d) hold costumes
      Ans: b

    80. Which theatre tradition uses a pine-tree backdrop (kagami-ita) as a symbolic element?
      a) Kabuki
      b) Sanskrit Natyagruha
      c) Noh theatre
      d) Peking Opera
      Ans: c

    81. In applied theatre contexts, “facilitator” is often used instead of “director” because the focus shifts to:
      a) spectacle
      b) actor training alone
      c) audience participation and process over product
      d) lighting only
      Ans: c

    82. Which of the following is a major function of sound design in theatre?
      a) Changing costume
      b) Reinforcing actor’s verbal delivery and ambient effects
      c) Dressing set flats
      d) Booking theatre rights
      Ans: b

    83. Which type of theatre space is least suitable for elaborate fly scenery?
      a) Proscenium
      b) Thrust
      c) Arena
      d) Freestanding Roman stage
      Ans: c

    84. The Sanskrit term abhinaya encompasses which of the following?
      a) Movement only
      b) Vocalisation only
      c) Gesture, speech, costume, and internal emotion
      d) Architectural design only
      Ans: c

    85. Which role is usually responsible for coordinating set, costume, lighting and sound to align with production concept?
      a) Scenic artist
      b) Composer
      c) Director
      d) Wardrobe assistant
      Ans: c

    86. The area known as the prompt corner in a theatre is where:
      a) Makeup is applied
      b) Stage manager controls cues and script prompt-books
      c) Audience enters
      d) Musicians play
      Ans: b

    87. The theatre space dyed in black fabrics with movable seating is called:
      a) Proscenium theatre
      b) Black box theatre
      c) Roman amphitheatre
      d) Kabuki stage
      Ans: b

    88. Which of the following is the correct sequence regarding the development of theatre architecture from earliest to later?
      a) Elizabethan → Greek → Roman → Proscenium
      b) Greek → Roman → Elizabethan → Proscenium
      c) Roman → Greek → Proscenium → Arena
      d) Proscenium → Roman → Greek → Thrust
      Ans: b

    89. Which of the following theatre traditions features both actor and musician on the elevated stage surface rather than off to the side?
      a) Greek theatre
      b) Japanese Noh
      c) Kabuki
      d) Chinese Peking Opera
      Ans: d

    90. In set design, the term cyclorama is most associated with:
      a) sound system
      b) a curved backdrop used for lighting or projection
      c) proscenium arch
      d) actor’s entrance
      Ans: b

    91. The “lay-in” of flats, wings and borders is part of:
      a) actor’s homework
      b) stage technical rehearsal process
      c) costume rehearsal
      d) marketing strategy
      Ans: b

    92. The “gala opening night” of a theatre season is primarily significant for:
      a) voucher distribution
      b) first public performance, press reviews, sponsorship visibility
      c) set strike
      d) actor training only
      Ans: b

    93. In theatre budgeting, “contingency fund” is for:
      a) ticket sales only
      b) unexpected additional costs like repairs or delays
      c) costume changes only
      d) actor breaks
      Ans: b

    94. Which stage configuration becomes problematic if extensive scenic wings and fly towers are required?
      a) Proscenium
      b) Arena
      c) Thrust
      d) Sanskrit Natyagruha
      Ans: b

    95. In match: List I (Theatre Form) & List II (Characteristic): a) Sanskrit Natyagruha b) Rosa… (skip) c) Kabuki d) Black box. List II: i) minimal flexible space ii) runway for actor entry iii) elevated sacred stage with pine backdrop iv) rectangular ritual theatre. Codes: a b c d.
      Ans: a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-i. Choose code accordingly.
      Ans Code: likely (A) – depending list offerings.

    96. Which of the following is not a primary design consideration for children’s theatre?
      a) High seating tiers
      b) Bright visual elements
      c) Interactive staging
      d) Clear sightlines
      Ans: a

    97. The design term “wash” in lighting refers to:
      a) sudden flash of lights
      b) even illumination over a broad area
      c) lighting from below only
      d) blackout period
      Ans: b

    98. A good stage floor should ensure:
      a) no actor movement allowed
      b) safe, level surface with proper spring/resilience for movement and dance
      c) lighting fixture only
      d) audience seating only
      Ans: b

    99. Which of the following best describes “black-box theatre”?
      a) Fixed proscenium arch with large fly-tower
      b) Small, flexible space with moveable seating permitting varied configurations
      c) Outdoor amphitheatre
      d) Volksstage with permanent fixed seats only
      Ans: b

    100. The theatre form “Community Theatre” is characterised by:
      a) elite commercial musicals only
      b) local participation, vernacular performance, social issues focus
      c) purely classical repertory work
      d) film-based adaptation exclusively
      Ans: b

  • UGC NET UNIT 9 — THEATRE DESIGN AND TECHNIQUES

    (UGC NET Performing Arts — Drama & Theatre)


    🔶 SECTION A: THEATRE ARCHITECTURE

    1. Introduction

    Theatre architecture refers to the spatial design of performance venues—defining the relationship between actor, audience, and action. It affects visibility, acoustics, stage mechanics, and overall aesthetics.
    UGC-NET questions often test your ability to differentiate between stage types, classical theatres, and their structural purposes.


    2. Greek Theatre

    • Period: 5th century BCE, Athens; origin of Western drama.

    • Structure:

      • Theatron: audience seating on hillside.

      • Orchestra: circular performance space for chorus and actors.

      • Skene: stage house (for costume changes, entrances, background).

      • Parodos: passageways for chorus entry.

    • Features:

      • Open-air; natural acoustics.

      • Use of masks, elevated boots (cothurni).

      • Performance integrated with religious festivals (Dionysia).

    • Design Purpose: Semi-circular space for voice projection and ritual drama.

    • Exam Focus: Identify elements like orchestra, skene, parodos, and their functions.


    3. Roman Theatre

    • Period: 3rd century BCE onward.

    • Structure: Semi-circular orchestra, scaenae frons (decorated façade), and free-standing building.

    • Innovations:

      • Stage machinery, curtains, trapdoors.

      • Enclosed auditorium (better acoustics).

      • More focus on spectacle than ritual.

    • Exam Tip: Know the difference—Greek theatres were built into hillsides; Roman theatres were freestanding.


    4. Elizabethan Theatre

    • Example: The Globe Theatre (1599, London).

    • Features:

      • Thrust stage projecting into audience.

      • Open-air, circular or polygonal structure.

      • “Heavens” above stage, “Hell” trapdoors below.

      • Minimal sets, rich costumes.

    • Purpose: Encouraged direct actor-audience interaction.

    • Exam Insight: 2020 UGC-NET asked: “Which theatre used the thrust stage form?” — Elizabethan.


    5. Thrust Stage (Modern Form)

    • Design: Audience on three sides, open playing area.

    • Advantage: Intimacy and actor visibility.

    • Used in: Shakespeare festivals, experimental theatre.

    • Challenge: Blocking for multiple sightlines.


    6. Proscenium Stage

    • Definition: Picture-frame stage; audience faces one side.

    • Components: Proscenium arch, wings, fly loft, curtain line.

    • Advantages:

      • Illusionistic scenery, detailed sets.

      • Controlled lighting and sound.

    • Used in: Realist/Naturalist theatre (Antoine, Stanislavsky, Alkazi).

    • Exam Tip: The “fourth wall” concept arises from proscenium staging.


    7. Arena Theatre (Theatre-in-the-Round)

    • Structure: Audience surrounds the stage on all sides.

    • Features: Minimal scenery, intense intimacy.

    • Blocking: Actors must move continuously for all-round visibility.

    • Modern Examples: Grotowski’s Poor Theatre and environmental theatre.


    8. Open Stage / Black Box

    • Black Box Theatre: Neutral, flexible, small space with movable seating and stage.

    • Use: Experimental, minimalist, educational productions.

    • Advantage: Adaptability to any style.

    • Common in: Modern Indian repertories and college theatre.


    9. Sanskrit Theatre – Natyagruha

    • Source: Natyashastra (Bharata Muni).

    • Three Types of Playhouses:

      • Vikr̥ṣṭa: Large theatre (for gods and kings).

      • Madhyama: Medium theatre (for mixed audiences).

      • Kṣudra: Small theatre (for common folk).

    • Features:

      • Rectangular plan, divided into three zones:

        • Ranga (performance area),

        • Nepathya (backstage),

        • Parishkr̥ta (audience area).

      • Emphasis on sacred geometry, auspicious directions, ritual performance.

    • Exam Tip: Distinguish between Vikr̥ṣṭa and Madhyama Natyagruha—often asked directly.


    10. Chinese and Japanese Classical Playhouses

    a) Chinese Theatre

    • Structure: Raised platform, no curtain, musicians on stage.

    • Architecture: Simple wooden framework, elaborate backdrops.

    • Performance space: Symbolic and non-realistic.

    • Example: Peking Opera theatres.

    b) Japanese Noh & Kabuki Stages

    • Noh: Roofed platform with polished wooden floor, pine tree backdrop (kagami-ita), bridgeway (hashigakari).

    • Kabuki: Proscenium stage with hanamichi (runway into audience), revolving platforms, trapdoors.

    • Philosophy: Noh—minimalism and ritual; Kabuki—spectacle and energy.


    🔶 SECTION B: STAGECRAFT AND DESIGN ELEMENTS

    UGC-NET regularly tests functions and fundamentals of each design discipline. Questions often appear in “Match the following” format.


    1. Scenic Design / Set Design

    • Purpose: Defines location, time period, mood.

    • Types:

      • Realistic: Replicates real environment.

      • Stylised/Abstract: Symbolic or non-realistic forms.

      • Unit set: Adaptable structures for multiple scenes.

    • Principles:

      • Visual balance, proportion, perspective, masking, actor movement.


    2. Lighting Design

    • Functions:

      • Visibility.

      • Focus and emphasis.

      • Mood creation.

      • Indicating time/place.

      • Composition and rhythm.

    • Elements:

      • Intensity (brightness).

      • Colour (emotional tone).

      • Direction (angle of light).

      • Distribution (spread and focus).

      • Movement (fades, transitions).

    • Instruments:

      • Fresnel: Soft wash.

      • Profile/ERS: Sharp spotlight.

      • PAR Can: High-intensity beam.

      • Floodlights: General illumination.

      • Follow Spot: Tracks actors dynamically.

    • Designers to Remember:

      • Adolphe Appia, Gordon Craig, Tapas Sen (India).

    • Exam Tip: Questions often ask, “Who is known as India’s pioneer of modern stage lighting?” → Tapas Sen.


    3. Costume Design

    • Function: Visual storytelling—reveals character, era, social rank, personality.

    • Elements: Line, silhouette, colour, texture, fabric, accessories.

    • Process: Script analysis → sketches → fittings → coordination with lighting.

    • Ahārya Abhinaya: Costumes and makeup in Natyashastra tradition are part of expressive communication.

    • Exam Tip: Match costume features to their dramatic functions (e.g., “Costume indicates social status”—True).


    4. Make-up

    • Purpose: Enhance facial expression, define age/character type, ensure visibility.

    • Types:

      • Corrective (stage definition),

      • Character (specific transformation),

      • Stylised (ritual, e.g., Kathakali).

    • In Traditions:

      • Kabuki uses bold colour symbolism,

      • Kathakali uses chutti makeup for divine/evil characters.

    • Exam Tip: “Which Abhinaya type includes makeup?” → Ahārya.


    5. Sound Design

    • Functions: Adds realism, mood, continuity.

    • Types:

      • Live: Musicians, onstage effects.

      • Recorded: Background score, ambient sound.

    • Elements: Pitch, tempo, rhythm, volume, transition.

    • Exam Tip: Distinguish diegetic (within scene) vs non-diegetic (background) sound.


    6. Props (Property)

    • Definition: Any object used onstage by actors.

    • Types:

      • Hand props (books, swords),

      • Set props (furniture),

      • Decorative props (paintings),

      • Personal props (accessories).

    • Function: Enhance realism, character identity, or symbolic meaning.


    7. Theatre Music

    • Function: Supports action, emotional tone, rhythm, and atmosphere.

    • In Indian Theatre: Music is integrated (e.g., Sangeet Natak, Yakshagana, Bhand Pather).

    • Modern Use: Underscoring scenes, leitmotifs for characters.


    🔶 SECTION C: AHĀRYA & NEPATHYA VIDHI

    1. Ahārya Vidhi

    • Described in Natyashastra as external expression through costume, ornamentation, and scenic presentation.

    • Includes:

      • Costumes (Vastra),

      • Jewellery (Ābharaṇa),

      • Makeup (Varnana),

      • Set decor (Āsana, Vedi),

      • Visual motifs.

    • Purpose: Symbolic visual communication of rasa and character identity.

    • Exam Example: “Ahārya Abhinaya deals with — Costume, ornaments, and makeup.”


    2. Nepathya Vidhi

    • Refers to backstage organization—preparation, rituals, prop storage, stage management.

    • Functions:

      • Actor readiness (Sajjīkaraṇa),

      • Quick changes,

      • Offstage coordination.

    • Ritual Significance: Sanctifies the performance process; backstage is a sacred space.

    • Exam Tip: “Nepathya is related to—Backstage arrangement and rituals.”


    3. Comparative Classical Contexts

    Tradition Ahārya Example Nepathya Example
    Sanskrit Colour-coded costumes per rasa Sutradhāra managing greenroom
    Chinese Opera Painted masks & embroidered robes Stagehands as assistants
    Noh Theatre Masks, silk robes Ritual preparation backstage
    Kabuki Ornate wigs, kimono Family apprentices maintaining costumes

    🔶 SECTION D: THEATRE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

    1. Structure of a Theatre Organization

    • Artistic Head: Director or Artistic Director.

    • Production Team: Designers, technicians, stage manager.

    • Administrative Wing: Managing director, marketing, finance, publicity, education outreach.

    • Front of House: Ushers, box office, audience management.

    2. Production Process

    • Script selection → Design meetings → Casting → Rehearsal → Technical run → Dress rehearsal → Performance → Evaluation.

    3. Budgeting and Finance

    • Expenses: Salaries, set construction, costume, lighting, publicity.

    • Revenue: Grants, ticket sales, sponsorships, educational programs.

    4. Safety and Legal Aspects

    • Fire exits, electrical compliance, stage insurance, child performer laws.

    5. Audience Development

    • Educational outreach, subscriptions, social media marketing, community engagement.


    🔶 SECTION E: CHILDREN’S & APPLIED THEATRE FORMS

    1. Children’s Theatre

    • Focus: Educational and imaginative growth.

    • Features:

      • Storytelling, puppetry, song, movement.

      • Bright visuals, simple language, moral themes.

    • Purpose: Cognitive development, empathy, teamwork.

    • Exam Question: “Children’s theatre aims at—Educational and creative development.”


    2. Theatre in Education (TIE)

    • Originated in the UK; now used worldwide.

    • Objective: Teaching through participation and performance.

    • Methods: Role-play, storytelling, improvisation, interactive workshops.

    • Exam Tip: “TIE uses drama as an educational tool.”


    3. Applied Theatre

    • Definition: Theatre used for social transformation (outside conventional stage).

    • Forms: Prison theatre, hospital theatre, community workshops.

    • Function: Healing, awareness, empowerment.


    4. Community Theatre

    • Nature: Created by and for local communities.

    • Themes: Local issues—inequality, education, environment.

    • Indian Examples: Jana Natya Manch (Safdar Hashmi), Naya Theatre (Habib Tanvir).

    • Form: Street theatre, folk-inspired.


    5. Theatre of the Oppressed (Augusto Boal)

    • Concept: Theatre as a rehearsal for revolution.

    • Key Forms:

      • Forum Theatre: Audience intervenes to solve problems.

      • Image Theatre: Freeze-frame expression of oppression.

      • Invisible Theatre: Public performance without audience awareness.

    • Exam Tip: “Who developed Theatre of the Oppressed?” → Augusto Boal.


    6. Feminist Theatre

    • Goal: Challenge patriarchal narratives; give women voice and agency.

    • Methods: Testimonial performances, devised theatre, autobiographical monologues.

    • Indian Context: Dina Pathak, Maya Rao, Mallika Sarabhai.

    • Themes: Gender politics, body image, intersectionality.


    🔶 SECTION F: SYNTHESIS AND EXAM REVISION CHART

    Area Key Focus Likely Question Type
    Theatre Architecture Greek, Roman, Proscenium, Sanskrit Match or MCQ (e.g., “Which has hanamichi?”)
    Stagecraft Lighting, Set, Costume, Makeup Functions & definitions
    Classical Terms Ahārya, Nepathya Short definitions
    Management Theatre organization Assertion–Reason type
    Applied Forms Children’s, TIE, Boal Concept–creator match

    🔶 SECTION G: MODEL UGC-NET QUESTION THEMES

    1. Match the following:
      (a) Hanamichi — (Kabuki)
      (b) Orchestra — (Greek)
      (c) Natyagruha — (Sanskrit)
      (d) Proscenium — (Illusionistic realism)

    2. “Ahārya Abhinaya” deals with —
      → Costume, ornaments, and scenic presentation.

    3. Theatre of the Oppressed encourages —
      → Spect-actor participation.

    4. Who is considered the pioneer of stage lighting design in India?
      → Tapas Sen.

    5. Vikr̥ṣṭa Natyagruha refers to —
      → Large theatre layout in Sanskrit tradition.


    🔶 CONCLUSION

    Unit 9 demands technical precision and conceptual clarity.
    For UGC-NET:

    • Architecture & Stagecraft form 50% of questions.

    • Classical Indian terms (Ahārya, Nepathya) appear frequently in matching or short MCQs.

    • Lighting, Costume, Props are tested for function and designer name recognition.

    • Applied Theatre and Children’s Theatre check theoretical understanding and purpose.

    Pro Tip:
    Revise using comparative charts (Greek vs Sanskrit vs Proscenium), remember designer names, and rehearse definitions of classical terms. Connect Indian traditions to global contexts for essay questions.

  • UGC NET UNIT 8 — ACTING AND DIRECTION – MCQs – Performing Arts

    A. SCHOOLS OF ACTING – WESTERN AND EASTERN

    1. The Natyashastra primarily deals with:
      a) Architecture
      b) Dramaturgy and Acting
      c) Music Theory
      d) Costume Design
      Ans: b

    2. The central aesthetic theory of the Natyashastra is:
      a) Catharsis
      b) Alienation
      c) Rasa
      d) Realism
      Ans: c

    3. Abhinaya in Sanskrit theatre does NOT include:
      a) Angika
      b) Aharya
      c) Kathaka
      d) Sattvika
      Ans: c

    4. The Rasa Sutra in the Natyashastra defines:
      a) Stage construction methods
      b) Relationship between Bhava and Rasa
      c) Makeup techniques
      d) Rules of dialogue writing
      Ans: b

    5. “Acting is an art of suggestion” refers to which tradition?
      a) Greek
      b) Roman
      c) Sanskrit
      d) Realist
      Ans: c

    6. Angika Abhinaya refers to:
      a) Verbal expression
      b) Costumes and makeup
      c) Bodily gestures and movement
      d) Emotional states
      Ans: c

    7. Sattvika Abhinaya expresses:
      a) Costume aesthetics
      b) Vocal technique
      c) Internal emotion through involuntary expression
      d) Physical choreography
      Ans: c

    8. The concept of Yūgen (mystery, grace, subtle beauty) belongs to:
      a) Kabuki Theatre
      b) Noh Theatre
      c) Chinese Opera
      d) Sanskrit Theatre
      Ans: b

    9. The founder of Kabuki theatre was:
      a) Zeami
      b) Okuni
      c) Kan’ami
      d) Li Yu
      Ans: b

    10. Mie (frozen pose) is a signature acting technique of:
      a) Noh
      b) Peking Opera
      c) Kabuki
      d) Sanskrit Theatre
      Ans: c

    11. Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou are role types in:
      a) Peking Opera
      b) Kabuki
      c) Noh
      d) Commedia dell’Arte
      Ans: a

    12. In Peking Opera, the colour black in facial makeup represents:
      a) Deceit
      b) Integrity
      c) Love
      d) Evil
      Ans: b

    13. Commedia dell’Arte originated in:
      a) France
      b) Italy
      c) Spain
      d) Greece
      Ans: b

    14. Arlecchino is a character from:
      a) Sanskrit Theatre
      b) Kabuki
      c) Commedia dell’Arte
      d) Roman Mime
      Ans: c

    15. The Magic If and Given Circumstances are part of whose acting system?
      a) Meyerhold
      b) Brecht
      c) Stanislavsky
      d) Grotowski
      Ans: c

    16. Biomechanics as a theory of acting was introduced by:
      a) Brecht
      b) Stanislavsky
      c) Meyerhold
      d) Brook
      Ans: c

    17. Emotional Memory and Objectives belong to which acting system?
      a) Stanislavsky
      b) Grotowski
      c) Meyerhold
      d) Boal
      Ans: a

    18. Alienation Effect is associated with:
      a) Grotowski
      b) Brecht
      c) Meyerhold
      d) Craig
      Ans: b

    19. Poor Theatre was developed by:
      a) Grotowski
      b) Brook
      c) Boal
      d) Kazan
      Ans: a

    20. The purpose of Poor Theatre is to:
      a) Use elaborate sets
      b) Remove all non-essential theatrical elements
      c) Focus on stage machinery
      d) Replace actors with dancers
      Ans: b


    B. ACTOR’S TRAINING AND TECHNIQUE

    1. Mime primarily trains:
      a) Speech
      b) Improvisation
      c) Body expression and clarity
      d) Costume handling
      Ans: c

    2. Improvisation is essential for:
      a) Text memorization
      b) Spontaneity and ensemble awareness
      c) Choreography
      d) Stage lighting
      Ans: b

    3. Voice and Speech training enhances:
      a) Character movement
      b) Projection and articulation
      c) Costume selection
      d) Sound design
      Ans: b

    4. The integration of voice, body, and emotion defines:
      a) Pantomime
      b) Physical Theatre
      c) Classical realism
      d) Noh performance
      Ans: b

    5. The Indian equivalent of “method acting” based on internal emotion is:
      a) Sattvika Abhinaya
      b) Aharya Abhinaya
      c) Vachika Abhinaya
      d) Angika Abhinaya
      Ans: a

    6. Which acting style emphasises “demonstration” over “identification”?
      a) Brechtian
      b) Stanislavskian
      c) Realist
      d) Symbolist
      Ans: a

    7. Grotowski’s training demands:
      a) Vocal minimalism only
      b) Elimination of emotional truth
      c) Physical and spiritual discipline
      d) Focus on external makeup
      Ans: c

    8. In Natyashastra, acting is both:
      a) Physical and vocal
      b) Emotional and devotional
      c) Technical and spiritual discipline
      d) Mechanical and spontaneous
      Ans: c


    C. DIRECTION THEORIES AND PROCESS

    1. The Duke of Saxe-Meiningen is known as:
      a) Founder of realism
      b) First modern director
      c) Father of experimental theatre
      d) Pioneer of poor theatre
      Ans: b

    2. André Antoine founded:
      a) Moscow Art Theatre
      b) Théâtre Libre
      c) Berliner Ensemble
      d) Group Theatre
      Ans: b

    3. The concept of fourth wall realism originated in:
      a) Commedia dell’Arte
      b) Naturalism
      c) Expressionism
      d) Epic Theatre
      Ans: b

    4. Stanislavsky’s Moscow Art Theatre collaborated with:
      a) Chekhov
      b) Ibsen
      c) Molière
      d) Strindberg
      Ans: a

    5. Epic Theatre is designed to produce:
      a) Emotional catharsis
      b) Critical distance and awareness
      c) Melodrama
      d) Classical imitation
      Ans: b

    6. The Verfremdungseffekt aims to:
      a) Increase realism
      b) Make audience emotionally identify
      c) Encourage critical observation
      d) Use dance as narrative
      Ans: c

    7. Grotowski eliminated what element from theatre?
      a) The actor
      b) The audience
      c) Scenery and excess design
      d) Performance discipline
      Ans: c

    8. Peter Brook’s idea of “The Empty Space” means:
      a) Minimalist set and essential actor–audience communication
      b) Abandoning all meaning
      c) Using black box only
      d) Improvised dance
      Ans: a

    9. Augusto Boal viewed the director as:
      a) Dictator of meaning
      b) Political facilitator
      c) Technical designer
      d) Passive observer
      Ans: b

    10. In Theatre of the Oppressed, audience members become:
      a) Spectators only
      b) Spect-actors (participants)
      c) Stagehands
      d) Producers
      Ans: b

    11. The director’s role is primarily to:
      a) Design costumes
      b) Coordinate and unify all aspects of production
      c) Manage finances only
      d) Write new dialogues
      Ans: b

    12. Composition in direction means:
      a) Costume planning
      b) Spatial arrangement of actors and set for visual harmony
      c) Music composition
      d) Voice coordination
      Ans: b

    13. Tempo and Rhythm in direction influence:
      a) Scriptwriting pace
      b) Emotional energy and dramatic flow
      c) Stage design only
      d) Lighting cue
      Ans: b

    14. Picturisation refers to:
      a) Makeup design
      b) Formation of dynamic stage pictures
      c) Costume sketches
      d) Poster design
      Ans: b

    15. Balance in direction implies:
      a) Equal number of actors on each side
      b) Visual and emotional equilibrium on stage
      c) Musical symmetry
      d) Technical balance of sound
      Ans: b

    16. Emphasis in stage direction is achieved through:
      a) Lighting, movement, and placement
      b) Sound alone
      c) Costume texture only
      d) Improvisation
      Ans: a

    17. Which of these stages belongs to production process?
      a) Script analysis
      b) Scene blocking
      c) Technical rehearsal
      d) All of the above
      Ans: d

    18. Blocking means:
      a) Lighting cue plotting
      b) Actor’s planned movement on stage
      c) Costume fitting
      d) Rehearsal timing
      Ans: b


    D. LIGHTING DESIGN

    1. Lighting primarily serves to:
      a) Decorate the set
      b) Reveal actors and create atmosphere
      c) Replace music
      d) Distract the audience
      Ans: b

    2. The first realistic use of stage lighting was by:
      a) Antoine
      b) Brecht
      c) Boal
      d) Brook
      Ans: a

    3. Adolphe Appia is known for:
      a) Costume design
      b) Lighting theory based on three-dimensional space
      c) Sound composition
      d) Theatre criticism
      Ans: b

    4. Lighting intensity refers to:
      a) Beam size
      b) Brightness level
      c) Lamp colour
      d) Duration
      Ans: b

    5. The emotional tone of lighting is controlled by:
      a) Colour and direction
      b) Stage curtains
      c) Costume fabric
      d) Actor’s makeup
      Ans: a

    6. Fresnel lights are used for:
      a) Sharp focus
      b) Soft, even wash
      c) Spot highlights
      d) Sound absorption
      Ans: b

    7. Follow spot is used to:
      a) Illuminate scenery
      b) Follow actor’s movement
      c) Backlight the set
      d) Dim the stage
      Ans: b

    8. Gobos in lighting design are:
      a) Masks worn by actors
      b) Patterned templates for textured light projection
      c) Costume embellishments
      d) Types of microphones
      Ans: b

    9. The Indian lighting designer who revolutionized modern stagecraft:
      a) Habib Tanvir
      b) Tapas Sen
      c) Ratan Thiyam
      d) Ebrahim Alkazi
      Ans: b


    E. COSTUME DESIGN

    1. Costume primarily aids in:
      a) Set construction
      b) Characterization and visual storytelling
      c) Lighting effects
      d) Improvisation
      Ans: b

    2. The silhouette of costume conveys:
      a) Period and status
      b) Dialogue
      c) Stage design
      d) Vocal tone
      Ans: a

    3. In costume design, texture affects:
      a) Lighting reflection and tactile appeal
      b) Music tempo
      c) Script interpretation
      d) Blocking
      Ans: a

    4. Costume colour schemes must coordinate with:
      a) Lighting palette
      b) Props
      c) Stage curtains only
      d) Microphone setting
      Ans: a

    5. Aharya Abhinaya corresponds to which design aspect?
      a) Acting movement
      b) Costume and makeup
      c) Vocal technique
      d) Music rhythm
      Ans: b

    6. A costume designer’s first step is:
      a) Cutting fabric
      b) Script and character analysis
      c) Lighting setup
      d) Dress rehearsal
      Ans: b

    7. Onnagata in Kabuki refers to:
      a) Male role
      b) Female role played by men
      c) Stage assistant
      d) Dancer
      Ans: b

    8. Makeup design enhances:
      a) Sound quality
      b) Actor’s physical transformation
      c) Stage depth
      d) Costume lighting
      Ans: b


    F. PRODUCTION AND INTEGRATION

    1. The term mise-en-scène refers to:
      a) Dialogue delivery
      b) Complete visual composition of the stage
      c) Script editing
      d) Music direction
      Ans: b

    2. Motivated lighting refers to:
      a) Using hidden light sources
      b) Light that appears to come from within the scene
      c) Random spotlights
      d) Overhead floodlight
      Ans: b

    3. The “production concept” is:
      a) A summary of script
      b) Director’s central interpretative vision
      c) Technical report
      d) Marketing plan
      Ans: b

    4. In Indian context, Habib Tanvir’s direction is noted for:
      a) Realistic European settings
      b) Folk elements and indigenous performers
      c) Musical opera
      d) Absurdist style
      Ans: b

    5. Ebrahim Alkazi is best known for:
      a) Realistic film acting
      b) Theatre direction and design at NSD
      c) Kathakali choreography
      d) Street theatre
      Ans: b

    6. Ratan Thiyam’s theatre combines:
      a) Manipuri ritual, martial art, and modern aesthetics
      b) Brechtian alienation
      c) Greek chorus technique
      d) Film adaptation
      Ans: a

    7. B.V. Karanth contributed mainly to:
      a) Music composition and direction in modern Indian theatre
      b) Light design
      c) Costume design
      d) Mime acting
      Ans: a

    8. Balance, Emphasis, Composition, Movement are:
      a) Elements of direction
      b) Acting methods
      c) Lighting terms
      d) Music patterns
      Ans: a


    G. WESTERN DIRECTORS & DESIGNERS

    1. Max Reinhardt is known for:
      a) Expressionist direction
      b) Kabuki acting
      c) Sanskrit revival
      d) Street theatre
      Ans: a

    2. Edward Gordon Craig proposed:
      a) Realism
      b) The actor as Übermarionette (super-puppet)
      c) Epic theatre
      d) Poor theatre
      Ans: b

    3. Appia and Craig emphasized:
      a) Two-dimensional scenery
      b) Light and architecture as dynamic stage elements
      c) Minimal rehearsal
      d) Emotional memory
      Ans: b

    4. Antonin Artaud proposed:
      a) Theatre of Cruelty
      b) Theatre of the Oppressed
      c) Theatre of Roots
      d) Expressionist realism
      Ans: a

    5. Artaud’s Theatre of Cruelty seeks to:
      a) Entertain politely
      b) Shock and awaken subconscious emotion
      c) Focus on historical realism
      d) Replace actors with films
      Ans: b

    6. Boal’s Forum Theatre allows:
      a) Passive viewing
      b) Audience intervention and enactment
      c) Silent observation
      d) Ritual chanting
      Ans: b

    7. Peter Brook’s Mahabharata exemplifies:
      a) Realism
      b) Intercultural theatre
      c) Epic theatre
      d) Peking Opera adaptation
      Ans: b

    8. Stanislavsky’s System inspired which American school?
      a) The Group Theatre
      b) Berliner Ensemble
      c) Chorus Repertory
      d) NSD
      Ans: a

    9. Jerzy Grotowski’s Poor Theatre was practiced where?
      a) Poland
      b) France
      c) Russia
      d) USA
      Ans: a


    H. INDIAN DIRECTORS & APPLICATION

    1. Badal Sircar’s Third Theatre primarily advocated:
      a) Elaborate proscenium spectacle
      b) Small-scale, non-proscenium, actor-audience proximity and political engagement
      c) Opera and musical fusion
      d) Filmic adaptations only
      Ans: b

    2. Prithvi Theatre in Mumbai is most associated with:
      a) Ebrahim Alkazi and the Kapoor family as cultural patrons and a repertory venue
      b) Habib Tanvir’s Naya Theatre
      c) Badal Sircar’s Anganmanch only
      d) Ratan Thiyam’s Chorus Repertory
      Ans: a

    3. The director who integrated folk performers and Chhattisgarhi actors into modern plays was:
      a) Ebrahim Alkazi
      b) Habib Tanvir
      c) Ratan Thiyam
      d) B.V. Karanth
      Ans: b

    4. Which staging element is primarily the concern of the lighting designer?
      a) Actor’s diction
      b) Visual focus, mood, and time of day
      c) Costume stitching
      d) Prop procurement
      Ans: b

    5. A lighting plot is:
      a) A script annotation for actors
      b) Diagram indicating position, type and purpose of each lighting instrument in the theatre
      c) Sequence of costume changes
      d) Sound cue list
      Ans: b

    6. In costume design, period accuracy refers to:
      a) The emotional arc of a character
      b) Ensuring garments, cuts and accessories reflect the historical era of the play (or intentionally stylised alternative)
      c) Number of costume changes
      d) Type of fabric only
      Ans: b

    7. Mise-en-scène most accurately refers to:
      a) Lighting cue timings
      b) The total visual arrangement on stage — actors, props, set, costume and movement as an integrated image
      c) Only set construction details
      d) Musical accompaniment
      Ans: b

    8. Which technique helps an actor to find inner motivation through sensory recall or past experience?
      a) Biomechanics
      b) Emotional memory (Stanislavskian technique)
      c) Alienation effect
      d) Mie pose
      Ans: b

    9. Cue-to-cue rehearsal is primarily used to:
      a) Teach actors improvisation skills
      b) Run through transitions focusing on technical cues (lighting, sound, set changes) rather than entire scenes
      c) Design costumes
      d) Compose the score
      Ans: b

    10. A gobo is used to:
      a) Amplify an actor’s voice
      b) Project patterned light or texture onto stage surfaces
      c) Fasten costume pieces
      d) Record the performance
      Ans: b

    11. The concept of gestus (social gesture) is central to which director/playwright’s acting theory?
      a) Stanislavsky
      b) Meyerhold
      c) Brecht
      d) Grotowski
      Ans: c

    12. In directing, a table work session usually involves:
      a) Blocking for movement around a table prop only
      b) Close textual analysis and discussion of the script with actors before physical rehearsal begins
      c) Costume fittings
      d) Light cue programming
      Ans: b

    13. The stage configuration called thrust places the audience:
      a) Only on one side in front of the stage
      b) On three sides around a stage that projects into the audience (audience on three sides)
      c) Completely surrounds the stage (arena)
      d) Above the stage (balcony)
      Ans: b

    14. Antoine and the Théâtre Libre are historically linked to which theatrical principle?
      a) Epic theatre and alienation
      b) Naturalism and truth to life on stage
      c) Poor theatre minimalism
      d) Kabuki stylisation
      Ans: b

    15. A director using picturisation will most often emphasise:
      a) Text fidelity only
      b) Creating striking stage images, tableaux and visual compositions to tell story moments
      c) Rapid improvisation without design
      d) Exclusive use of multimedia screens
      Ans: b

    16. Which practice is essential for ensuring costumes read correctly under stage lights?
      a) Waiting until opening night for fitting
      b) Conducting costume tests under actual stage lighting during rehearsals
      c) Ignoring fabric reflectivity
      d) Using only dark colours
      Ans: b

    17. Footlights historically provided lighting from:
      a) Above the audience balcony
      b) The stage floor at the front edge, influencing low-angle illumination and shadowing
      c) The wings only
      d) Side towers only
      Ans: b

    18. Which directing approach favours the director as a facilitator of ensemble devised work rather than an authorial auteur?
      a) Auteur approach
      b) Devised/collective creation methods (ensemble-devised theatre)
      c) Strict textual literalism
      d) Commercial producer model
      Ans: b

    19. In a production’s concept meeting, participants normally discuss:
      a) Script interpretation, design palette (colours, textures), spatial approach and audience relationship — aligning director and designers on a unified vision
      b) Only catering arrangements
      c) Box office pricing exclusively
      d) Film distribution rights
      Ans: a

    20. Which of the following best captures the director’s ultimate responsibility?
      a) Sewing and fitting costumes
      b) Ensuring coherence of performance, design and audience experience — turning text into a live, communicative artwork
      c) Writing music for the play
      d) Marketing tickets only
      Ans: b

  • UGC NET UNIT 8 — ACTING AND DIRECTION

    SECTION A: SCHOOLS OF ACTING — WESTERN & EASTERN

    1. Early Western Traditions

    Greek Theatre

    • Origins: Rooted in religious rituals dedicated to Dionysus.

    • Acting Style: Highly stylized, declamatory, and ritualistic.

    • Use of Masks: Large masks for amplification and character distinction.

    • Chorus Function: Commented on action, representing collective moral/social consciousness.

    • Training: Emphasis on voice projection, gesture, and rhetorical expression.

    Roman Theatre

    • Adapted Greek models but focused on entertainment and spectacle.

    • Acting: More realistic in body movement; vocal projection was crucial in large amphitheatres.

    • Mime and Pantomime: Popular forms; relied on physical acting and expressive gesture.

    Elizabethan Theatre (16th–17th Century)

    • Context: Flourished during Shakespeare’s era; no formal actor training schools yet.

    • Acting Style: Rhetorical and dynamic; actors performed multiple roles, used heightened speech and direct audience address.

    • Stage: Thrust stage allowed intimate connection with the audience.

    • Costume and Gesture: Symbolic rather than realistic.

    Commedia dell’Arte (Italy, 16th Century)

    • Improvisational theatre with stock characters (Arlecchino, Pantalone, Colombina).

    • Acting Method: Physical comedy, exaggerated gestures, acrobatics, and masks.

    • Importance: Laid foundations for improvisation, ensemble work, and character archetypes in modern theatre.


    2. Modern Western Schools of Acting

    Representational Acting

    • Focus: Illusion of real life; psychological truth and natural behaviour.

    • Method: Actors “become” the character internally (as opposed to presentational acting).

    • Influence: Central to modern realism.

    Constantin Stanislavsky (1863–1938)

    • Founder of the Stanislavsky System or “Method Acting.”

    • Core Concepts:

      • Given Circumstances: The world and situation of the play.

      • Magic If: Imaginative projection — “What would I do if I were in this situation?”

      • Objective/Super-objective: The goal that drives the character’s actions.

      • Emotional Memory: Recall of personal experiences to evoke emotion.

      • Through-line of Action: Logical progression of objectives through the play.

    • Impact: Foundation of naturalistic and method acting worldwide.

    Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874–1940) — Biomechanics

    • Reaction against Stanislavsky’s psychological realism.

    • Advocated physical theatre: actor’s body as a precise instrument of expression.

    • Developed biomechanics: system of movement emphasizing rhythm, balance, energy, and expressiveness.

    • Promoted theatricality and stylisation.

    Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) — Epic Theatre

    • Objective: To provoke critical awareness, not emotional catharsis.

    • Acting Principle: Verfremdungseffekt (Alienation Effect) — the actor presents the character rather than becoming it.

    • Techniques: Narration, placards, songs, direct address to audience, visible stage mechanics.

    • Aim: Encourage audiences to question social and political realities.

    Jerzy Grotowski (1933–1999) — Poor Theatre

    • Concept: Eliminate excess (set, costume, lighting) to focus on the actor-spectator encounter.

    • Actor Training: Intense physical and vocal discipline, precision, and authenticity.

    • Goal: “Total act” — actor’s spiritual and physical self-exposure to audience.

    • Legacy: Physical theatre and experimental training worldwide.


    3.

    EASTERN SCHOOLS OF ACTING

    Eastern performance traditions are among the oldest and most sophisticated acting systems in the world.
    Unlike the Western emphasis on individual psychology and realism, the Eastern schools prioritize codified gesture, stylization, symbolic expression, spiritual discipline, and collective harmony between performer, music, movement, and audience.
    They approach acting not merely as imitation of life, but as a ritual art form that elevates emotion into aesthetic and spiritual experience.


    I. Sanskrit Theatre (India)

    Origin and Philosophy

    • The Natyashastra, attributed to Bharata Muni (circa 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE), is the foundational text of Indian dramaturgy and actor training.

    • Acting (abhinaya) is a spiritual discipline, not just entertainment — its ultimate goal is the evocation of rasa(aesthetic relish or emotional essence).

    • The actor’s task is to transmute worldly emotions (bhavas) into purified aesthetic experience (rasa).

    Core Concepts of Acting

    1. Abhinaya (Means of Expression) – the fourfold system:

      • Angika Abhinaya – bodily gestures, postures, and facial expressions.

      • Vachika Abhinaya – verbal expression, including speech, intonation, song, and rhythm.

      • Aharya Abhinaya – costume, makeup, ornaments, and scenography that support the mood.

      • Sattvika Abhinaya – inner or psychological expression manifesting in involuntary physical signs (e.g., tears, trembling, pallor).

    2. Bhava and Rasa Relationship

      • Bhava (emotion expressed by the actor) is the cause,
        Rasa (aesthetic emotion experienced by the audience) is the effect.

      • Nava Rasas (nine emotions): Śṛṅgāra (love), Hāsya (laughter), Karuṇa (pathos), Raudra (anger), Vīra (heroism), Bhayānaka (fear), Bībhatsa (disgust), Adbhuta (wonder), Śānta (tranquility).

    3. Training and Technique

      • Based on codification, rhythm, and precision.

      • Training in dance, gesture, voice modulation, and musicality.

      • Mastery over mudras (hand gestures), gati (movement), chari (steps), and sthāna (stance).

      • Acting as Yoga: The actor achieves balance between mind, body, and emotion through controlled discipline — similar to yogic meditation.

    4. Performance Conventions

      • Non-realistic, symbolic presentation; minimal stage properties.

      • Suggestive (dhvani) rather than representational expression.

      • Actors project archetypal states rather than individual psychology.

      • Stylised movement, measured rhythm, and musical intonation unify speech and gesture.

    5. Influence

      • Basis for classical Indian dance-drama traditions like Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Yakshagana, Ankia Nat and Ras Leela.

      • Modern Indian acting pedagogy (at NSD and universities) integrates abhinaya with Stanislavskian realism for holistic training.


    II. Peking (Beijing) Opera – China

    Historical Background

    • Originated in the 18th century (Qing Dynasty) as a synthesis of older regional forms.

    • Represents the culmination of Chinese theatrical aesthetics: music, mime, dance, and acrobatics unified into a highly stylised performance system.

    Philosophy and Nature of Acting

    • Acting is not imitation but symbolic representation (chengshi).

    • The stage is a metaphoric space — a single chair or whip can represent mountains, horses, or cities.

    • The actor must internalise both technical precision and moral refinement (ethics of performance known as de).

    Training and Role Types

    • Training begins in childhood; includes acrobatics, singing, martial arts, gesture, and dance.

    • Four major role categories (hangdan):

      1. Sheng – male roles (scholars, warriors, old men).

      2. Dan – female roles (played by men historically).

      3. Jing – painted-face roles (symbolic facial makeup for generals, gods, demons).

      4. Chou – comic or clown characters, often commentators.

    • Each role type has unique voice timbre, walk, rhythm, and gesture vocabulary.

    Vocal and Physical Technique

    • Integration of song (chang), speech (nian), dance-acting (zuo), and combat (da).

    • Actors use high-pitched falsetto, musical speech, and rhythmic pacing.

    • Costumes and Makeup: Iconographic and codified—colors convey moral attributes (red = loyalty, white = deceit, black = integrity).

    Acting Principles

    • Precision and Restraint: No improvisation; perfection achieved through repetition.

    • Symbolism: Movement and color evoke abstract qualities (virtue, emotion, status).

    • Unity of the Arts: The actor is singer, dancer, mime, and acrobat.

    Influence

    • Inspired Western avant-garde directors (e.g., Brecht studied Chinese acting for Epic Theatre’s “gestic” style).

    • Basis for physical and visual discipline in intercultural actor training.


    III. Noh Theatre – Japan

    Origins

    • Developed in the 14th century by Kan’ami and Zeami Motokiyo.

    • Merges Buddhist philosophy, Shinto ritual, and courtly aesthetics.

    • Conceived as “the art of yūgen” — grace, profundity, and spiritual beauty expressed through restraint.

    Philosophy of Acting

    • Purpose: Not to imitate life but to embody the essence of emotion and transience (mono no aware).

    • Acting is a spiritual path — a disciplined mastery over body, breath, and mind.

    • The actor’s performance is a meditation in motion, guided by rhythm and stillness.

    Performance Characteristics

    • Minimalism: Bare wooden stage, single pine-tree backdrop (kagami-ita).

    • Movement: Slow, precise, codified; emotion is expressed through tempo, rhythm, and posture rather than facial expression.

    • Masks: Represent archetypal roles (women, ghosts, deities, warriors); slight head tilt alters emotional tone.

    • Chorus & Music: Recitation and drum ensemble (hayashi) accompany the actor.

    • Role Types:

      • Shite (principal actor)

      • Waki (secondary, often a priest or traveller)

      • Kyōgen (comic interlude performer)

    Training

    • Begins in childhood; physical repetition until movement becomes subconscious.

    • Focus on kata (forms), ma (interval/silence), and jo-ha-kyū (rhythmic progression: introduction, development, rapid conclusion).

    Acting Ideal

    • The actor must “empty the self” to become a vessel for the character’s spirit.

    • Performance achieves transcendence when technique and feeling are unified in absolute control — the opposite of Western spontaneity.

    Influence

    • Noh deeply influenced Western modernists (Yeats, Beckett, Brook) who admired its austerity and ritual power.

    • Introduced the concept of economy and inner stillness in actor training worldwide.


    IV. Kabuki Theatre – Japan

    Origins and Nature

    • Originated in the early 17th century (Edo Period) by female performer Okuni, later performed by men.

    • Derived from the word kabuku meaning “to lean or deviate” — symbolizing flamboyance and stylized expression.

    • Kabuki is actor-centred, spectacular, and dynamic — a fusion of dance, music, mime, and melodrama.

    Aesthetic Principles

    • Mie: The actor freezes in an exaggerated pose at climactic moments — concentrates the energy of emotion and power.

    • Aragoto (“rough style”): Heroic, exaggerated acting for warrior roles.

    • Wagoto (“soft style”): Gentle and realistic acting for romantic or domestic roles.

    • Onnagata: Male actors specializing in female roles — epitome of stylisation and grace.

    Training

    • Traditional apprenticeship; actors inherit roles through lineage.

    • Training emphasizes dance, music, gesture precision, and stamina.

    • Use of kata (codified patterns) similar to Noh and Sanskrit forms.

    Stagecraft

    • Hanamichi (runway) connects stage and audience for dynamic entrances.

    • Rotating stages, trapdoors, and elaborate costumes enhance visual drama.

    • Music (nagauta) and percussion cue action and emotion.

    Acting Technique

    • Mix of realistic dialogue and symbolic gesture.

    • Actor projects energy outward; performance is demonstrative, not internalized.

    • Voice is modulated rhythmically, accompanied by movement and stylized breath control.

    Philosophy

    • Kabuki acting expresses kata (form) rather than psychological realism — external perfection evokes inner essence.

    • It celebrates artifice — the beauty of theatrical illusion rather than natural imitation.

    Influence

    • Inspired 20th-century directors like Peter Brook and Eugenio Barba in exploring non-realistic performance.

    • Its principles of physical stylization, tempo, and visual rhythm are incorporated in intercultural training methods.


    V. Comparative Synthesis: Eastern vs Western Acting

    Aspect Eastern Tradition Western Tradition
    Purpose Spiritual, ritual, symbolic; evokes rasa or transcendence Psychological realism; mimesis of life
    Technique Codified gesture, music, rhythm, stylization Emotional memory, character realism
    Actor’s Task To represent archetype and evoke emotion aesthetically To inhabit individual character truthfully
    Training Long apprenticeship, discipline, repetition, body mastery Analytical, improvisational, emotional exploration
    Audience Role Contemplative, meditative participation Empathetic identification, catharsis
    Influence on Modern Theatre Inspired interculturalism (Brook, Barba, Grotowski) Formed core of realism and method acting

    VI. Influence on Modern and Indian Acting

    • Indian actors and directors like Ratan Thiyam, Kavalam Panicker, and K.N. Panikkar drew from these Eastern disciplines, combining Natyashastra, Noh, and Grotowski methods to form hybrid performance languages.

    • The National School of Drama (NSD) integrated Eastern physical training (yoga, Koodiyattam, Kalaripayattu) with Western systems (Stanislavsky, Brecht).

    • The “Theatre of Roots” movement in India sought to reinterpret ancient abhinaya techniques through modern dramaturgy, bridging the gap between realism and ritual.


    4. Elements of Actor’s Training

    Mime

    • Acting without words; conveys emotion and story through gesture and movement.

    • Develops clarity, control, and expressiveness.

    Voice and Speech

    • Foundation of acting: control of breathing, resonance, diction, and tone.

    • Essential for emotional colouring and text delivery.

    Improvisation

    • Enhances spontaneity, listening, collaboration, and adaptability.

    • Rooted in Commedia dell’Arte and widely used in actor training and devised theatre.

    Physical Theatre

    • Integration of body, movement, sound, and space as primary expressive tools.

    • Derived from Grotowski, Meyerhold, Lecoq traditions.


    Direction Theories in Theatre and Drama

    (With sections on Lighting and Costume Design)


    1. The Concept of Direction

    The director is the creative head and interpretive leader of a theatrical production — responsible for transforming a written script into a living performance.
    In modern theatre, the director’s role has evolved from “stage manager” to “auteur” (creative author) — a visionary who unifies acting, design, rhythm, and meaning into a coherent stage experience.

    Direction is both artistic (conceptual, aesthetic) and technical (management, coordination, composition).


    2. Historical Evolution of Theories of Direction

    (a) Early Period — The Playwright as Director

    • In Greek, Sanskrit, and Elizabethan theatre, playwrights often directed their own plays (e.g., Sophocles, Kalidasa, Shakespeare).

    • Acting and staging conventions were communal rather than personalized visions.

    • No specialized “director” existed — the focus was ritual or text.

    (b) The Birth of the Modern Director (19th Century)

    • Emerged with the rise of realism and complex stagecraft.

    • Theatre demanded unified vision — historically accurate sets, ensemble discipline, and consistent style.

    The Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1826–1914)

    • Father of Modern Direction.

    • Insisted on historical accuracy in costumes/props.

    • Developed ensemble acting — all actors equally rehearsed and coordinated.

    • Introduced the director as a visual composer, orchestrating actors and design as one artwork.

    André Antoine (1858–1943) – Théâtre Libre, France

    • Founder of Naturalistic Theatre.

    • Emphasized realistic environment, “fourth wall” illusion, everyday speech.

    • Introduced motivated lighting (real light sources like lamps, windows).

    • Actor’s behaviour stems from environment — “truth of the stage equals truth of life.”


    (c) Realist and Psychological Theories

    Constantin Stanislavsky (Russia)

    • Focused on psychological realism.

    • Director’s role: guide actors to discover inner truth, given circumstances, and through-line of action.

    • Rehearsal is a process of exploration, not imitation.

    • Introduced the director as a teacher and collaborator — not authoritarian.

    Elia Kazan (USA)

    • Applied Stanislavskian method to American plays (Miller, Williams).

    • Prioritized emotional authenticity, ensemble interplay, and social realism.

    • Rehearsal as “laboratory for living truth.”


    (d) Modernist and Non-Realistic Theories

    Vsevolod Meyerhold – Constructivism and Biomechanics

    • Director as architect of performance.

    • Rejected naturalism; emphasized rhythmic composition, mechanical precision, and symbolic setting.

    • Scenery built as dynamic “machines” actors could climb and use — theatre as kinetic sculpture.

    Bertolt Brecht – Epic Theatre

    • Director’s job: prevent audience’s emotional identification; provoke critical distance (Verfremdungseffekt).

    • Used projections, songs, narration, and commentary.

    • Acting was demonstration of behaviour, not illusion.

    • Director as political educator, shaping awareness of social contradictions.

    Jerzy Grotowski – Poor Theatre

    • Director eliminates excess; focuses on actor–spectator relationship.

    • Rehearsal as spiritual and physical training.

    • Performance = ritual encounter; direction as orchestration of actor energy and spatial intimacy.

    Peter Brook – The Empty Space

    • Defined four kinds of theatre: Deadly, Holy, Rough, Immediate.

    • Direction seeks “pure communication” — can happen anywhere if actor and audience truly connect.

    • Director as catalyst, not dictator.

    • Emphasized improvisation, multiculturalism, and spatial fluidity.

    Augusto Boal – Theatre of the Oppressed

    • Direction becomes facilitation — empowers participants to act out social change.

    • Forum Theatre and Invisible Theatre dissolve director/actor hierarchy.

    • Theatre as a tool for liberation rather than spectacle.


    (e) Contemporary and Postmodern Theories

    • Director as deviser — collaborator creating work through workshops (collective creation).

    • Postdramatic Theatre (Lehmann): direction focuses on image, rhythm, sound, and movement, not linear narrative.

    • Intercultural Directors (Ratan Thiyam, Kavalam Panicker, Tadashi Suzuki): blend ritual, physical training, and modern dramaturgy.

    • Feminist and Applied Theatre Directors: reimagine direction as process, participation, and dialogue.


    3. The Role and Responsibilities of the Director

    Creative Function Managerial Function
    Script analysis and concept creation Casting and scheduling
    Visual composition and blocking Coordination with design departments
    Rhythm, tempo, and spatial balance Budget and rehearsal planning
    Guiding actor interpretation Technical integration (light, sound, costume)
    Maintaining stylistic unity Communication with production team

    Director as Collaborator: The director mediates between playwright, performers, and designers, ensuring coherence of mood, pace, and meaning.


    4. Fundamentals of Directional Design

    1. Balance

    • Equilibrium between visual elements on stage.

    • Prevents visual clutter or asymmetry; ensures focus.

    2. Emphasis

    • Highlighting focal points through lighting, movement, or spatial placement.

    • Draws attention to the main dramatic moment.

    3. Composition

    • Arranging actors and set elements to create visual harmony.

    • Reflects relationships and power dynamics (e.g., triangular composition for tension).

    4. Picturisation

    • Creating living pictures (tableaux vivants).

    • Used to convey transitions, emotional peaks, or symbolic meaning.

    5. Movement

    • Directs energy flow; defines rhythm and dramatic progression.

    • Can be realistic (daily motion) or stylised (choreographed pattern).

    6. Tempo and Rhythm

    • Tempo = pace of action; Rhythm = emotional pulse.

    • The director manipulates both to sustain dramatic tension.


    5. Process of Production (Script → Performance)

    1. Script Analysis: Study structure, subtext, conflict, and character arcs.

    2. Research & Conceptualisation: Historical, social, and thematic exploration.

    3. Design Collaboration: Visualise set, light, costume, and sound within concept.

    4. Casting: Choose actors fitting style, physicality, and energy.

    5. Rehearsal Phase: Table reading → blocking → improvisation → run-throughs.

    6. Technical Rehearsals: Integration of cues, light, and sound.

    7. Preview & Performance: Audience interaction and adjustments.

    8. Evaluation & Documentation: Review and refine for future performances.


    💡 Lighting Design in Theatre

    Lighting transforms space, mood, and focus — it is the director’s brush of atmosphere.


    1. Functions of Lighting

    1. Visibility – Ensures actors and set are seen clearly.

    2. Focus – Directs audience attention to important actions or characters.

    3. Mood and Atmosphere – Warm vs cool tones, brightness, and shadow shape emotional tone.

    4. Time and Place – Suggests time of day, season, or interior/exterior environment.

    5. Composition and Depth – Enhances visual balance and three-dimensionality.

    6. Style – Reflects realism, expressionism, or abstraction as per production’s aesthetic.


    2. Elements and Principles of Lighting

    Element Description
    Intensity Brightness or dimness; measured in lux or foot-candles.
    Colour Achieved through gels or LEDs; affects emotional resonance. (Blue – melancholy, Red – passion, Amber – warmth).
    Direction/Angle Source position — front, side, back, top, footlights; creates texture and depth.
    Distribution How light spreads across stage; can isolate or integrate areas.
    Movement Shifting light (fades, crossfades, follow spots) creates dynamism.
    Texture Patterned light (gobos) adds interest — e.g., window shadows, leaves.

    3. Types of Stage Lights

    • Fresnel – Soft-edged, general wash.

    • Profile/ERS – Hard-edged, focusable beam.

    • PAR Can – Intense beam for strong highlights.

    • Floodlight – Wide, even area light.

    • Follow Spot – Tracks actor movement dynamically.

    • LEDs & Intelligent Lights – Colour change and programmable movement.


    4. The Lighting Designer’s Process

    1. Script reading and concept alignment with director.

    2. Creating lighting plot (diagram of instrument placement).

    3. Programming cues in lighting console.

    4. Cue-to-cue rehearsals for precision timing.

    5. Balancing artistic expression with practical visibility.


    👗 Costume Design in Theatre

    Costume design is the visual psychology of character — it conveys personality, period, class, and emotion through fabric, colour, and silhouette.


    1. Functions of Costume

    1. Characterization – Defines age, profession, gender, social status, temperament.

    2. Period & Style – Indicates historical era or aesthetic world of play.

    3. Mood & Symbolism – Colours and textures evoke emotional and thematic associations.

    4. Visual Unity – Complements lighting, set, and overall palette.

    5. Practicality – Allows actor mobility, quick changes, and durability.

    6. Transformation – Symbolic costume shifts can suggest time, identity, or psychological change.


    2. Elements of Costume Design

    Element Explanation
    Line and Silhouette Shape of garment communicates period and body language (rigid, flowing, angular).
    Colour Suggests mood (white – purity, red – power, black – tragedy). Works in harmony with lighting palette.
    Texture and Fabric Coarse vs smooth, shiny vs matte — tactile expression of character and class.
    Accessories Headgear, jewelry, props add detail and authenticity.
    Makeup and Hairstyle Extend characterization; link to tradition (e.g., Kathakali or Kabuki makeup as codified signifiers).

    3. The Costume Designer’s Process

    1. Script Study & Character Analysis – Understanding journey and function of each role.

    2. Historical/Stylistic Research – Authenticity or creative stylization as per concept.

    3. Sketches & Mood Boards – Colour swatches, fabric samples.

    4. Measurements & Fittings – Collaboration with actors and costume cutters.

    5. Rehearsal Tests – Ensuring movement comfort and visual harmony.

    6. Final Adjustments – Integration with lighting (colours change under stage light).


    4. Relationship Between Direction, Lighting, and Costume

    • All three must serve the director’s concept and reinforce the production’s mood and message.

    • Lighting reveals costume; costume reflects light — their design must be coordinated for colour harmony and visibility.

    • Director + Designers Collaboration:

      • Early production meetings set tone, palette, and texture.

      • Visual unity ensures audience perceives a single coherent world.

      • For stylised productions (Brecht, Grotowski, Tanvir), costume and light often symbolize class or emotion rather than literal accuracy.

        Summary Table

        Aspect Core Purpose Representative Theorists/Practitioners
        Direction Unifying script, performance, and design under a coherent vision Saxe-Meiningen, Antoine, Stanislavsky, Brecht, Brook, Boal
        Lighting Define visibility, focus, mood, time, and style Adolphe Appia, Gordon Craig, Tapas Sen (India)
        Costume Support characterization, period, and symbolic aesthetics Edith Head (West), Bhanu Athaiya (India), traditional folk designers
        Integrated Approach Fusion of all design elements guided by directorial concept NSD, Prithvi Theatre, Chorus Repertory (India)

    🕯️ Indian Context: Direction, Lighting, and Costume

    • Ebrahim Alkazi brought modern stagecraft to India — introduced sophisticated lighting design, realistic blocking, and ensemble training at NSD.

    • Habib Tanvir used minimalist lights and folk-inspired costumes to merge local authenticity with modern political theatre.

    • Ratan Thiyam (Manipur) integrates ritualistic white costumes and symbolic lighting inspired by spiritual traditions.

    • B.V. Karanth and Kavalam Panicker fused music, costume, and light into rhythmic total theatre.

    • Modern Indian Designers (Tapas Sen, Shailesh Shrivastava) revolutionized stage lighting aesthetics using colour theory and poetic visuality.


    SECTION C: IDEAS ON PRODUCTION

    1. Realistic Production

    Theorist Contribution
    Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Introduced historically accurate sets, costumes; ensemble discipline; concept of “director as creative authority.”
    André Antoine (Théâtre Libre) Promoted naturalistic drama, real props, realistic mise-en-scène.
    Stanislavsky Established psychological realism; developed actor’s system of inner truth.
    Elia Kazan Popularised Stanislavsky’s method in America through plays of Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller.

    Essence: Faithfulness to life, psychological motivation, environmental realism.
    Impact on India: Influenced post-Independence Indian realism (Mohan Rakesh, Vijay Tendulkar, Girish Karnad’s early plays) and institutionalised acting methods at NSD.


    2. Non-Realistic Production

    Theorist Contribution
    Bertolt Brecht Epic theatre; social critique through alienation techniques, narration, and visible theatricality.
    Meyerhold Constructivism and biomechanics; stylised movement, anti-realism, symbolic space.
    Peter Brook “The Empty Space”; minimalist, cross-cultural, experimental theatre.
    Augusto Boal “Theatre of the Oppressed”; forum theatre, invisible theatre, participatory democratic model.

    Essence: Breaking illusion, using theatre as instrument of reflection, change, and experimentation.
    Impact on India: Inspired Badal Sircar’s Third Theatre, Habib Tanvir’s folk-realistic style, and Forum Theatre practices in activism and education.


    IMPACT OF WESTERN ACTING & DIRECTION ON POST-INDEPENDENT INDIAN THEATRE

    • Hybrid Aesthetics: Indian directors combined Stanislavskian realism with Brechtian social awareness and folk storytelling (e.g., Ratan Thiyam, Ebrahim Alkazi, Habib Tanvir).

    • Training Pedagogies: NSD incorporated Stanislavsky and Grotowski methods in actor training.

    • Devised/Community Theatre: Inspired by Boal’s participatory models and Brecht’s political theatre.

    • Actor’s Craft: Indian performers employ both psychological depth and physical/ritual precision inherited from classical traditions.


    KEY TERMINOLOGY FOR EXAM REVISION

    Term Meaning
    Abhinaya Fourfold expression in Indian acting (Angika, Vachika, Aharya, Sattvika).
    Rasa Aesthetic flavour or emotion experienced by the audience.
    Gestus Brechtian term for social attitude expressed through gesture.
    Biomechanics Meyerhold’s physical training method focusing on body efficiency and expression.
    Verfremdungseffekt Brecht’s alienation effect; keeps audience critically aware.
    Poor Theatre Grotowski’s minimalist theatre focusing on actor-audience intimacy.
    Forum Theatre Boal’s participatory form inviting audience intervention.
    Mise-en-scène Complete visual composition of a stage picture.
    Picturisation

    Dynamic arrangement of actors to communicate meaning.

  • UGC NET Unit 7 — Modern Indian Theatre – MCQs – Performing Arts

    Unit 7 — Modern Indian Theatre, modelled on the style and topics that appear regularly in UGC-NET Performing Arts papers. They cover origins, movements (IPTA, Navanatya, Third/Root/Alternate Theatre), street & applied theatre, major playwrights/directors (Girish Karnad, Vijay Tendulkar, Badal Sircar, Habib Tanvir, Mohan Rakesh, Ratan Thiyam, Kavalam Panicker, Ebrahim Alkazi, etc.), representative plays, and institutions.

    1. IPTA stands for:
      a) Indian People’s Theatre Association
      b) Indian Professional Theatre Association
      c) International People’s Theatre Alliance
      d) Indian Popular Theatre Academy
      Answer: a

    2. The IPTA movement began primarily in which decade?
      a) 1910s
      b) 1930s–1940s
      c) 1960s
      d) 1980s
      Answer: b

    3. Which of the following was a primary aim of IPTA?
      a) Commercial theatre production
      b) Cultural mobilisation and social awareness
      c) Purely aesthetic experimentation
      d) Importing Western plays only
      Answer: b

    4. The “Third Theatre” concept in India is most closely associated with:
      a) Prithvi Theatre
      b) Badal Sircar
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Ebrahim Alkazi
      Answer: b

    5. Badal Sircar pioneered which performance space model?
      a) Proscenium-only theatre
      b) Anganmanch (courtyard stage)/found spaces
      c) Black-box with elaborate sets
      d) Radio theatre
      Answer: b

    6. Habib Tanvir is best known for fusing modern drama with:
      a) European opera
      b) Chhattisgarhi folk performance traditions
      c) Chinese opera
      d) Kabuki theatre
      Answer: b

    7. Girish Karnad wrote which of the following plays?
      a) Tughlaq
      b) Ghashiram Kotwal
      c) Evam Indrajit
      d) Charandas Chor
      Answer: a

    8. Vijay Tendulkar is a prominent playwright in which language tradition?
      a) Bengali
      b) Marathi
      c) Kannada
      d) Malayalam
      Answer: b

    9. Which playwright is associated with Evam Indrajit?
      a) Mohan Rakesh
      b) Badal Sircar
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Vijay Tendulkar
      Answer: b

    10. Ghashiram Kotwal is a landmark play by:
      a) Girish Karnad
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Mohan Rakesh
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: b

    11. The National School of Drama (NSD) was established in:
      a) 1920s
      b) 1959 (as independent institute in 1959)
      c) 1980s
      d) 2000s
      Answer: b

    12. Ebrahim Alkazi is noted for his role as:
      a) Founder of IPTA
      b) Director and Principal of NSD who professionalised theatre training
      c) Pioneer of Third Theatre
      d) Founder of Prithvi Theatre
      Answer: b

    13. Prithvi Theatre was founded by:
      a) Habib Tanvir
      b) Prithviraj Kapoor and Sunil Kapoor family (Prithvi Trust)
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Girish Karnad
      Answer: b

    14. Which movement emphasised returning to indigenous forms and folk roots?
      a) Naturalism
      b) Root Theatre / Theatre of Roots
      c) Epic Theatre
      d) Melodrama
      Answer: b

    15. “Third Theatre” typically rejects:
      a) Audience participation
      b) Proscenium, commercial trappings, and passive audience configuration
      c) Political themes
      d) Folk idioms
      Answer: b

    16. Which theatre practitioner is widely credited with popularising folk-based theatre like Charandas Chor?
      a) Girish Karnad
      b) Habib Tanvir
      c) Vijay Tendulkar
      d) Ebrahim Alkazi
      Answer: b

    17. Mohan Rakesh is best known for which play?
      a) Adhe Adhure
      b) Tughlaq
      c) Charandas Chor
      d) Evam Indrajit
      Answer: a

    18. Which movement focused on theatre in public spaces to mobilise the masses?
      a) Proscenium revival
      b) Street theatre / Jana Natya
      c) Radio drama
      d) Puppet theatre
      Answer: b

    19. Jana Natya Mandali and similar groups are known for:
      a) Opera performances
      b) Street theatre with socio-political agenda
      c) Classical Sanskrit drama only
      d) Silent mime exclusively
      Answer: b

    20. Theatre of the Oppressed was developed by:
      a) Badal Sircar
      b) Augusto Boal
      c) Bertolt Brecht
      d) Ebrahim Alkazi
      Answer: b

    21. Forum Theatre is a technique within:
      a) Naturalism
      b) Theatre of the Oppressed
      c) Melodrama
      d) Greek Tragedy
      Answer: b

    22. Applied theatre refers to:
      a) Theatre strictly for aesthetic enjoyment
      b) Theatre used for education, social change, health and community development
      c) Only historical reconstructions
      d) Opera and ballet fusion
      Answer: b

    23. Site-specific theatre is characterised by:
      a) Stage set in neutral studios only
      b) Performance tailored to and integrated with a particular location or site
      c) Radio broadcasts only
      d) Universal scripts unchanged by context
      Answer: b

    24. Badal Sircar’s “Aanganmanch” primarily emphasised:
      a) Elaborate sets and costumes
      b) Minimalism and direct exchange between actors and audience in courtyards
      c) Musical opera format
      d) Screen adaptations only
      Answer: b

    25. Which playwright dramatized the solitude and alienation of post-Independence urban youth (notably in Evam Indrajit)?
      a) Vijay Tendulkar
      b) Badal Sircar
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: b

    26. Ratan Thiyam is associated with which regional theatre tradition?
      a) Bengali theatre
      b) Manipuri theatre and Chorus Repertory Theatre
      c) Marathi theatre
      d) Punjabi theatre
      Answer: b

    27. Kavalam Narayana Panicker is known for integrating:
      a) Kathakali and Kerala folk elements into modern theatre
      b) Kabuki form into Indian theatre
      c) Peking opera techniques
      d) European realism only
      Answer: a

    28. Which institution gives national recognition and awards to theatre artists in India?
      a) Film and Television Institute of India
      b) Sangeet Natak Akademi
      c) All India Radio
      d) National Museum
      Answer: b

    29. The Navanatya movement is best described as:
      a) A classical Sanskrit revival only
      b) A modernist movement experimenting with form and content in Indian theatre
      c) A film movement
      d) A musical tradition
      Answer: b

    30. Which theatre form did Habib Tanvir famously employ in his productions?
      a) Mime only
      b) Folk chorus and non-professional performers from rural backgrounds
      c) Western choir groups
      d) Pantomime exclusively
      Answer: b

    31. Who is known for the play Hayavadana?
      a) Mohan Rakesh
      b) Girish Karnad
      c) Vijay Tendulkar
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: b

    32. Vijay Tendulkar’s Sakharam Binder deals mainly with:
      a) Mythological romance
      b) Gender, power and social hypocrisy
      c) War epic
      d) Children’s folklore
      Answer: b

    33. Which of these movements is an outcome of political and social activism of artists during the freedom struggle and post-colonial period?
      a) IPTA
      b) Kabuki revival
      c) Noh theatre
      d) Greek chorus
      Answer: a

    34. The term “Alternative Theatre” in India generally means:
      a) Mainstream commercial Bollywood theatre
      b) Experimental and non-commercial forms outside established proscenium conventions
      c) Opera houses in India
      d) Exclusive classical repertory only
      Answer: b

    35. Who directed and staged many productions that institutionalised modern Indian theatre pedagogy at NSD?
      a) Habib Tanvir
      b) Ebrahim Alkazi
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Girish Karnad
      Answer: b

    36. Which play is referred to as a landmark of modern Kannada theatre?
      a) Tughlaq
      b) Hayavadana
      c) Ghashiram Kotwal
      d) Evam Indrajit
      Answer: b

    37. Rangakarmee is a prominent theatre group from which region?
      a) Maharashtra
      b) Bengal (Kolkata)
      c) Kerala
      d) Punjab
      Answer: b

    38. Which movement emphasised minimal props, close actor-audience contact, and actor-centred creation?
      a) Third Theatre
      b) Melodrama
      c) Epic Theatre (strictly proscenium)
      d) Kabuki tradition
      Answer: a

    39. The “Theatre of Roots” initiative aimed to:
      a) Eliminate folk idioms from modern plays
      b) Rediscover indigenous forms and adapt them to contemporary theatre practice
      c) Import exclusively Western forms
      d) Convert theatre into radio plays
      Answer: b

    40. Which playhouse became a cultural hub in Mumbai founded by the Kapoor family?
      a) NSD Auditorium
      b) Prithvi Theatre
      c) Rangashankara
      d) Bharat Bhavan
      Answer: b

    41. Which dramatist’s work often revisits myth to explore contemporary identity (e.g., Nagamandala)?
      a) Vijay Tendulkar
      b) Girish Karnad
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: b

    42. Which theatre practitioner is linked to the formation of Naya Theatre?
      a) Habib Tanvir
      b) Ebrahim Alkazi
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: a

    43. Which of these is a characteristic of Street Theatre in India?
      a) Performed only in theatre halls
      b) Performed in public spaces, often free and issue-based
      c) Always uses elaborate sets and lighting
      d) Restricted to classical repertoire
      Answer: b

    44. Which Indian dramatist is most closely associated with modern Hindi theatre and the play Adhe Adhure?
      a) Mohan Rakesh
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: a

    45. Forum Theatre allows the audience to:
      a) Remain passive spectators only
      b) Intervene and suggest/act alternatives to problems depicted on stage
      c) Hear the play on radio only
      d) Vote for best actor after performance
      Answer: b

    46. Which region is Girish Karnad primarily associated with?
      a) Maharashtra (Marathi)
      b) Karnataka (Kannada)
      c) Bengal (Bengali)
      d) Punjab (Punjabi)
      Answer: b

    47. Which director is known for integrating mobile, site-specific and ritual aesthetics in contemporary Indian productions (e.g., works by Ratan Thiyam)?
      a) Ebrahim Alkazi
      b) Ratan Thiyam
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: b

    48. The term “Navanatya” literally means:
      a) Old theatre
      b) New theatre (modernist experimentation)
      c) Puppet theatre only
      d) Musical theatre exclusively
      Answer: b

    49. Which playwright wrote Charandas Chor?
      a) Vijay Tendulkar
      b) Habib Tanvir
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: b

    50. In India, which organisation is primarily responsible for documenting and supporting performing arts at national level?
      a) Sangeet Natak Akademi
      b) Doordarshan
      c) Filmfare
      d) Sahitya Akademi (only literature)
      Answer: a

    51. Which of these practitioners is known for the “Theatre of Roots” movement?
      a) Ebrahim Alkazi
      b) Ratan Thiyam and Kavalam Panicker
      c) Prithviraj Kapoor only
      d) Girish Karnad exclusively
      Answer: b

    52. Who wrote the Hindi play Ashadh Ka Ek Din which established modern Hindi theatre?
      a) Mohan Rakesh
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Girish Karnad
      Answer: a

    53. “Anganmanch” performances typically take place in:
      a) Radio studios
      b) Courtyards, open grounds and neighbourhood spaces
      c) Opera houses only
      d) Cinema halls only
      Answer: b

    54. Which movement is most directly associated with using theatre as a tool for education, social development and health campaigns?
      a) Applied Theatre
      b) Symbolism
      c) Classical revivalism
      d) Melodrama
      Answer: a

    55. Who is the playwright of Tughlaq that comments on power and idealism?
      a) Girish Karnad
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Mohan Rakesh
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: a

    56. Which theatre company is strongly associated with Habib Tanvir’s folk-modern experiments?
      a) Naya Theatre
      b) Bohurupee
      c) Rangakarmee
      d) Prithvi Group
      Answer: a

    57. Which writer is associated with modern Marathi theatre and socially aware drama?
      a) Girish Karnad
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: b

    58. Which city is historically significant for Bengali modern theatre and group theatre movement?
      a) Mumbai
      b) Kolkata
      c) Chennai
      d) Hyderabad
      Answer: b

    59. Which prominent theatre director worked extensively to popularise modern Hindi theatre in Kolkata (Padatik/Anamika)?
      a) Shyamanand Jalan
      b) Habib Tanvir
      c) Ebrahim Alkazi
      d) Girish Karnad
      Answer: a

    60. Which theatrical approach encourages making the audience think rather than become emotionally absorbed (alienation)?
      a) Brechtian Epic Theatre
      b) Classical Sanskrit Rasa theatre
      c) Melodrama
      d) Farce
      Answer: a

    61. Which playwright used myth and folklore to interrogate contemporary politics and identity (e.g., Nagamandala)?
      a) Badal Sircar
      b) Girish Karnad
      c) Mohan Rakesh
      d) Vijay Tendulkar
      Answer: b

    62. Which of these is a feature of Third Theatre practice?
      a) Heavy reliance on proscenium lighting rigs
      b) Low budget, portability, audience proximity, and improvisation
      c) Exclusive use of professional trained actors only
      d) Strict adherence to Western stagecraft
      Answer: b

    63. Ratan Thiyam’s theatre often draws on:
      a) Punjabi folk tales only
      b) Manipuri ritual, martial and mask traditions and epic narratives
      c) Southeast Asian shadow puppetry exclusively
      d) Western musical theatre forms
      Answer: b

    64. Which playwright wrote Pagla Ghoda?
      a) Badal Sircar (translated/produced in Marathi widely)
      b) Girish Karnad
      c) Mohan Rakesh
      d) Vijay Tendulkar
      Answer: a

    65. The term “Site-specific theatre” most closely implies:
      a) Works that are generic and location-neutral
      b) Works shaped by and inseparable from the physical site where they are performed
      c) Theatre performed only in schools
      d) Only television adaptations
      Answer: b

    66. Which movement helped spawn non-proscenium experiments and community work in rural and urban areas?
      a) IPTA and Third Theatre traditions
      b) Elizabethan theatre exclusively
      c) Roman spectacle only
      d) Kabuki theatre
      Answer: a

    67. The “Group Theatre” tradition in India often refers to:
      a) Single-actor classical pieces
      b) Collectively organised, ensemble based theatre groups with social/political focus
      c) Only commercial musicals
      d) Radio drama groups only
      Answer: b

    68. Which playwright/director was central to the modernisation of Marathi theatre and controversial social themes?
      a) Girish Karnad
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Ratan Thiyam
      d) Kavalam Panicker
      Answer: b

    69. Which institution organises the National School of Drama’s annual festivals and workshops?
      a) Film and Television Institute of India
      b) National School of Drama itself (with Ministry support)
      c) All India Radio
      d) Sangeet Natak Akademi only
      Answer: b

    70. Which of the following best describes Forum Theatre?
      a) Non-interactive proscenium play
      b) Interactive, problem-solving theatre where audience proposes/acts out solutions
      c) Musical theatre style only
      d) Ancient Sanskrit play form
      Answer: b

    71. Shyamanand Jalan founded which theatre group known for Hindi productions in Kolkata?
      a) Padatik (and earlier Anamika)
      b) Naya Theatre
      c) Bohurupee
      d) Rangashankara
      Answer: a

    72. The practice of mixing professional actors with local non-actors for authenticity is a feature of:
      a) Commercial theatre only
      b) Folk-modern fusion and some Third Theatre practices (e.g., Habib Tanvir)
      c) Classical Sanskrit theatre only
      d) Kabuki only
      Answer: b

    73. Which playwright is credited with introducing psychological modernity to Hindi plays (e.g., Adhe Adhure)?
      a) Mohan Rakesh
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: a

    74. Which city is associated with Rangashankara, a prominent theatre space and festival?
      a) Mumbai
      b) Bengaluru
      c) Kolkata
      d) Chennai
      Answer: b

    75. Which theatre practitioner emphasised rehearsal discipline, actor-training and stagecraft at the national level in India?
      a) Badal Sircar
      b) Ebrahim Alkazi
      c) Kabir Bedi
      d) Girish Karnad
      Answer: b

    76. Which movement is most associated with minimal sets, actor-audience exchange and political content in India?
      a) Third Theatre
      b) Opera
      c) Classical Sanskrit Nāṭya only
      d) Kabuki
      Answer: a

    77. Which of the following plays critiques power and bureaucracy through historical allegory (Tughlaq)?
      a) Girish Karnad’s Tughlaq
      b) Vijay Tendulkar’s Ghashiram Kotwal
      c) Badal Sircar’s Evam Indrajit
      d) Mohan Rakesh’s Adhe Adhure
      Answer: a

    78. Which theatre form commonly practised by IPTA incorporated song, dance, and street skits?
      a) Proscenium, high-art only
      b) Mass cultural forms combining music, drama and agitprop (Jana Natya)
      c) Ancient Sanskrit Rasa performance only
      d) Silent mime only
      Answer: b

    79. Which theatre personality is associated with the Bohurupee group in Bengal?
      a) Sombhu Mitra (and Bohurupee)
      b) Ebrahim Alkazi
      c) Habib Tanvir
      d) Prithviraj Kapoor
      Answer: a

    80. Which technique is central to Theatre of the Oppressed?
      a) Strictly scripted non-interactive drama
      b) Spectator as “spect-actor” who can intervene in the play
      c) Silent ritual only
      d) Use of puppets exclusively
      Answer: b

    81. Which playwright wrote Hayavadana, exploring identity and completeness?
      a) Girish Karnad
      b) Vijay Tendulkar
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: a

    82. Which movement emphasises collaborative devising, collective authorship and anti-star culture?
      a) Commercial theatre
      b) Third/Alternative Theatre groups
      c) Opera traditions
      d) Kabuki troupe system
      Answer: b

    83. Which theatre director is known for synthesising classical Indian forms with modern stagecraft (NSD alumnus often credited)?
      a) Ebrahim Alkazi (as trainer/producer)
      b) Molière
      c) Shakespeare
      d) Bertolt Brecht
      Answer: a

    84. Which of the following is an example of applied theatre practice in India?
      a) Street plays for voter education
      b) Only proscenium classics
      c) Kabuki in Japan
      d) Broadway musicals only
      Answer: a

    85. Which playwright wrote Ghashiram Kotwal, a political satire on power and corruption?
      a) Vijay Tendulkar
      b) Girish Karnad
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: a

    86. Which theatre movement emphasised return to folk forms for modern expression and identity?
      a) Root Theatre / Theatre of Roots
      b) Naturalism exclusively
      c) Greek chorus only
      d) Melodrama only
      Answer: a

    87. Which institution regularly confers fellowships and awards to theatre artists in India?
      a) Sangeet Natak Akademi
      b) Film Certification Board only
      c) Only private foundations (no national body)
      d) National Library
      Answer: a

    88. Which modern Indian theatre practitioner is known for blending performance with political satire using folk forms and local dialects?
      a) Habib Tanvir
      b) Ebrahim Alkazi
      c) Girish Karnad
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: a

    89. Which movement’s hallmark is making theatre accessible, low-cost and participatory (avoiding commercial theatre’s elitism)?
      a) Third Theatre / Street Theatre / IPTA legacy
      b) High opera only
      c) Only film adaptations
      d) Kabuki import
      Answer: a

    90. Which playwright explored existential angst and fractured families in modern Indian context?
      a) Mohan Rakesh (Adhe Adhure)
      b) Kalidasa
      c) Bhasa
      d) Bhavabhuti
      Answer: a

    91. Which type of theatre commonly uses local music, chorus and dance to engage rural audiences?
      a) Folk-modern fusion used by practitioners like Habib Tanvir and others
      b) Strictly proscenium Western plays only
      c) Radio drama exclusively
      d) Television serials only
      Answer: a

    92. Which movement directly influenced the proliferation of street theatre troupes in India?
      a) IPTA and subsequent activist theatre traditions
      b) Italian Opera only
      c) Kabuki entirely
      d) Ancient Greek tragedy alone
      Answer: a

    93. Which theatrical practice deliberately stages plays in marketplaces, public squares and streets?
      a) Proscenium dramas exclusively
      b) Street theatre / Jana Natya practice
      c) Opera houses only
      d) Television studios only
      Answer: b

    94. Who is the author of Charandas Chor?
      a) Habib Tanvir
      b) Girish Karnad
      c) Vijay Tendulkar
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: a

    95. Which director founded Prithvi Theatre as a repertory and venue in Mumbai?
      a) Prithviraj Kapoor (Prithvi Trust/Prithvi Theatre supported by Kapoor family)
      b) Ebrahim Alkazi
      c) Habib Tanvir
      d) Badal Sircar
      Answer: a

    96. Which playwright engaged themes of caste, gender and urban violence in Marathi theatre?
      a) Vijay Tendulkar
      b) Girish Karnad
      c) Bhavabhuti
      d) Kalidasa
      Answer: a

    97. Which initiative is best known for institutional actor training and production in India?
      a) National School of Drama (NSD)
      b) Sangeet Natak Akademi only (not training focused)
      c) National Film Awards only
      d) Private TV channels only
      Answer: a

    98. Which movement encouraged political education, activists’ theatre and leftist aesthetics?
      a) IPTA
      b) Kabuki only
      c) Noh only
      d) Naturalism only
      Answer: a

    99. Which director/playwright is associated with large-scale spectacles rooted in tribal and folk performance from Northeast India?
      a) Ratan Thiyam
      b) Ebrahim Alkazi
      c) Badal Sircar
      d) Mohan Rakesh
      Answer: a

    100. Which feature is NOT typical of Third Theatre?
      a) Minimal props and sets
      b) Non-proscenium staging and audience involvement
      c) Large commercial budgets and elaborate technical illusions
      d) Political/social themes and collective creation
      Answer: c

  • UGC NET Unit 7 — Modern Indian Theatre – Performing Arts

    (Study Note)

    1. Overview: What is Modern Indian Theatre?

    Modern Indian theatre denotes theatre practices that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries as a response to colonial modernity, social reform movements and later, post-Independence nation-building. It fuses indigenous performance traditions (folk, ritual, classical) with western dramatic forms (proscenium, realism), producing hybrid aesthetics that are social, political and artistically experimental.


    2. Origin and Development — National and Regional Perspectives

    • Colonial roots: Modern theatre evolved from colonial encounters (missionary plays, British educational institutions), the rise of print culture, vernacular dramaturgy and the emergence of urban public spheres (theatre as social forum).

    • Early pioneers: Early dramatists and theatre activists adapted myth, historical narrative and social themes to create a modern stage language in regional languages—Bengal, Maharashtra, Punjab, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra/Telangana developed distinctive modern traditions.

    • Regional consolidation: Each region combined local performance idioms with modern dramaturgy:

      • Bengal: A strong tradition of politically conscious and literary theatre (group theatre movement).

      • Maharashtra: A rich satirical and social-realist tradition (Marathi modern drama).

      • Karnataka: A vigorous playwright-director culture (Kannada modern drama).

      • Punjab, Kerala, Andhra, Assam, Northeast: Regional experiments blending folk, ritual and literary theatre.

    • Post-Independence trajectory: A flowering of institutional theatre, experimental groups and socially engaged theatre forms that addressed nation-building, class, caste, gender and regional identity.


    3. Major Trends & Movements Since Independence

    (The syllabus asks for a brief study of key tendencies — below are clear, exam-friendly summaries.)

    A. IPTA (Indian People’s Theatre Association)

    • Nature: Mass cultural movement with leftist/popular cultural politics.

    • Contribution: Brought theatre to the people — street performances, political plays, songs and worker-peasant themes; pioneered socially committed theatre.

    B. Navanatya Movement (New Theatre)

    • Nature: Modernist theatre experiments in form and content.

    • Contribution: Introduced new dramaturgies, director-centric aesthetics and reinterpretation of myths and history.

    C. Root Theatre / Third Theatre / Alternative Theatre

    • Third Theatre: Non-proscenium, intimate, actor-audience proximate performance (simple sets, direct address). Emphasizes accessibility and collective creation.

    • Root Theatre: Return to roots — integrating folk and ritual forms into modern performance language.

    • Alternative Theatre: Umbrella term for experimental, non-commercial theatre outside mainstream proscenium constraints.

    D. Street Theatre & Jana Natya (People’s Theatre)

    • Nature: Performances in public spaces for popular mobilization and awareness (labour, communal harmony, civic rights).

    • Contribution: Democratized theatre; powerful tool for activism (anti-illiteracy, labour movements).

    E. Theatre of the Oppressed & Forum Theatre

    • Origins: Augusto Boal’s pedagogy adapted in India.

    • Use: Participatory techniques to empower communities; theatre as reflective, problem-solving practice rather than mere representation.

    F. Applied Theatre & Community Theatre

    • Nature: Theatre for education, development, health, rehabilitation.

    • Contribution: Applied methods for change in schools, NGOs, prisons and community development.

    G. Site-Specific & Experimental Forms

    • Nature: Performances closely tied to specific locations (historic sites, urban spaces) and multi-media experimentation.

    • Contribution: Rewires audience perception by rooting the event in place and memory.


    4. Key Playwrights, Directors and Contributions (selective, representative)

    Playwrights

    • Girish Karnad (Kannada): Mythic reworkings and modern dilemmas — Tughlaq, Hayavadana, Nagamandala — critical exploration of history and identity.

    • Vijay Tendulkar (Marathi): Urban realism, social conflict, gender and power — Ghashiram Kotwal, Sakharam Binder, Silence! The Court is in Session.

    • Badal Sircar (Bengali): Innovator of Third Theatre and “anti-illusion” theatre — Evam Indrajit; emphasis on minimalism and social engagement.

    • Habib Tanvir (Hindi/Chhattisgarhi): Fusion of folk forms with modern narrative; created Charandas Chor and founded Naya Theatre.

    • Mohan Rakesh (Hindi): Psychological realism — Adhe Adhure.

    • Utpal Dutt (Bengali/Hindi): Politically engaged theatre and powerful adaptations.

    • Ratan Thiyam (Manipuri): Ritual and mythic dramaturgy; founder of Chorus Repertory Theatre.

    • Kavalam Narayana Panicker (Malayalam): Integrated Kerala ritual forms and folk aesthetics into contemporary theatre.

    Directors & Practitioners

    • Ebrahim Alkazi: Institutionalized modern Indian theatre practice as Director of National School of Drama (NSD); rigorous actor training and production standards.

    • Shanta Gandhi, Shyamanand Jalan, Satyadev Dubey, Prasanna, B.V. Karanth: Important directors who shaped modern performance vocabulary across regions.


    5. Representative Plays (widely studied & performed)

    • Tughlaq, Hayavadana, Nagamandala (Girish Karnad)

    • Ghashiram Kotwal, Sakharam Binder (Vijay Tendulkar)

    • Charandas Chor (Habib Tanvir)

    • Adhe Adhure (Mohan Rakesh)

    • Evam Indrajit (Badal Sircar)

    • Theatre of Roots experiments by Ratan Thiyam and Kavalam Panicker


    6. Popular Playhouses, Companies, Institutions & Their Contributions

    • National School of Drama (NSD), New Delhi: Premier actor/director training, pedagogy and repertory.

    • Sangeet Natak Akademi: Apex national academy for performing arts — recognition, documentation and grants.

    • Prithvi Theatre (Mumbai): Cultural hub and producer of contemporary theatre; supported repertory culture and festivals.

    • Naya Theatre (Habib Tanvir): Folk-inspired theatre company; popularized folk-modern fusion.

    • Jana Natya Manch (JNM): Street theatre collective — prominent in political activism.

    • Regional groups: Bohurupee (Bengal), Rangakarmee, Little Theatre Group, theatre companies linked with universities and cultural centers — they sustain new writing, regional repertory and actor training.

    • Theatre Festivals & Residencies: Facilitate cross-regional exchange and experimentation (state festivals, NSD festivals, Prithvi Theatre festivals).


    7. Contribution & Impact

    • Sociopolitical role: Modern Indian theatre has been an instrument of social critique, political mobilization and cultural reflection.

    • Aesthetic innovation: Blending of classical, folk and Western techniques created a plural modernism — e.g., folk choruses, ritual use of space, Brechtian narration, and meta-theatre.

    • Pedagogy & institutionalization: NSD and state institutions professionalized training; repertories and festivals created sustained practice.

    • Community engagement: Street theatre, forum theatre and applied theatre engaged non-elite publics and addressed grassroots concerns.


    8. Exam-Focused Tips (how to answer UGC-NET questions)

    • Define terms precisely: e.g., Third Theatre, Theatre of the Oppressed, IPTA — briefly state core idea and significance.

    • Use examples: Mention 2–3 plays or practitioners to illustrate any movement (e.g., Habib Tanvir → Charandas Chor for folk-modern fusion).

    • Compare & contrast: Be ready to contrast institutionalised proscenium theatre (NSD style) with street/third theatre methods.

    • Regional examples: Cite one playwright/production from major regions — Marathi (Vijay Tendulkar), Kannada (Girish Karnad), Bengali (Badal Sircar), Chhattisgarhi folk fusion (Habib Tanvir), Manipuri (Ratan Thiyam).

  • UGC NET Unit-6 Drama and Its Theories – MCQs – Performing Arts

    Unit 6: Drama and Its Theories – Indian and Western for the UGC NET Performing Arts (Dance, Drama & Theatre) exam.
    Each question reflects themes, terminology, playwrights and theoretical issues relevant to Indian and Western dramaturgy.


    1. The term Natya in Indian dramaturgy primarily means:
      a) A ritual dance
      b) A mirror of life and emotions
      c) A musical concert
      d) A sculpture exhibition
      Answer: b) A mirror of life and emotions

    2. According to the Natyasastra by Bharata Muni, which of the following is not one of the four types of Abhinaya?
      a) Āṅgika
      b) Vācika
      c) Drāmyika
      d) Sāttvika
      Answer: c) Drāmyika

    3. The Western concept of drama as “imitation (mimesis) of an action” was advanced by:
      a) Zeami Motokiyo
      b) Aristotle
      c) Bertolt Brecht
      d) Henrik Ibsen
      Answer: b) Aristotle

    4. The “Rasa” theory in Indian drama refers to:
      a) The dialogue of the hero
      b) The audience’s aesthetic experience
      c) The music of the play
      d) The costume design
      Answer: b) The audience’s aesthetic experience

    5. In Western dramaturgy, which of these is not one of Aristotle’s six elements of drama?
      a) Plot (Mythos)
      b) Character (Ethos)
      c) Melody (Melos)
      d) Ritual (Ritmos)
      Answer: d) Ritual (Ritmos)

    6. The Sanskrit dramatic form labelled as Nāṭaka typically deals with:
      a) Folk comedy
      b) Heroic/epic themes with high character status
      c) One-actor plays
      d) Satirical farce
      Answer: b) Heroic/epic themes with high character status

    7. The Western dramatic classification of melodrama is characterised by:
      a) Subtle everyday realism
      b) Exaggerated emotions and moral polarisation
      c) Absurd dialogues and circular structure
      d) Ritualistic dance and chant
      Answer: b) Exaggerated emotions and moral polarisation

    8. Which one of the following Indian dramatists is known for the play Mudrarakshasa?
      a) Kalidasa
      b) Bhasa
      c) Visakhadatta
      d) Bhavabhuti
      Answer: c) Visakhadatta

    9. The Western dramatic movement focusing on everyday common-life situations and psychology is called:
      a) Realism
      b) Symbolism
      c) Expressionism
      d) Absurdism
      Answer: a) Realism

    10. In the Indian dramaturgical tradition, Bhava refers to:
      a) The formal structure of the play
      b) The performers’ costumes
      c) The emotion or state that leads to Rasa
      d) The audience seating arrangement
      Answer: c) The emotion or state that leads to Rasa

    11. Which Western playwright is considered the father of modern realistic drama and wrote A Doll’s House?
      a) Anton Chekhov
      b) Arthur Miller
      c) Henrik Ibsen
      d) Luigi Pirandello
      Answer: c) Henrik Ibsen

    12. The dramatic form of farce is characterised by:
      a) Serious moral crisis
      b) Improvisation and broad humour, improbable situations
      c) Deep philosophical dialogue
      d) Ritualistic chanting
      Answer: b) Improvisation and broad humour, improbable situations

    13. The Sanskrit dramatist of Mṛcchakatika (“The Little Clay Cart”) is:
      a) Bhavabhuti
      b) Bhasa
      c) Sudraka
      d) Visakhadatta
      Answer: c) Sudraka

    14. Which one of these “‐isms” emphasises the distortion of reality to reflect inner emotional or psychological truth?
      a) Naturalism
      b) Realism
      c) Expressionism
      d) Epic Theatre
      Answer: c) Expressionism

    15. In Western drama, the unity of time means:
      a) The action takes place in one location
      b) The action takes place within 24 hours (or a short time span)
      c) The play uses only one actor
      d) The music and dialogue are simultaneous
      Answer: b) The action takes place within 24 hours (or a short time span)

    16. In the Indian dramatic classification, Prahasana refers to:
      a) Heroic epic play
      b) Satirical farce
      c) One-act romantic comedy
      d) Mythological spectacle
      Answer: b) Satirical farce

    17. The Western playwright Bertolt Brecht is primarily associated with which theatrical approach?
      a) Realism
      b) Theatre of the Absurd
      c) Epic Theatre
      d) Naturalism
      Answer: c) Epic Theatre

    18. The Sanskrit dramatist known for Uttararamacharita is:
      a) Kalidasa
      b) Bhavabhuti
      c) Bhasa
      d) Visakhadatta
      Answer: b) Bhavabhuti

    19. The Western dramatic movement labelled Absurdism often presents:
      a) Linear cause-and­-effect structure
      b) Ritual dance and chant
      c) Human existence as meaningless and cyclical, with minimal plot
      d) Strong moral polarisation and triumphant hero
      Answer: c) Human existence as meaningless and cyclical, with minimal plot

    20. According to the Natyasastra, the Abhinaya known as Aharya refers to:
      a) Speech and song
      b) Gesture and movement
      c) Costume, make-up, scene-setting and props
      d) Inner emotional expression
      Answer: c) Costume, make-up, scene-setting and props

    21. The concept of Catharsis in Western drama denotes:
      a) The aesthetic pleasure of Rasa
      b) The moral purification of the audience through pity and fear
      c) The symbolic representation of gods and spirit
      d) The comedic relief after tragedy
      Answer: b) The moral purification of the audience through pity and fear

    22. The Sanskrit dramatist Bhasa’s Urubhanga deals with:
      a) The love story of Shakuntala
      b) The defeat of Duryodhana (in Mahabharata)
      c) The adventures of a forest hermit
      d) Court intrigue in ancient India
      Answer: b) The defeat of Duryodhana (in Mahabharata)

    23. The Western dramatist Samuel Beckett is best known for which major play?
      a) The Cherry Orchard
      b) Waiting for Godot
      c) Death of a Salesman
      d) A Doll’s House
      Answer: b) Waiting for Godot

    24. The Indian dramatic form Bhāna signifies:
      a) Multi-act heroic drama
      b) One-actor play
      c) Satirical farce for the masses
      d) Religious temple ritual
      Answer: b) One-actor play

    25. The dramatic category Tragicomedy combines features of:
      a) Tragedy and farce
      b) Melodrama and epic theatre
      c) Tragedy and comedy
      d) Naturalism and symbolism
      Answer: c) Tragedy and comedy

    26. The Western dramatist Anton Chekhov is associated with which dramatic approach?
      a) Melodrama
      b) Realism
      c) Farce
      d) Absurdism
      Answer: b) Realism

    27. In Indian dramaturgy, which of the following is not a recognized Rasa?
      a) Śānta
      b) Adbhuta
      c) Vīra
      d) Idylla
      Answer: d) Idylla

    28. The Western dramatist Luigi Pirandello explored themes of illusion and identity in his play Six Characters in Search of an Author. That play is often considered part of:
      a) Naturalism
      b) Epic Theatre
      c) Meta-theatre/Modernism
      d) Classical Greek tragedy
      Answer: c) Meta-theatre/Modernism

    29. The Sanskrit dramatist known for Venisamhara is:
      a) Kalidasa
      b) Bhattanarayana
      c) Bhasa
      d) Bhavabhuti
      Answer: b) Bhattanarayana

    30. The Western dramatic movement of Symbolism emphasises:
      a) Realistic depiction of everyday life
      b) Musical and dance spectacle
      c) Dream-like imagery and inner vision rather than external plot
      d) Political critique through alienation
      Answer: c) Dream-like imagery and inner vision rather than external plot

    31. In the Indian dramaturgy framework, the mode Vācika Abhinaya refers to:
      a) Physical movement and gesture
      b) Costume and scenery
      c) Verbal expression (speech and dialogue)
      d) Inner emotion and mental state
      Answer: c) Verbal expression (speech and dialogue)

    32. The Western dramatist William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, King Lear and Othello, which are primarily examples of:
      a) Farce
      b) Comedy
      c) Tragedy
      d) Satire
      Answer: c) Tragedy

    33. The Indian dramatic form Vyayoga is characterised by:
      a) Love and romance in one act
      b) Single-act heroic drama without female characters
      c) Mythological folk performance
      d) Temple ritual enactment
      Answer: b) Single-act heroic drama without female characters

    34. The Western dramatic form where a hero suffers due to a tragic flaw (hamartia) is called:
      a) Comedy
      b) Tragedy
      c) Melodrama
      d) Farce
      Answer: b) Tragedy

    35. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Epic Theatre (Brechtian)?
      a) Alienation effect (Verfremdung)
      b) Encouraging audience emotional identification with characters
      c) Use of narration, projections, song to interrupt illusion
      d) Social critique rather than catharsis
      Answer: b) Encouraging audience emotional identification with characters

    36. The Sanskrit dramatist Kalidasa’s Abhijnanasakuntalam is best known for:
      a) Political intrigue
      b) Epic war scenes
      c) Court romance and poetic imagery
      d) Satirical comedy
      Answer: c) Court romance and poetic imagery

    37. The Western dramatist Molière is primarily known for his contributions to:
      a) Greek tragedy
      b) French comedy of manners
      c) Italian opera
      d) German epic theatre
      Answer: b) French comedy of manners

    38. The Indian dramaturgy mode Sāttvika Abhinaya deals with:
      a) Physical gestures
      b) Costume and scene-setting
      c) Inner emotional states and their expression
      d) Song and music
      Answer: c) Inner emotional states and their expression

    39. The movement of Naturalism in Western drama is associated with:
      a) Abstract symbolism
      b) Scientific, deterministic presentation of life influenced by heredity and environment
      c) Mythological spectacle
      d) Musical theatre
      Answer: b) Scientific, deterministic presentation of life influenced by heredity and environment

    40. In Western drama classification, which of these is an example of comedy?
      a) Oedipus Rex
      b) Tartuffe
      c) Death of a Salesman
      d) Waiting for Godot
      Answer: b) Tartuffe

    41. The Sanskrit play Uttararamacharita dramatizes which mythological figure’s latter part of life?
      a) Rama
      b) Krishna
      c) Arjuna
      d) Yudhishthira
      Answer: a) Rama

    42. The Western dramatist who wrote Death of a Salesman is:
      a) Arthur Miller
      b) Eugene O’Neill
      c) Henrik Ibsen
      d) Samuel Beckett
      Answer: a) Arthur Miller

    43. The dramatic form Tragicomedy typically ends with:
      a) The death of the hero only
      b) Complete tragic ruin
      c) A mixture of serious crisis and comic resolution or hope
      d) Pure slapstick comic ending
      Answer: c) A mixture of serious crisis and comic resolution or hope

    44. The Sanskrit dramatist Visakhadatta is best known for:
      a) Love-romance plays
      b) Social satire
      c) Political intrigue and historical drama
      d) Mythological dance pieces
      Answer: c) Political intrigue and historical drama

    45. The Western dramatist known for The Bald Soprano and Rhinoceros is:
      a) Samuel Beckett
      b) Eugene Ionesco
      c) Luigi Pirandello
      d) Bertolt Brecht
      Answer: b) Eugene Ionesco

    46. The Indian dramatic form Anka is usually:
      a) A short piece with religious or moral theme
      b) A five-act heroic drama
      c) A one-actor satire
      d) A farce with masked comedy
      Answer: a) A short piece with religious or moral theme

    47. Which “ism” emphasises cyclical, meaningless existence, often minimal plot and dialogue?
      a) Realism
      b) Naturalism
      c) Absurdism
      d) Symbolism
      Answer: c) Absurdism

    48. The Sanskrit dramatist Bhasa’s contribution is significant because:
      a) He purely used mythological gods without human beings
      b) He introduced realism and strong human emotion into Sanskrit drama
      c) He wrote only one act plays
      d) He composed musical operas
      Answer: b) He introduced realism and strong human emotion into Sanskrit drama

    49. The Western playwright who pioneered meta-theatre and questions of author and character is:
      a) Anton Chekhov
      b) Luigi Pirandello
      c) Arthur Miller
      d) Henrik Ibsen
      Answer: b) Luigi Pirandello

    50. The Sanskrit dramatic form Vyāyoga typically lacks:
      a) Heroic characters
      b) Female characters
      c) Music
      d) Moral lesson
      Answer: b) Female characters

    51. The Indian dramatic element Vibhāva refers to:
      a) The physical expression of emotion
      b) The determinant or cause of emotion
      c) The costume and scene design
      d) The audience’s reaction
      Answer: b) The determinant or cause of emotion

    52. In Western drama, the character of the protagonist’s flaw (hamartia) causes:
      a) Comedy
      b) Farce
      c) His/her downfall (in tragedy)
      d) A ritual dance
      Answer: c) His/her downfall (in tragedy)

    53. The Western dramatist Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard is an example of:
      a) Melodrama
      b) Realist drama
      c) Classical Greek tragedy
      d) Epic theatre
      Answer: b) Realist drama

    54. Which Indian dramatist wrote The Little Clay Cart (Mṛcchakatika) with its social realism and romance?
      a) Kalidasa
      b) Sudraka
      c) Bhavabhuti
      d) Visakhadatta
      Answer: b) Sudraka

    55. The Western dramatic movement of Symbolism is often linked with which kind of theatrical style?
      a) Direct realistic depiction
      b) Mythology and spectacle only
      c) Suggestive imagery, mood, and inner meaning rather than linear action
      d) Pure comedic farce
      Answer: c) Suggestive imagery, mood, and inner meaning rather than linear action

    56. The Sanskrit dramatist Bhavabhuti is noted for:
      a) Light-hearted satire
      b) Psychological depth and pathos in heroic tradition
      c) One-act comedies
      d) Folk dance plays
      Answer: b) Psychological depth and pathos in heroic tradition

    57. The Western dramatist Bertolt Brecht’s technique of Verfremdungseffekt means:
      a) Complete illusion and audience identification
      b) Making the familiar strange so audience remains critical
      c) Pure comedic relief
      d) Escape-fantasy theatre
      Answer: b) Making the familiar strange so audience remains critical

    58. The Indian dramatic mode of Angika Abhinaya refers to:
      a) Inner emotional experience
      b) Verbal expression
      c) Body movements, gesture, facial expressions
      d) Costume and adornment
      Answer: c) Body movements, gesture, facial expressions

    59. The Western dramatic form of farce often uses which of these features?
      a) Deep philosophical reflection
      b) Minimal action
      c) Mistaken identities, rapid pace, humorous complications
      d) Ritual dance sequences
      Answer: c) Mistaken identities, rapid pace, humorous complications

    60. The Sanskrit dramatist Kalidasa’s Vikramorvasiyam deals with:
      a) Mythological themes and high poetic style
      b) Social realism with middle-class characters
      c) Satire of court life
      d) Historical war scenes without romance
      Answer: a) Mythological themes and high poetic style

    61. Which dramatic classification involves a “mixture of tragedy and comedy” and may not follow the rigid tragic ending?
      a) Melodrama
      b) Tragedy
      c) Comedy
      d) Tragicomedy
      Answer: d) Tragicomedy

    62. In Indian dramaturgy, Anubhāva refers to:
      a) The costume and make-up
      b) The resultant expression of emotion (physical/behavioural manifestation)
      c) The mental attitude of the actor
      d) The audience’s delight
      Answer: b) The resultant expression of emotion (physical/behavioural manifestation)

    63. The Western dramatist Molière’s The Misanthrope is an example of:
      a) Tragedy
      b) Melodrama
      c) Comedy
      d) Absurd theatre
      Answer: c) Comedy

    64. The “ism” that presents theatre as a vehicle for social and political critique rather than escape is:
      a) Realism
      b) Naturalism
      c) Epic Theatre
      d) Symbolism
      Answer: c) Epic Theatre

    65. The Sanskrit dramatist Battanarayana is best known for which play?
      a) Mṛcchakatika
      b) Venisamhara
      c) Abhijnanasakuntalam
      d) Uttararamacharita
      Answer: b) Venisamhara

    66. The Western movement of Naturalism differs from Realism in that Naturalism:
      a) Uses myth only
      b) Emphasises determinate environment and heredity shaping human destiny
      c) Avoids social context entirely
      d) Focuses only on absurdity
      Answer: b) Emphasises determinate environment and heredity shaping human destiny

    67. The Sanskrit dramatic form Samavakāra pertains to:
      a) Historical council debates
      b) Mythological spectacle with opulence
      c) Satirical comedy for peasants
      d) One-act romantic sketch
      Answer: b) Mythological spectacle with opulence

    68. Which Western dramatist is renowned for the play The Caucasian Chalk Circle?
      a) Arthur Miller
      b) Eugene Ionesco
      c) Bertolt Brecht
      d) Anton Chekhov
      Answer: c) Bertolt Brecht

    69. The Indian dramaturgical element Vyabhicharī Bhava refers to:
      a) The permanent primary emotion
      b) The mental state of the actor
      c) The transitory or fleeting emotions assisting the main feeling
      d) The physical gestures used on stage
      Answer: c) The transitory or fleeting emotions assisting the main feeling

    70. The Western dramatist Eugene Ionesco’s Rhinoceros is considered part of which theatre movement?
      a) Realism
      b) Naturalism
      c) Absurdism
      d) Epic Theatre
      Answer: c) Absurdism

    71. In Indian drama, the term Śṛṅgāra Rasa refers to which flavour?
      a) Heroic
      b) Fear
      c) Erotic/Love
      d) Disgust
      Answer: c) Erotic/Love

    72. The Western dramatist Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman presents:
      a) Mythological heroism
      b) Aristocratic downfall
      c) Tragedy of the common man in a capitalist society
      d) Farcical comedy of errors
      Answer: c) Tragedy of the common man in a capitalist society

    73. In Indian dramaturgy, Sāttvika Abhinaya is often called the “inner” expression because it deals with:
      a) Costume polishing and props
      b) The actor’s inner psychological states manifested in subtle physical signs
      c) Dialogue memorisation
      d) Music and rhythm only
      Answer: b) The actor’s inner psychological states manifested in subtle physical signs

    74. The Western dramatic classification Comedy of Manners is best illustrated by:
      a) Molière’s plays
      b) Sophocles’ tragedies
      c) Brecht’s epic theatre
      d) Beckett’s absurd plays
      Answer: a) Molière’s plays

    75. The Sanskrit playwright who introduced characters from non-elite classes, emphasising social realism, was:
      a) Kalidasa
      b) Vishakhadatta
      c) Sudraka
      d) Bhavabhuti
      Answer: c) Sudraka

    76. The “alienation effect” in Epic Theatre aims to:
      a) Seduce audience emotionally
      b) Distance audience so that they think critically rather than empathise blindly
      c) Strengthen identification with the hero
      d) Use farce for escapism
      Answer: b) Distance audience so that they think critically rather than empathise blindly

    77. Which one of the following is not among the Navarasa in Indian dramaturgy?
      a) Bībhatsa (Disgust)
      b) Hāsya (Laughter)
      c) Karuṇa (Compassion)
      d) Ego (Asmita)
      Answer: d) Ego (Asmita)

    78. The Western dramatist who wrote Tartuffe exposing religious hypocrisy was:
      a) Shakespeare
      b) Molière
      c) Brecht
      d) Ionesco
      Answer: b) Molière

    79. The Indian dramatic form Ihamrga focuses on:
      a) Temple ritual enactments
      b) Love and adventure
      c) Satirical folk performance
      d) Heroic war drama
      Answer: b) Love and adventure

    80. The Western dramatic movement that rejects logic and uses absurd situations to represent existential angst is:
      a) Realism
      b) Naturalism
      c) Absurdism
      d) Symbolism
      Answer: c) Absurdism

    81. The Sanskrit dramatist Kalidasa used poetic imagery and nature symbolism. His Malavikagnimitram centers around:
      a) A war between gods
      b) A romance in a court setting
      c) A farce of village life
      d) A puppet theatre piece
      Answer: b) A romance in a court setting

    82. The Western dramatist whose works include The Doctor in Spite of Himself (a farce) is:
      a) Chekhov
      b) Molière
      c) Brecht
      d) Ionesco
      Answer: b) Molière

    83. In Indian dramaturgy, the term Garbhā refers to which stage in the play structure?
      a) Opening
      b) Crisis or middle portion
      c) Conclusion
      d) Introductory invocation
      Answer: b) Crisis or middle portion

    84. The Western dramatist known for his psychological realism and plays like The Seagull is:
      a) Ionesco
      b) Chekhov
      c) Pirandello
      d) Miller
      Answer: b) Chekhov

    85. The Indian dramatic element Anubhāva is best described as:
      a) Costume design
      b) The actor’s physical or verbal manifestation of emotion
      c) The audience’s applause
      d) The scene change between acts
      Answer: b) The actor’s physical or verbal manifestation of emotion

    86. The Western dramatic movement of Realism emerged in response to:
      a) Mythological spectacles
      b) Romanticism and melodrama
      c) Ritual dance theatre
      d) Farcical comedy
      Answer: b) Romanticism and melodrama

    87. The Sanskrit dramatist known for his courtly poetic style and work Vikramorvasiyam is:
      a) Bhavabhuti
      b) Bhasa
      c) Kalidasa
      d) Battanarayana
      Answer: c) Kalidasa

    88. The Western dramatic classification Tragedy ends typically with:
      a) A happy marriage
      b) Hero’s downfall or existential loss
      c) No plot resolution
      d) Pure comic confusion
      Answer: b) Hero’s downfall or existential loss

    89. The “raghuvamsa” and “kumarasambhava” poet who also dramatized myth was:
      a) Vishakhadatta
      b) Kalidasa
      c) Bhavabhuti
      d) Sudraka
      Answer: b) Kalidasa

    90. In Indian dramaturgy, the climactic phase of the drama, after the crisis and before the resolution, is called:
      a) Mukha
      b) Avamarsha
      c) Nirvahana
      d) Pratimukha
      Answer: b) Avamarsha

    91. The Western dramatist who wrote Mother Courage and Her Children and utilised songs, projections and narration as techniques is:
      a) Arthur Miller
      b) Bertolt Brecht
      c) Eugene Ionesco
      d) Luigi Pirandello
      Answer: b) Bertolt Brecht

    92. The Sanskrit dramatic form Bhāna often features:
      a) Multiple actors, large ensemble, mythological theme
      b) A single actor monologue with minimal stage – focused on a contemporary story
      c) Dance and mime only, no dialogue
      d) Shadow­-puppet technique
      Answer: b) A single actor monologue with minimal stage – focused on a contemporary story

    93. The Western “ism” that emphasises suggestion, mood, and symbol rather than direct representation is:
      a) Naturalism
      b) Realism
      c) Symbolism
      d) Epic Theatre
      Answer: c) Symbolism

    94. The Sanskrit dramatist Sudraka’s work is notable because it:
      a) Strictly follows Vedic ritual
      b) Combines social realism, romance, and folk elements
      c) Uses only mythological gods
      d) Was written in Pali language
      Answer: b) Combines social realism, romance, and folk elements

    95. The Western dramatic classification of melodrama typically includes:
      a) Complex psychological realism
      b) Comic, absurd scenarios
      c) Highly emotional situations, clear hero/villain lines, music cues
      d) Intertwined myths and dance rituals
      Answer: c) Highly emotional situations, clear hero/villain lines, music cues

    96. The Indian concept of Moksha as a purpose of drama implies:
      a) Entertainment only
      b) Material wealth for actors
      c) Spiritual liberation or insight through aesthetic experience
      d) Political propaganda
      Answer: c) Spiritual liberation or insight through aesthetic experience

    97. The Western dramatist Luigi Pirandello’s work explores above all:
      a) Heroic war themes
      b) Irony of identity and the boundary between reality and illusion
      c) Simple farce of village life
      d) Mythological gods’ interventions
      Answer: b) Irony of identity and the boundary between reality and illusion

    98. The Sanskrit dramatist Bhavabhuti’s Malatimadhava is a play that emphasises:
      a) Satire of court life
      b) Mythological epic war scenes
      c) Romance combined with sorrow and spiritual themes
      d) Folk comedy only
      Answer: c) Romance combined with sorrow and spiritual themes

    99. The Western dramatic movement that presents theatre as didactic and deliberately non-illusive is:
      a) Realism
      b) Naturalism
      c) Epic Theatre
      d) Farce
      Answer: c) Epic Theatre

    100. The Indian dramaturgical concept Nirvahana refers to which part of the play?
      a) Introduction and invocation
      b) Crisis moment
      c) Falling action and final resolution or dénouement
      d) Chorus interlude
      Answer: c) Falling action and final resolution or dénouement

  • UGC NET Unit 6: Drama and Its Theories – Indian and Western – Performing Arts

    (UGC NET – Performing Arts, Theatre Section)

    It’s structured, analytical, and suitable for both conceptual understanding and direct exam preparation.


    1. Concept of Drama – Indian and Western

    A. The Indian Concept of Drama (Natya)

    The Indian idea of drama is deeply rooted in the spiritual, philosophical, and aesthetic traditions of ancient India. The Sanskrit term Natya comes from the root NAT meaning “to act” or “to represent.” In the Indian context, Natyaencompasses theatre, dance, and music—a composite performing art that unites all forms of expression.

    The foundation of Indian dramatic theory lies in Bharata Muni’s Natyasastra, composed between 200 BCE and 200 CE. This monumental treatise is considered the Fifth Veda (Panchama Veda) because it synthesizes spiritual, moral, and artistic knowledge from the four Vedas to educate and enlighten society.

    According to Bharata, the creator-god Brahma devised Natya by drawing:

    • Speech from the Rig Veda,

    • Music from the Sama Veda,

    • Gestures from the Yajur Veda, and

    • Emotions from the Atharva Veda.

    Brahma then taught this art to Bharata, who in turn instructed his hundred sons—symbolizing the spread of dramatic art across humanity.

    Definition and Purpose

    Bharata defines Natya as:

    “An imitation of human behavior, representing the actions and emotions of people for the purpose of instruction and entertainment.” (Natyasastra, Ch. 1)

    Unlike the Western view, Indian drama does not aim merely to entertain; it aims to educate, uplift, and purify the human mind.

    The five objectives (Prayojanas) of drama are:

    1. Dharma – Upholding righteousness and ethical duty

    2. Artha – Material and intellectual understanding

    3. Kama – Fulfillment of emotional desires

    4. Moksha – Attaining liberation and spiritual insight

    5. Rasa – Experiencing aesthetic bliss

    Thus, drama (Natya) is a form of spiritual pedagogy, combining ritual, psychology, and aesthetics. It mirrors the world not for imitation but for transformation.


    B. The Western Concept of Drama

    The Western notion of drama originated in Ancient Greece, where performances evolved from Dionysian ritualshonoring the god of wine, fertility, and ecstasy. The word Drama (Greek: Dran) literally means “to act” or “to do.”

    While Indian drama is cyclical and moral, Western drama emphasizes human action, conflict, and consequence. It represents the struggle of individuals within moral, social, or cosmic frameworks.

    Aristotle’s Definition

    In his seminal work Poetics (4th century BCE), Aristotle defines tragedy as:

    “An imitation (mimesis) of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with artistic ornament; performed rather than narrated; producing catharsis of pity and fear.”

    The purpose of Western tragedy, therefore, is Catharsis — the purgation or cleansing of emotions, leading to psychological balance.

    Western dramaturgy tends to be rational, individualistic, and causal, focused on the moral, psychological, and existential journey of characters.


    2. Elements and Structure of Drama

    A. Indian Dramaturgy – According to Natyasastra

    Bharata’s Natyasastra provides an intricate system of dramaturgy that encompasses the structural, aesthetic, and performative dimensions of theatre.

    (i) Structural Divisions

    A Sanskrit play is organized into five acts (Sandhis):

    1. Mukha (Opening) – Introduces the theme and mood

    2. Pratimukha (Progression) – The plot begins to unfold

    3. Garbha (Crisis) – Conflict intensifies

    4. Avamarsha (Climax) – Tension and emotional peak

    5. Nirvahana (Resolution) – Conclusion with reconciliation and auspiciousness

    (ii) Dramatic Types (Dasarupaka)

    Bharata lists ten forms of drama, each with distinct themes and scales:

    1. Nataka – Heroic drama drawn from history or legend (Shakuntalam)

    2. Prakarana – Fictional or social play (Mṛcchakatika)

    3. Samavakara – Mythological spectacle

    4. Ihamrga – Romantic adventure

    5. Dima – Divine or war-themed

    6. Vyayoga – Short heroic episode

    7. Bhāna – One-actor monologue

    8. Prahasana – Satirical farce

    9. Anka – Religious or moral story

    10. Vithi – One-act sketch or minor play

    (iii) The Four Abhinayas (Modes of Expression)

    1. Angika – Body movements, gestures, facial expressions

    2. Vachika – Voice, dialogue, recitation, song

    3. Aharya – Costume, ornament, scenery, props

    4. Sattvika – Inner, psychological expression of emotion

    These four work together to convey Bhava (emotion) and create Rasa (aesthetic experience).

    (iv) The Rasa Theory

    Central to Indian dramaturgy is the Rasa-Sutra:

    “Vibhava, Anubhava, and Vyabhicari Bhavas together create Rasa.”

    • Vibhava – Determinants or cause of emotion

    • Anubhava – Consequent physical manifestation

    • Vyabhicari Bhava – Transitory emotions supporting the main feeling

    The nine Rasas (Navarasa) are: Śṛṅgāra (love), Hāsya (laughter), Karuṇa (compassion), Raudra (anger), Vīra (heroism), Bhayānaka (fear), Bībhatsa (disgust), Adbhuta (wonder), and Śānta (tranquility).

    Thus, Indian drama is experiential and emotive, aiming for spiritual elevation rather than moral judgment.


    B. Western Dramaturgy

    Western dramaturgy evolved through classical, medieval, and modern phases. The classical theory was established by Aristotle, expanded by Horace and Seneca, and later reshaped by Renaissance and modern playwrights.

    Six Elements of Tragedy (Aristotle’s Poetics)

    1. Plot (Mythos) – The arrangement of incidents; the soul of tragedy

    2. Character (Ethos) – Moral and psychological traits of individuals

    3. Thought (Dianoia) – The underlying idea or theme

    4. Diction (Lexis) – Language, style, and dialogue

    5. Melody (Melos) – Musical or rhythmic quality

    6. Spectacle (Opsis) – Visual presentation and stagecraft

    Aristotle also emphasized the Three Unities:

    • Unity of Action – One main plot, no subplots

    • Unity of Time – Action within 24 hours

    • Unity of Place – Single physical setting

    Freytag’s Dramatic Structure (Modern Western Model)

    1. Exposition – Introduction of situation and characters

    2. Rising Action – Complication and conflict

    3. Climax – Turning point

    4. Falling Action – Unraveling of tension

    5. Denouement – Resolution and conclusion

    Western structure is linear, based on conflict, progression, and resolution—an artistic reflection of cause and consequence.


    3. Classifications of Western Drama

    1. Tragedy – Concerned with human suffering, moral conflict, and downfall.
      Example: Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), Hamlet (Shakespeare), Death of a Salesman (Miller).

    2. Comedy – Focuses on social manners, love, or human folly; ends happily.
      Example: The Clouds (Aristophanes), As You Like It (Shakespeare), Tartuffe (Molière).

    3. Tragicomedy – Combines tragic intensity with comic relief and hope.
      Example: The Winter’s Tale, Waiting for Godot.

    4. Melodrama – Exaggerated emotions, clear moral division, music underscoring action.
      Example: Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

    5. Farce – Pure comedy, absurd situations, physical humor.
      Example: The Importance of Being Earnest.


    4. Major Dramatic ‘Isms’

    Movement (Ism) Features Playwrights
    Realism Objective representation of life; rejection of romanticism. Henrik Ibsen (A Doll’s House), Chekhov (The Cherry Orchard)
    Naturalism Scientific, deterministic approach; heredity and environment shape humans. Émile Zola, Strindberg
    Symbolism Metaphorical, dream-like imagery; inner truth. Maeterlinck (The Blue Bird)
    Expressionism Distortion and exaggeration to show psychological truth. Strindberg, Kaiser
    Absurdism Human life as meaningless and cyclical; anti-realistic. Beckett (Waiting for Godot), Ionesco (Rhinoceros)
    Epic Theatre Didactic, political theatre that provokes critical thought (Alienation effect). Bertolt Brecht (Mother Courage)

    5. Major Playwrights and Their Contributions

    A. Sanskrit Playwrights

    • Bhasa (4th century BCE): Oldest dramatist; realistic characters and human emotions (Svapnavasavadatta, Urubhanga).

    • Kalidasa (4th century CE): Poet-philosopher; refined poetic beauty and emotional balance (Abhijnanasakuntalam).

    • Sudraka (3rd century CE): Realism and social mobility; humanity beyond caste (Mṛcchakatika).

    • Bhavabhuti (7th century CE): Pathos and grandeur (Uttararamacharita, Malatimadhava).

    • Visakhadatta: Political realism (Mudrarakshasa).

    • Bhattanarayana: Heroic rasa and valor (Venisamhara).

    B. Greek and Roman Playwrights

    • Aeschylus: Father of Tragedy; moral and divine justice (Oresteia).

    • Sophocles: Structural perfection and tragic irony (Oedipus Rex).

    • Euripides: Psychological depth and humanism (Medea).

    • Aristophanes: Political satire (Lysistrata).

    • Seneca: Roman philosopher; revenge tragedy model (Phaedra).

    C. Western Playwrights (Medieval to Modern)

    • Shakespeare (1564–1616): Universal human emotions, poetic drama (Hamlet, King Lear).

    • Molière (1622–1673): Social satire and manners (Tartuffe, The Misanthrope).

    • Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906): Modern realism, women’s emancipation (A Doll’s House).

    • Anton Chekhov (1860–1904): Subtle realism, inner conflict (The Cherry Orchard).

    • Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936): Meta-theatre and illusion (Six Characters in Search of an Author).

    • Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956): Epic theatre; socio-political critique (The Caucasian Chalk Circle).

    • Arthur Miller (1915–2005): American tragedy of common man (Death of a Salesman).

    • Samuel Beckett (1906–1989): Theatre of the Absurd (Waiting for Godot).

    • Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994): Satire of communication and absurdity (The Bald Soprano).


    6. Comparative Overview: Indian and Western Dramaturgy

    Aspect Indian (Natyasastra) Western (Aristotelian and Modern)
    Purpose Spiritual upliftment through Rasa Emotional purification through Catharsis
    Structure Cyclical, symbolic, multi-layered Linear, causal, realistic
    Emotion Core aesthetic principle Subordinate to plot
    Characterization Archetypal, symbolic Psychological and individualized
    Endings Always auspicious; harmony restored Can end tragically or ambiguously
    Function of Theatre Ritual, moral, and spiritual tool Social, moral, and emotional exploration
    Spectator Experience Aesthetic bliss (Ananda) Emotional purification and reflection
    Acting Approach Codified gestures (Abhinaya) Psychological realism and improvisation

    7. Modern and Contemporary Relevance

    Modern Indian dramatists have successfully blended Natyasastra aesthetics with Western dramatic innovations.

    • Girish Karnad integrated myth with modern symbolism (Hayavadana).

    • Badal Sircar used Third Theatre inspired by Brecht’s epic style.

    • Habib Tanvir combined folk and modern techniques (Charandas Chor).

    • Ratan Thiyam employed ritualistic and spiritual elements in modern contexts.

    Contemporary global theatre emphasizes intercultural dramaturgy, where Eastern spiritualism and Western realism coexist. The synthesis of Rasa and Catharsis, Abhinaya and Alienation, reflects the universal search for human truth through performance.


    Classification of Western Dramas

    1. Tragedy:

      • Represents downfall of a noble protagonist due to fate, flaw (hamartia), or moral weakness.

      • Evokes pity and fear, leading to catharsis.

      • Examples: Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), Macbeth (Shakespeare), Death of a Salesman (Arthur Miller).

    2. Comedy:

      • Celebrates life’s follies with humor and reconciliation.

      • Focuses on love, mistaken identity, or social satire.

      • Examples: Lysistrata (Aristophanes), As You Like It (Shakespeare), The Misanthrope (Molière).

    3. Tragicomedy:

      • Blends elements of tragedy and comedy.

      • Life-like realism with emotional complexity.

      • Examples: The Winter’s Tale (Shakespeare), Waiting for Godot (Beckett).

    4. Melodrama:

      • Emotional exaggeration, clear moral distinction, music underscoring scenes.

      • Popular in 19th-century bourgeois theatre.

      • Examples: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, East Lynne.

    5. Farce:

      • Physical comedy, mistaken identities, improbable situations.

      • Designed for laughter and energy rather than moral reflection.

      • Examples: The Doctor in Spite of Himself (Molière)

  • UGC NET Unit 5: Dance and Theatre Forms of East and South Asian Countries/MCQs

    Section A: Overview of Asian Theatre and Dance Traditions

    1. The Chinese traditional opera known for its elaborate make-up and stylized acting is called:
      a) Noh
      b) Kabuki
      c) Peking Opera
      d) Bunraku
      Answer: c) Peking Opera

    2. Which Japanese theatre form uses masks and slow, symbolic movement?
      a) Noh
      b) Kabuki
      c) Bunraku
      d) Kyogen
      Answer: a) Noh

    3. The Indonesian dance-drama depicting the Ramayana is known as:
      a) Barong
      b) Wayang Wong
      c) Topeng
      d) Kecak
      Answer: b) Wayang Wong

    4. The Thai dance-drama based on the Ramayana is called:
      a) Khon
      b) Lakhon
      c) Likay
      d) Manora
      Answer: a) Khon

    5. “Kabuki” originated during the:
      a) Nara Period
      b) Heian Period
      c) Edo Period
      d) Meiji Period
      Answer: c) Edo Period

    6. Which Korean masked dance-drama is noted for satire and humor?
      a) Pansori
      b) Talchum
      c) Namsadang Nori
      d) Nongak
      Answer: b) Talchum

    7. “Wayang Kulit” of Indonesia is primarily a form of:
      a) Masked dance
      b) Puppet theatre
      c) Ritual folk song
      d) Acrobatics
      Answer: b) Puppet theatre

    8. Which form of Japanese theatre uses puppets?
      a) Kabuki
      b) Bunraku
      c) Noh
      d) Kyogen
      Answer: b) Bunraku

    9. The Chinese “Zaju” is historically associated with:
      a) Yuan Dynasty
      b) Tang Dynasty
      c) Ming Dynasty
      d) Qing Dynasty
      Answer: a) Yuan Dynasty

    10. The dance-drama “Barong” is a traditional art form of:
      a) Thailand
      b) Indonesia (Bali)
      c) Philippines
      d) Cambodia
      Answer: b) Indonesia (Bali)


    Section B: South Asian Theatre and Dance

    1. The “Jatra” folk theatre is found in:
      a) Sri Lanka
      b) Bangladesh
      c) Nepal
      d) Pakistan
      Answer: b) Bangladesh

    2. “Baul songs” are associated with:
      a) Bangladesh
      b) Thailand
      c) Cambodia
      d) Japan
      Answer: a) Bangladesh

    3. The popular theatre form “Tamasha” belongs to:
      a) India
      b) Pakistan
      c) Sri Lanka
      d) Myanmar
      Answer: b) Pakistan

    4. The “Noor Jehan style” of musical performance is a heritage of which country’s theatre tradition?
      a) Bangladesh
      b) Pakistan
      c) Sri Lanka
      d) Thailand
      Answer: b) Pakistan

    5. “Kolam” dance is a traditional ritual theatre of:
      a) Sri Lanka
      b) Cambodia
      c) Laos
      d) Vietnam
      Answer: a) Sri Lanka

    6. The folk dance “Kandyan” is native to:
      a) Sri Lanka
      b) Myanmar
      c) Laos
      d) Philippines
      Answer: a) Sri Lanka

    7. “Puppetry and folk theatre of Bangladesh” derive largely from:
      a) Persian influences
      b) Hindu-Buddhist traditions
      c) Western realism
      d) Urban satire
      Answer: b) Hindu-Buddhist traditions

    8. “Sindhi Bhagat” is a performance genre that includes:
      a) Mimicry
      b) Folk dance and song
      c) Acrobatics
      d) Shadow play
      Answer: b) Folk dance and song

    9. The “Rasa Natya” of Sri Lanka evolved under the influence of:
      a) Sanskrit drama
      b) Persian theatre
      c) European plays
      d) Japanese Noh
      Answer: a) Sanskrit drama

    10. The Pakistani folk form that dramatizes epic love stories like “Heer Ranjha” is:
      a) Nautanki
      b) Bhand Pather
      c) Qissa Khwani
      d) Tamasha
      Answer: d) Tamasha


    Section C: Southeast Asian Traditions

    1. The Cambodian classical dance form associated with Angkor Wat is:
      a) Apsara dance
      b) Kecak
      c) Barong
      d) Morlam
      Answer: a) Apsara dance

    2. The “Lakhon” theatre form belongs to:
      a) Thailand
      b) Vietnam
      c) Indonesia
      d) Laos
      Answer: a) Thailand

    3. “Kecak” is known as the monkey chant dance from:
      a) Vietnam
      b) Indonesia (Bali)
      c) Philippines
      d) Cambodia
      Answer: b) Indonesia (Bali)

    4. “Morlam” is the folk singing-drama tradition of:
      a) Laos and Thailand
      b) Myanmar
      c) Cambodia
      d) Philippines
      Answer: a) Laos and Thailand

    5. “Likay” is a popular theatre form of:
      a) Japan
      b) Thailand
      c) Vietnam
      d) Korea
      Answer: b) Thailand

    6. The Vietnamese water puppet theatre is called:
      a) Mua Roi Nuoc
      b) Likay
      c) Kecak
      d) Ramayana Ballet
      Answer: a) Mua Roi Nuoc

    7. “Lakhon Nok” and “Lakhon Nai” are subdivisions of:
      a) Thai theatre
      b) Cambodian theatre
      c) Indonesian theatre
      d) Vietnamese theatre
      Answer: a) Thai theatre

    8. The dance-drama depicting the Ramayana in Laos is:
      a) Phra Lak Phra Lam
      b) Kecak
      c) Barong
      d) Wayang Wong
      Answer: a) Phra Lak Phra Lam

    9. “Yama Zatdaw” is known as the Burmese version of:
      a) Mahabharata
      b) Ramayana
      c) Jataka Tales
      d) Bhagavata Purana
      Answer: b) Ramayana

    10. The Burmese classical court dance is known as:
      a) Zat Pwe
      b) Anyeint
      c) Myay Wine
      d) Yama Nat Pwe
      Answer: b) Anyeint


    Section D: East Asian Theatre

    1. The origin of Noh theatre can be traced to which century?
      a) 6th
      b) 10th
      c) 14th
      d) 18th
      Answer: c) 14th

    2. The founder of modern Noh tradition is:
      a) Zeami Motokiyo
      b) Chikamatsu Monzaemon
      c) Ichikawa Danjuro I
      d) Okuni
      Answer: a) Zeami Motokiyo

    3. Kabuki theatre was founded by:
      a) Zeami
      b) Okuni
      c) Murasaki
      d) Basho
      Answer: b) Okuni

    4. The Japanese comic interlude performed between Noh plays is:
      a) Kyogen
      b) Bunraku
      c) Kabuki
      d) Gagaku
      Answer: a) Kyogen

    5. “Hanamichi” is a feature of:
      a) Kabuki theatre
      b) Bunraku theatre
      c) Noh theatre
      d) Chinese Opera
      Answer: a) Kabuki theatre

    6. The Korean narrative singing form “Pansori” uses how many performers?
      a) One
      b) Two
      c) Three
      d) Five
      Answer: b) Two

    7. “Ch’unhyangga” is a classic example of:
      a) Korean Pansori
      b) Japanese Kabuki
      c) Chinese Zaju
      d) Thai Khon
      Answer: a) Korean Pansori

    8. “Kunqu” opera is regarded as the oldest form of:
      a) Chinese musical drama
      b) Japanese folk opera
      c) Thai epic dance
      d) Korean puppet theatre
      Answer: a) Chinese musical drama

    9. The Beijing Opera traditionally featured which role type for female parts?
      a) Sheng
      b) Dan
      c) Jing
      d) Chou
      Answer: b) Dan

    10. The four role types of Peking Opera are Sheng, Dan, Jing, and:
      a) Chou
      b) Han
      c) Fan
      d) Tan
      Answer: a) Chou

      Section E: East Asian Performance Techniques and History

      1. In Peking Opera, the clown role is known as:
        a) Sheng
        b) Dan
        c) Jing
        d) Chou
        Answer: d) Chou

      2. The face painting in Chinese Opera is called:
        a) Kumadori
        b) Lianpu
        c) Kabeshita
        d) Nohmen
        Answer: b) Lianpu

      3. The Japanese “Bunraku” theatre primarily uses:
        a) String puppets
        b) Wooden puppets operated by humans
        c) Shadow puppets
        d) Masked dancers
        Answer: b) Wooden puppets operated by humans

      4. The traditional Japanese court music that influenced Noh theatre is:
        a) Gagaku
        b) Kodo
        c) Taiko
        d) Biwa
        Answer: a) Gagaku

      5. The male actors who perform female roles in Kabuki are known as:
        a) Onnagata
        b) Mie
        c) Danjuro
        d) Benshi
        Answer: a) Onnagata

      6. The stylized movement in Kabuki is called:
        a) Mie
        b) Kata
        c) Waza
        d) Kakegoe
        Answer: b) Kata

      7. The musical instrument that provides rhythm in Noh theatre is the:
        a) Shamisen
        b) O-tsuzumi
        c) Biwa
        d) Taiko
        Answer: b) O-tsuzumi

      8. The dance-drama that emerged as Japan’s popular culture theatre is:
        a) Kabuki
        b) Noh
        c) Kyogen
        d) Bunraku
        Answer: a) Kabuki

      9. The main difference between Noh and Kabuki theatre is:
        a) Kabuki is performed by women
        b) Noh is musical, Kabuki is silent
        c) Noh is refined and spiritual, Kabuki is popular and flamboyant
        d) Both are identical
        Answer: c) Noh is refined and spiritual, Kabuki is popular and flamboyant

      10. The principal Chinese instrument used in Peking Opera for melody is the:
        a) Pipa
        b) Erhu
        c) Sheng
        d) Guqin
        Answer: b) Erhu


      Section F: Southeast Asian Theatre and Dance – Performance Styles

      1. The Cambodian Apsara dance primarily symbolizes:
        a) Warrior strength
        b) Devotion and grace
        c) Satire and humor
        d) Political commentary
        Answer: b) Devotion and grace

      2. The Ramayana dance-drama performed in Bali using vocal chanting is:
        a) Wayang Wong
        b) Barong
        c) Kecak
        d) Topeng
        Answer: c) Kecak

      3. The “Topeng” dance of Indonesia uses:
        a) Masks
        b) Puppets
        c) Paintings
        d) Shadow projections
        Answer: a) Masks

      4. The Thai dance form “Khon” traditionally features:
        a) Female soloists
        b) Masked male dancers
        c) Puppeteers
        d) Acrobatics
        Answer: b) Masked male dancers

      5. The “Yama Zatdaw” of Myanmar is influenced by:
        a) The Buddhist Jataka tales
        b) The Ramayana
        c) Persian epics
        d) Greek drama
        Answer: b) The Ramayana

      6. The “Phra Lak Phra Lam” in Laos is derived from:
        a) Mahabharata
        b) Ramayana
        c) Silappadikaram
        d) Jataka tales
        Answer: b) Ramayana

      7. “Morlam” of Laos involves:
        a) Masked acting
        b) Narrative singing and storytelling
        c) Shadow puppetry
        d) Martial arts
        Answer: b) Narrative singing and storytelling

      8. The “Likay” theatre of Thailand is characterized by:
        a) Religious purity
        b) Improvisation and humor
        c) Silence and mime
        d) Classical dance gestures
        Answer: b) Improvisation and humor

      9. The “Barong” dance from Bali symbolizes the struggle between:
        a) Gods and mortals
        b) Good and evil
        c) Humans and spirits
        d) Kings and peasants
        Answer: b) Good and evil

      10. The Cambodian Apsara dancers usually depict:
        a) Episodes from Mahabharata
        b) Celestial nymphs
        c) Folk heroes
        d) Farmers and merchants
        Answer: b) Celestial nymphs


      Section G: South Asian Neighbourhood Theatre and Dance

      1. The Sri Lankan “Kolam” theatre is known for:
        a) Masked ritual performances
        b) Epic poetry recitations
        c) Shadow plays
        d) Folk storytelling
        Answer: a) Masked ritual performances

      2. The “Kandyan” dance originated in:
        a) Anuradhapura temples
        b) Buddhist rituals of Kandy
        c) Hindu temples
        d) Folk fairs
        Answer: b) Buddhist rituals of Kandy

      3. The musical form “Baila” is native to:
        a) Sri Lanka
        b) Pakistan
        c) Bangladesh
        d) Myanmar
        Answer: a) Sri Lanka

      4. The “Jatra Pala” performances in Bangladesh often depict:
        a) Myths and religious tales
        b) Urban life
        c) Political drama
        d) Domestic satire
        Answer: a) Myths and religious tales

      5. “Bangladeshi puppet theatre” is known as:
        a) Putul Nach
        b) Kecak
        c) Kolam
        d) Khon
        Answer: a) Putul Nach

      6. The Pakistani regional theatre form that combines music and improvisation is:
        a) Bhand
        b) Tamasha
        c) Nautanki
        d) Qawwali
        Answer: b) Tamasha

      7. The Pakistani folk theatre with moral tales and humor is called:
        a) Bhand Pather
        b) Tamasha
        c) Dastaangoi
        d) Nautanki
        Answer: b) Tamasha

      8. “Heer Ranjha” and “Sassi Punnu” are commonly staged themes in:
        a) Punjabi theatre
        b) Thai Khon
        c) Balinese theatre
        d) Korean Talchum
        Answer: a) Punjabi theatre

      9. The “Baul” tradition emphasizes:
        a) Spiritual freedom and devotion
        b) Dance technique
        c) Martial discipline
        d) Mimicry and parody
        Answer: a) Spiritual freedom and devotion

      10. Sri Lankan “Nadagam” was influenced by:
        a) South Indian musical drama
        b) British pantomime
        c) Japanese Kabuki
        d) Balinese dance
        Answer: a) South Indian musical drama


      Section H: Comparative and Cross-Cultural Studies

      1. The concept of “Total Theatre” in Asia combines:
        a) Music, dance, mime, and drama
        b) Visual art and dance
        c) Literature and painting
        d) Only ritual elements
        Answer: a) Music, dance, mime, and drama

      2. The “Hanamichi” in Kabuki theatre refers to:
        a) A special stage walkway
        b) The musical orchestra
        c) The audience gallery
        d) The makeup room
        Answer: a) A special stage walkway

      3. In East Asian theatre, colors of masks and make-up primarily denote:
        a) Musical tones
        b) Moral and psychological traits
        c) Gender
        d) Age only
        Answer: b) Moral and psychological traits

      4. The symbol of white face in Chinese Opera often signifies:
        a) Heroism
        b) Evil or cunning
        c) Divinity
        d) Youth
        Answer: b) Evil or cunning

      5. The “Dan” role type in Peking Opera represents:
        a) Male character
        b) Female character
        c) Comic role
        d) Villain
        Answer: b) Female character

      6. The “Sheng” role in Peking Opera generally represents:
        a) Old men
        b) Young male protagonists
        c) Comic servants
        d) Warriors only
        Answer: b) Young male protagonists

      7. In Noh theatre, the chorus is called:
        a) Jiutai
        b) Waki
        c) Shite
        d) Kyogen
        Answer: a) Jiutai

      8. The lead actor in Noh play is known as:
        a) Shite
        b) Waki
        c) Jiutai
        d) Kyogen
        Answer: a) Shite

      9. The supporting actor in Noh is called:
        a) Waki
        b) Shite
        c) Kyogen
        d) Chou
        Answer: a) Waki

      10. The “Mai” in Noh refers to:
        a) Stylized dance movement
        b) Musical interval
        c) Stage lighting
        d) Script recitation
        Answer: a) Stylized dance movement


      Section I: Musical and Costume Traditions

      1. In Balinese Kecak, the rhythm is maintained by:
        a) Cymbals
        b) Human vocal chanting
        c) Drums
        d) Flute
        Answer: b) Human vocal chanting

      2. In Thai “Khon” performance, masks are made primarily from:
        a) Gold foil
        b) Papier-mâché
        c) Bronze
        d) Clay
        Answer: b) Papier-mâché

      3. The Japanese instrument commonly used in Kabuki music is:
        a) Shamisen
        b) Erhu
        c) Pipa
        d) Taiko
        Answer: a) Shamisen

      4. The Burmese Anyeint performance involves:
        a) Solo female dancer and a clown troupe
        b) Masked male dancers
        c) Shadow puppets
        d) Warriors in costume
        Answer: a) Solo female dancer and a clown troupe

      5. The Korean “Buk” drum is mainly used in:
        a) Talchum
        b) Pansori
        c) Namsadang Nori
        d) All of these
        Answer: d) All of these

      6. The Apsara dancers wear:
        a) Metal crowns and silk skirts
        b) Leather armor
        c) Wooden masks
        d) White robes
        Answer: a) Metal crowns and silk skirts

      7. In Peking Opera, the “Dan” used to be played by:
        a) Women
        b) Men
        c) Monks
        d) Children
        Answer: b) Men

      8. The “Lakon Jatri” in Cambodia is a:
        a) Folk theatre
        b) Classical masked performance
        c) Puppet show
        d) Narrative poetry
        Answer: a) Folk theatre

      9. The Cambodian “Pinpeat” orchestra accompanies:
        a) Classical dance
        b) Folk songs
        c) Court rituals only
        d) Modern theatre
        Answer: a) Classical dance

      10. The “Erhu” instrument in Chinese Opera is a:
        a) String instrument
        b) Wind instrument
        c) Percussion
        d) Keyboard
        Answer: a) String instrument


      Section J: Contemporary Influences and Global Reach

      1. “Kabuki” was declared an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in:
        a) 2002
        b) 2005
        c) 2008
        d) 2011
        Answer: b) 2005

      2. The “Ramayana Ballet” performed at Prambanan temple belongs to:
        a) Indonesia
        b) Thailand
        c) Cambodia
        d) Myanmar
        Answer: a) Indonesia

      3. “Wayang” theatre of Indonesia includes both:
        a) Shadow and puppet theatre
        b) Mask and dance
        c) Music and mime
        d) Epic and satire
        Answer: a) Shadow and puppet theatre

      4. “Kecak” evolved in the 1930s as a form of:
        a) Tourist performance
        b) Ritual purification
        c) Classical ballet
        d) Martial display
        Answer: a) Tourist performance

      5. “Yamato-e” aesthetics influenced:
        a) Noh drama stage design
        b) Peking Opera masks
        c) Thai Khon movements
        d) Sri Lankan Kolam songs
        Answer: a) Noh drama stage design

      6. “Likay” theatre of Thailand is comparable to Indian:
        a) Nautanki
        b) Kathakali
        c) Bharatanatyam
        d) Yakshagana
        Answer: a) Nautanki

      7. The “Pinpeat” orchestra resembles the Indian:
        a) Nadaswaram ensemble
        b) Panchavadyam
        c) Temple orchestra
        d) Both b and c
        Answer: d) Both b and c

      8. The “Yue Opera” from China is known for:
        a) All-female troupes
        b) All-male troupes
        c) Puppet usage
        d) Martial themes only
        Answer: a) All-female troupes

      9. The “Talchum” dances were originally performed during:
        a) Harvest festivals
        b) New Year celebrations
        c) Royal coronations
        d) Buddhist Lent
        Answer: a) Harvest festivals

      10. The interrelationship of Asian theatre forms shows that:
        a) They share ritual, dance, and storytelling origins
        b) Each is purely isolated
        c) They are only Western influenced
        d) They have no common heritage
        Answer: a) They share ritual, dance, and storytelling origins

  • UGC NET Unit-4 Arts and Aesthetics – MCQs – Performing Arts

    Below are 100 exam-quality MCQs (with answers) for Unit 4 — Art & Aesthetics (UGC-NET Performing Arts).
    They cover Bharata’s Rasasūtra, the elaborations by Lollata, Śaṅkuka, Bhaṭṭanāyaka, Abhinavagupta, the elements of Rasa (Sthāyī, Vyabhicārī/Sañcārī, Sāttvika, Vibhāva, Anubhāva), definitions/purposes/elements of art, Performance Studies basics, and major Western theories (Imitation/Catharsis, Imagination, Beauty, Communication, Utility), plus formalism and institutional theory.
    Use them for timed practice and revision.

    1. The Rasasūtra formula in Nāṭyaśāstra states that rasa arises from the combination of:
      A) Nāyaka + Nāyikā + Bhāva
      B) Vibhāva + Anubhāva + Vyabhicāribhāva
      C) Śabda + Rūpa + Artha
      D) Abhinaya + Ranga + Gana
      Answer: B

    2. In Nāṭyaśāstra, Sthāyībhāva refers to:
      A) A temporary emotion
      B) The stable dominant emotion underlying a rasa
      C) External expression like tears
      D) Theatrical costume
      Answer: B

    3. Vyabhicāribhāvas (or Sañcārī bhāvas) are:
      A) Transitory emotions supporting the dominant emotion
      B) The permanent mental states producing rasa
      C) Types of stage properties
      D) Musical scales
      Answer: A

    4. Which of the following is NOT a Sāttvika response?
      A) Tears
      B) Tremor
      C) Dance steps (nṛtta)
      D) Blushing
      Answer: C

    5. Alambana-vibhāva in Rasa theory denotes:
      A) The environment stimulating emotion
      B) The object or person on whom emotion rests
      C) The comic relief in a play
      D) The final rasa experienced
      Answer: B

    6. Uddīpana-vibhāva is:
      A) The hero’s dialogue only
      B) The external stimulants or exciters that intensify emotion
      C) The concluding benediction
      D) The actor’s costume
      Answer: B

    7. Anubhāva signifies:
      A) The cause of emotion
      B) External manifestations or consequences of emotion (gestures, speech)
      C) The stage-house architecture
      D) The play’s script
      Answer: B

    8. How many principal rasas did Bharata enumerate originally?
      A) Six
      B) Eight
      C) Nine
      D) Ten
      Answer: B

    9. Which rasa was added later and is often ascribed to later commentators like Abhinavagupta?
      A) Śṛṅgāra
      B) Vīra
      C) Śānta
      D) Hāsya
      Answer: C

    10. Which commentator emphasized Rasa as an experience primarily located in the spectator (bhāvakatva)?
      A) Bhattalollata
      B) Śaṅkuka
      C) Bhaṭṭanāyaka
      D) Bharata Muni
      Answer: C

    11. Bhattalollata is best known for which stance on Rasa?
      A) Rasa exists only in actor’s mind
      B) Rasa is the manifested emotion—centred on the actor/character
      C) Rasa is purely linguistic
      D) Rasa is social utility
      Answer: B

    12. Śrī Śaṅkuka’s approach to rasa emphasized:
      A) The spectator’s spiritual liberation
      B) Rasa as representation prompting recognition (anukaraṇa/anumāna)
      C) The role of costume only
      D) Imitation of nature strictly
      Answer: B

    13. Abhinavagupta’s major contribution to Rasa theory is:
      A) Denying the existence of Sāttvika bhāvas
      B) Universalisation (sādhāraṇīkaraṇa) of emotions and Rasa as bliss (ānanda)
      C) Limiting rasas to six only
      D) Replacing rasa with moral didacticism
      Answer: B

    14. Which commentator argued that Rasa is a spiritualized aesthetic pleasure akin to self-realisation?
      A) Bhattalollata
      B) Śaṅkuka
      C) Bhaṭṭanāyaka
      D) Abhinavagupta
      Answer: D

    15. The sahr̥daya is:
      A) The actor’s costume designer
      B) The sensitive spectator capable of tasting rasa
      C) A type of rasa
      D) A theatrical instrument
      Answer: B

    16. Sāmānya abhinaya refers to:
      A) Pictorial, decorative enactment
      B) Generalised, codified expressions of emotion
      C) Internal involuntary signs
      D) Stage architecture rules
      Answer: B

    17. Citrabhinaya is best described as:
      A) Everyday realistic movement
      B) Pictorial, ornamental, tableau-like expression used for spectacular effect
      C) Vocal training methods
      D) Costume stitching technique
      Answer: B

    18. Which of these is NOT one of the four types of abhinaya in Indian dramaturgy?
      A) Āṅgika
      B) Vācika
      C) Sāttvika
      D) Nāṭyika
      Answer: D

    19. Āhārya abhinaya deals with:
      A) Vocal modulation
      B) Costume, makeup, ornaments and stage décor
      C) Internal emotions only
      D) Dance technique exclusively
      Answer: B

    20. One of the eight principal Sāttvika bhāvas is:
      A) Laughter
      B) Lip movement
      C) Perspiration due to inner emotion
      D) Hand gestures only
      Answer: C

    21. In the rasa formation, the spectator’s detachment combined with empathy that allows enjoyment is called:
      A) Catharsis
      B) Sahr̥daya response
      C) Identification
      D) Imitation
      Answer: B

    22. The process of “sādhāraṇīkaraṇa” refers to:
      A) Making emotions particular to the character
      B) Universalising emotions so they are not tied to individual actors
      C) Stage lighting techniques
      D) Musical accompaniment style
      Answer: B

    23. Which Indian aesthetician equated rasa-ānanda with a near-spiritual bliss beyond ordinary pleasure?
      A) Bharata Muni
      B) Bhattalollata
      C) Abhinavagupta
      D) Śaṅkuka
      Answer: C

    24. In modern Performance Studies, Richard Schechner’s concept of “restored behavior” means:
      A) Spontaneous, unrepeatable action only
      B) Behavior learned from life that is stored and then reactivated as performance
      C) Only ritual enactment in temples
      D) The original unaltered ritual practice
      Answer: B

    25. Victor Turner’s concept of “liminality” in performance studies denotes:
      A) Complete closure of ritual
      B) The transitional, in-between phase where transformation can occur
      C) The actor’s rehearsal space
      D) The audience’s seat allocation
      Answer: B

    26. Which Western philosopher is most associated with the “Imitation” theory of art?
      A) Kant
      B) Plato and Aristotle
      C) Dewey
      D) Croce
      Answer: B

    27. Aristotle’s concept of catharsis primarily refers to:
      A) Moral teaching only
      B) Purging/purification of pity and fear through theatrical experience
      C) Pain relief in surgery
      D) An aesthetic object’s beauty
      Answer: B

    28. Kant’s view of aesthetic judgment emphasizes that it is:
      A) Determined by desire and utility
      B) Disinterested and based on the free play of imagination and understanding
      C) A form of imitation only
      D) Always moralistic
      Answer: B

    29. Coleridge’s distinction of primary and secondary imagination highlights:
      A) Only the play of social institutions
      B) The creative power of imagination where secondary imagination reshapes nature into art
      C) That imagination is inferior to reason
      D) The technical skills of actors
      Answer: B

    30. Hegel saw art as the sensuous manifestation of:
      A) Nature only
      B) The Absolute Spirit or Idea
      C) Practical utility
      D) Institutional decisions
      Answer: B

    31. Croce argued that art is primarily:
      A) Moral instruction
      B) Intuition and expression — an immediate form of knowledge
      C) A copy of nature
      D) A social function only
      Answer: B

    32. Tolstoy defined art as:
      A) Mimesis of nature
      B) Communication of feeling from artist to audience — sincerity being crucial
      C) A display of technique alone
      D) An institutional classification
      Answer: B

    33. John Dewey’s “Art as Experience” argues that:
      A) Art is an isolated object divorced from life
      B) Art arises from heightened, integrated experiences involving doing and undergoing
      C) Art is only imitation
      D) Art must be beautiful to qualify as art
      Answer: B

    34. Marxist aesthetics primarily treats art as:
      A) Purely formal qualities for contemplation
      B) Reflective of social and economic conditions and potentially a tool for social change
      C) A method for spiritual liberation only
      D) A purely institutional designation
      Answer: B

    35. Bertolt Brecht’s epic theatre aimed to:
      A) Encourage emotional absorption and catharsis
      B) Alienate the audience to provoke critical reflection (Verfremdungseffekt)
      C) Entertain without message
      D) Emphasize classical unity of time and space
      Answer: B

    36. Clive Bell’s “significant form” focuses on:
      A) Narrative content and political message
      B) Formal relations of line, colour, and composition that provoke aesthetic emotion
      C) Institutional status of objects
      D) Moral utility of art
      Answer: B

    37. The Institutional Theory of Art holds that:
      A) Objects are art if they imitate nature well
      B) Art status is conferred by the art-world institutions and conventions
      C) Only museums can create art
      D) Art must be useful socially
      Answer: B

    38. Which theory most strongly supports the dictum “art should instruct and inspire social change”?
      A) Formalism
      B) Institutional theory
      C) Art as Utility (including Marxist aesthetics)
      D) Beauty theory
      Answer: C

    39. The term “disinterestedness” in Kantian aesthetics means:
      A) Lack of interest in art by the spectator
      B) Pleasure in an object without desire for possession or practical use
      C) Art must be political
      D) Audience apathy
      Answer: B

    40. Which Western view is closest in spirit to Bharata’s Rasa theory (transformative aesthetic pleasure)?
      A) Institutional theory
      B) Formalism (significant form)
      C) Aristotle’s catharsis and certain idealist notions of aesthetic bliss
      D) Marxist utility theory
      Answer: C

    41. According to Bhaṭṭanāyaka, the term bhāvanā implies:
      A) The actor’s costume design
      B) The imaginative universalisation that enables spectator to enjoy rasa
      C) A stage property
      D) A type of music used in drama
      Answer: B

    42. Which commentator primarily located rasa in the external performance (manifestation) rather than the spectator’s inner experience?
      A) Bhaṭṭanāyaka
      B) Abhinavagupta
      C) Bhattalollata
      D) Śaṅkuka
      Answer: C

    43. The 33 vyabhicāribhāvas are important because they:
      A) Define the stage layout
      B) Support and colour the Sthāyībhāva in generating rasa
      C) Are musical ragas
      D) Are costume categories
      Answer: B

    44. Which element is NOT part of Bharata’s Rasa formula?
      A) Vibhāva
      B) Anubhāva
      C) Vyabhicāribhāva
      D) Prakaraṇa
      Answer: D

    45. The “taste” or “experience” of rasa by the connoisseur is often termed:
      A) Rasa-kala
      B) Rasa-anubhava
      C) Rasa-vritti
      D) Rasa-laya
      Answer: B

    46. In Performance Studies, “performativity” (as developed by scholars like Austin and Butler) refers to:
      A) Only theatrical performance in a theatre building
      B) The idea that certain social acts produce or constitute identity by being performed repeatedly
      C) Costume design only
      D) The act of improvisation exclusively
      Answer: B

    47. Which Western aesthetician argued that genius breaks existing rules and creates new forms through imagination?
      A) Croce
      B) Coleridge
      C) Kant
      D) Hegel
      Answer: B

    48. The concept of Ma in Japanese aesthetics is best described as:
      A) Overly busy stage action
      B) The meaningful space or pause that gives shape to art
      C) A type of mask
      D) The chorus in Noh theatre
      Answer: B

    49. Who among the following emphasized the role of empathy (Einfühlung) in aesthetic experience?
      A) Vischer and Lipps (German aesthetics)
      B) Marx
      C) Brecht
      D) Croce
      Answer: A

    50. In Indian aesthetics, the involuntary physical markers like tears and pallor are categorized as:
      A) Vibhāvas
      B) Anubhāvas (Sāttvika bhāvas)
      C) Vyabhicāribhāvas
      D) Sthāyībhāvas
      Answer: B

    51. The term Rasa etymologically means:
      A) Colour
      B) Taste or essence
      C) Sound
      D) Movement
      Answer: B

    52. Which theory would prioritize the “work’s social background” in interpretation?
      A) Formalism
      B) Marxist / social theory of art
      C) Aesthetic formalism (Bell)
      D) Institutionalism
      Answer: B

    53. The aesthetic quality of “unity in variety” is a principle associated with:
      A) Formalist aesthetics and classical theories of beauty
      B) Marxist aesthetics exclusively
      C) Institutional theory only
      D) Performance Studies only
      Answer: A

    54. Which of the following is a critique of Aristotle’s catharsis concept from later aesthetics?
      A) It overemphasizes the social function of art
      B) It reduces the aesthetic experience to mere emotional purge, ignoring cognitive and spiritual dimensions
      C) It ignores imitation entirely
      D) It denies suffering any role in art
      Answer: B

    55. In Rasa theory, dramatic abhinaya aims to:
      A) Make the actor indistinguishable from the character in life
      B) Communicate bhāvas aesthetically to produce rasa in the spectator
      C) Provide realistic mimicry alone
      D) Emphasize props over emotion
      Answer: B

    56. The idea that art is defined by “the art world” and its institutions helps explain which phenomenon?
      A) Why every object is automatically art
      B) Why some everyday objects were reclassified as art (e.g., readymades)
      C) How to make art more beautiful
      D) None of the above
      Answer: B

    57. Which aesthetic position holds that an artwork’s moral content is irrelevant to its aesthetic value?
      A) Moralism (art judged by morals)
      B) Autonomism/Formalism (art judged by aesthetic form)
      C) Institutionalism
      D) Marxism
      Answer: B

    58. The term “Anukūla” is not central to modern Western aesthetics; in Indian aesthetics, the rough equivalent of appreciative disposition is:
      A) Sahr̥daya (sensitive spectator)
      B) Abhinaya only
      C) Vibhāva alone
      D) Rasika
      Answer: A

    59. Which thinker argued that art’s greatest function is to reveal the Idea (the spiritual truth) through sensuous form?
      A) Kant
      B) Hegel
      C) Tolstoy
      D) Dewey
      Answer: B

    60. Which of the following is characteristic of formalist criticism?
      A) Emphasis on socio-political context
      B) Close attention to formal properties (structure, form, technique) of the artwork
      C) Emphasis on artist’s biography only
      D) Institutional endorsement only
      Answer: B

    61. Which theory would most readily accept abstract art as genuine art?
      A) Strict imitation theory
      B) Formalism and significant form theory
      C) Only institutional theory
      D) None
      Answer: B

    62. The process by which a spectator feels the emotion of the character while remaining aware it is art (detached empathy) is essential to:
      A) Rasa theory (sahr̥daya experience)
      B) Only Plato’s critique
      C) Institutional theory
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    63. Which commentator is associated with explaining Rasa in terms of recognition or cognition (anumāna)?
      A) Bhaṭṭanāyaka
      B) Śaṅkuka
      C) Bhattalollata
      D) Abhinavagupta
      Answer: B

    64. The concept that art provides “pleasure in the perception of form” rather than usefulness is central to:
      A) Utilitarian aesthetics
      B) Kantian and idealist aesthetics (beauty theory)
      C) Marxist aesthetics
      D) Institutional aesthetics
      Answer: B

    65. Which aesthetic theory prioritizes the artist’s sincerity and clarity of feeling as determinate of artistic value?
      A) Tolstoy’s communication theory
      B) Kantian disinterestedness
      C) Clive Bell’s formalism
      D) Institutional theory
      Answer: A

    66. The “alienation effect” (Verfremdungseffekt) aims to:
      A) Deepen emotional immersion for catharsis
      B) Prevent passive absorption and encourage critical reflection in the audience
      C) Make performances more decorative
      D) Return theatre to ritual purity
      Answer: B

    67. Which of the following is a weakness frequently noted in institutional theory of art?
      A) It neglects historical and social contexts
      B) It may allow arbitrary objects to be called art based on institutional endorsement alone
      C) It denies any role for form
      D) It dismisses all modern art
      Answer: B

    68. The term “esthetic distance” refers to:
      A) Geographical distance from the theatre
      B) The psychological space that allows the spectator to appreciate art without being overwhelmed by immediacy
      C) A form of stage choreography
      D) None of the above
      Answer: B

    69. Which aesthetic perspective would most likely argue that beauty is an objective property discoverable by analysis?
      A) Formalism/Idealism
      B) Institutionalism
      C) Pragmatism
      D) Marxism
      Answer: A

    70. The notion that everyday acts (greeting, ceremonies) can be analyzed as performances belongs to:
      A) Classical aesthetics only
      B) Performance Studies
      C) Institutional theory only
      D) None
      Answer: B

    71. Which Western thinker stressed that art’s role is to produce “aesthetic experience” that unifies emotion and intellect?
      A) Kant
      B) Dewey
      C) Brecht
      D) Marx
      Answer: B

    72. The practice of “sādhāraṇīkaraṇa” helps the spectator by:
      A) Making emotions highly personal and idiosyncratic
      B) Generalising emotions so the spectator can relish them aesthetically
      C) Eliminating Sāttvika bhāvas
      D) Focusing on stagecraft alone
      Answer: B

    73. Which aesthetic theory emphasizes the historical, class-based determinants of artistic forms?
      A) Formalism
      B) Marxist aesthetics
      C) Kantian aesthetics
      D) Institutionalism
      Answer: B

    74. “Significant form” as a criterion would valuate which of the following most highly?
      A) An artwork’s political message regardless of form
      B) The formal arrangement (line, colour, rhythm) that produces aesthetic emotion
      C) Institutional reception alone
      D) The artist’s biography only
      Answer: B

    75. Who argued that the aim of tragedy is to arouse and then purge pity and fear?
      A) Plato
      B) Aristotle
      C) Kant
      D) Croce
      Answer: B

    76. Which theory would treat a “readymade” (found object declared art) as art if the institution endorses it?
      A) Imitation theory
      B) Institutional theory
      C) Beauty theory
      D) Marxist aesthetics
      Answer: B

    77. The Indian concept of Sāttvika bhāvas corresponds to which Western idea?
      A) Formalism’s interest in form only
      B) Physiological or embodied responses studied in psychology of art (involuntary bodily reactions)
      C) Institutional endorsement
      D) Artistic genius only
      Answer: B

    78. The role of imagination in Coleridge’s aesthetics primarily is to:
      A) Reproduce nature exactly
      B) Synthesize and reshape sensual material into new artistic forms (secondary imagination)
      C) Deny the need for training
      D) Make art moral instruction only
      Answer: B

    79. According to Dewey, the value of an art object is best judged by:
      A) Its institutional provenance
      B) The quality of aesthetic experience it affords (integration of experience)
      C) Its capacity to mimic nature
      D) Its adherence to classicism
      Answer: B

    80. The term anubhāva and the Western concept of “expression” in aesthetics are related how?
      A) Completely unrelated
      B) Both deal with outward manifestations of inner states (gesture, voice, tone)
      C) One is physical and the other metaphysical, so no relation
      D) They are opposites
      Answer: B

    81. Which theory of art stresses the artist’s intention as central to meaning?
      A) Institutional theory exclusively
      B) Intentionalist approaches in hermeneutics and communication theory (Tolstoy’s emphasis on sincerity)
      C) Formalism only
      D) Marxist aesthetics only
      Answer: B

    82. The critique that art should be judged by its social function rather than formal beauty comes mainly from:
      A) Formalists
      B) Marxist and utilitarian perspectives
      C) Kantian idealists
      D) Clive Bell’s formalism
      Answer: B

    83. Which of the following is true about Abhinavagupta’s notion of aesthetic experience?
      A) He equated it with mere entertainment only
      B) He saw it as a kind of spiritual insight producing bliss (ānanda) through rasa
      C) He denied the role of the spectator entirely
      D) He restricted rasa to religious ritual only
      Answer: B

    84. The “play of the faculties” in aesthetic judgment (Kant) involves:
      A) Only the intellect, excluding imagination
      B) Both imagination and understanding in a harmonious interplay perceived as pleasurable
      C) Physical exercise only
      D) Institutional validation only
      Answer: B

    85. Which of these approaches would most likely highlight the role of museum and gallery systems in defining art?
      A) Marxist aesthetics
      B) Institutional theory of art
      C) Formalism
      D) Rasa theory
      Answer: B

    86. Which theory is most challenged by abstract art that lacks representational content?
      A) Institutional theory
      B) Imitation (mimesis) theory
      C) Formalism
      D) Communication theory
      Answer: B

    87. The idea that the aesthetic experience can be morally uplifting and educational is championed by:
      A) Tolstoy, Dewey and utilitarian thinkers (art as social/ethical function)
      B) Clive Bell only
      C) Institutionalists only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    88. Which term best captures Abhinavagupta’s view of rasa as ananda (blissful awareness)?
      A) Catharsis
      B) Sahr̥daya’s taste of universalized emotion
      C) Imitation of life
      D) Institutional declaration
      Answer: B

    89. Performance Studies as a discipline emphasizes:
      A) Only classic theatre texts
      B) Interdisciplinary study of all forms of performance, ritual, and social enactment
      C) Only formalist art analysis
      D) Only museum practices
      Answer: B

    90. The “open concept” of art (Weitz) implies that:
      A) Art has a fixed, closed definition
      B) The concept of art is flexible and evolves with practice and usage
      C) Art is only functional
      D) Art is always imitative
      Answer: B

    91. Which Western aesthetic view most aligns with Bhaṭṭanāyaka’s emphasis on imaginative generalisation (bhāvanā) producing rasa?
      A) Kantian formal disinterestedness
      B) Romantic/Coleridgean emphasis on imagination reshaping reality
      C) Institutional theory
      D) Marxist critique
      Answer: B

    92. Which of the following would be a primary focus of formalist criticism?
      A) Social function of the artwork
      B) Close analysis of form—line, rhythm, balance, organization—over content
      C) The artist’s socio-economic background
      D) Institutional validation only
      Answer: B

    93. The Rasa Adbhuta corresponds to which vyabhicāri or sthāyī-feeling?
      A) Vismaya (wonder)
      B) Rati (love)
      C) Shrama (fatigue)
      D) Krodha (anger)
      Answer: A

    94. The Rasa Hāsya emerges from which Sthāyībhāva?
      A) Rati
      B) Hāsa (mirth)
      C) Śoka
      D) Krodha
      Answer: B

    95. Which aesthetic framework would most likely study political rallies, protests, or rituals as performances?
      A) Formalism exclusively
      B) Performance Studies and cultural studies approaches
      C) Institutional art theory only
      D) Kantian aesthetics only
      Answer: B

    96. The practice of sādhāraṇīkaraṇa makes characters’ emotions accessible to all by:
      A) Making them entirely idiosyncratic and personal
      B) Generalising or universalising emotions so spectators can taste rasa
      C) Removing all emotions from the performance
      D) Focusing only on music
      Answer: B

    97. Which Western theorist emphasized the artist’s role as communicator whose sincerity determines the work’s value?
      A) Clive Bell
      B) Leo Tolstoy
      C) Kant
      D) Hegel
      Answer: B

    98. A student analyzing the outward gestures that convey inner emotion in performance (e.g., tears, pallor) is studying:
      A) Vibhāvas only
      B) Anubhāvas and Sāttvika bhāvas
      C) Stage directions only
      D) Institutional conventions only
      Answer: B

    99. Which of the following statements best reflects Abhinavagupta’s position?
      A) Rasa is an objective feature located solely in the actor’s display
      B) Rasa is a universalized subjective experience producing aesthetic bliss for the sahr̥daya
      C) Rasa is irrelevant to spiritual life
      D) Rasa is primarily economic exchange
      Answer: B

    100. In summary, which pairing correctly links a Western theory with its core claim?
      A) Imitation — Art as free play of imagination
      B) Formalism — Art’s value lies in social utility
      C) Communication (Tolstoy/Dewey) — Art transmits emotion/creates experience between artist and audience
      D) Marxist aesthetics — Art is purely about beauty only
      Answer: C

  • UGC NET UNIT 4 – ART AND AESTHETICS – Performing Arts

    1. Introduction

    The concept of Art (Kāla) and Aesthetics (Saundarya) in the Indian tradition finds its most profound expression in the Nāṭyaśāstra of Bharata Muni, where art is viewed as both a path to spiritual elevation and a refined means of emotional communication.
    Unlike Western aesthetics that often separates art and life, the Indian aesthetic view perceives art as an imitation of the inner reality of life (Ātman), leading to Rasa-anubhava — the aesthetic experience of bliss.


    2. The “Rasasūtra” of Bharata

    Bharata’s most famous contribution to aesthetic theory is encapsulated in the aphorism known as the Rasasūtra from the 6th Chapter of the Nāṭyaśāstra:

    “Vibhāvānubhāvavyabhicārisaṁyogād rasa-niṣpattiḥ”
    Nāṭyaśāstra, VI.32

    Meaning:
    Rasa arises from the combination of Vibhāvas (determinants), Anubhāvas (consequents), and Vyabhicāribhāvas (transitory emotions).

    Thus, Rasa is the aesthetic relish or emotional essence experienced by the sensitive spectator (sahr̥daya). It is not the real emotion itself, but its refined artistic transformation.


    3. The Core Elements of Rasa Theory

    (a) Vibhāva – Determinants

    The causes or situations that evoke emotion.

    • Ālambana-vibhāva: the person or object causing emotion (e.g., hero, beloved).

    • Uddīpana-vibhāva: the environment or stimulants enhancing emotion (e.g., moonlight, music).

    (b) Anubhāva – Consequents

    The external, visible expressions of inner feeling — gestures, tone, movement, tears, fainting, laughter, etc. They make emotion perceptible to the audience.

    (c) Vyabhicāribhāva (Sañcārī-bhāva) – Transitory Emotions

    Short-lived mental states supporting the main emotion, such as anxiety, joy, fatigue, doubt, pride, fear, etc.
    There are 33 Vyabhicāribhāvas.

    (d) Sthāyībhāva – Permanent Emotion

    The dominant emotion residing in the mind that, when artistically evoked, transforms into a Rasa.
    For example:

    • Rati (love)Śṛṅgāra Rasa

    • Krodha (anger)Raudra Rasa

    • Utsāha (energy)Vīra Rasa

    • Śoka (grief)Karuṇa Rasa

    • Hāsa (mirth)Hāsya Rasa

    • Jugupsā (disgust)Bībhatsa Rasa

    • Bhaya (fear)Bhayānaka Rasa

    • Vismaya (wonder)Adbhuta Rasa

    • Sama (tranquility)Śānta Rasa

    (e) Sāttvika-bhāvas – Involuntary Physical Reactions

    Eight involuntary emotional signs like trembling, blushing, tears, fainting, perspiration — signifying the intensity of internal feeling.
    They are āveśa-lakṣaṇas — manifestations of deep inner emotion.


    4. How Rasa is Experienced

    When the actor performs a bhāva (emotion) using the tools of Abhinaya (expression) — the spectator, detached from personal emotion, experiences Rasa.
    This is not the raw feeling (bhāva) but its aestheticized essence.
    For instance, real grief causes pain, but artistic grief in a play leads to Karuṇa-rasa, a refined pleasure through empathy.

    Thus, Bhāva is the seed; Rasa is the flower.


    5. Elaboration by Later Commentators

    (a) Bhattalollata (9th century CE)

    • One of the earliest commentators on the Rasa theory.

    • Proposed the “Rasa as Vyakti (manifestation)” theory.

    • Rasa, according to him, is the manifested emotion of the character that the spectator perceives.

    • However, he treated Rasa as objective — something shown by the actor, not experienced by the spectator.

    Limitation: It does not explain how the audience “tastes” Rasa internally.


    (b) Śrī Śaṅkuka

    • Introduced the concept of Anukaraṇa-vādaRasa as Representation.

    • The actor imitates or “re-presents” the emotional state.

    • Rasa, therefore, is the inference (anumāna) made by the spectator that the actor’s emotion is “like” the real one.

    • This approach made Rasa a process of cognitive recognition, not direct experience.

    Limitation: Reduces the emotional power of Rasa to a mere logical inference.


    (c) Bhaṭṭanāyaka

    • Revolutionary thinker who gave the “Bhāvanā-vāda” theory.

    • Shifted Rasa from the external (actor) to the internal (spectator).

    • Introduced three key concepts:

      1. Bhāvakatva – Transformation of personal emotions into generalized ones through art.

      2. Bhojakatva – The spectator’s capacity to enjoy (bhoga) these generalized emotions.

      3. Rasa-niṣpatti – The spiritual realization or experience of bliss through art.

    For him, Rasa is the spiritual savor (ānanda) experienced by the Sahr̥daya — a fusion of cognition and emotion, leading to transcendence.


    (d) Abhinavagupta (c. 10th–11th century CE)

    • The greatest aesthetician of India; commentator of Abhinavabhāratī on Nāṭyaśāstra.

    • Synthesized previous theories into a comprehensive aesthetic philosophy.

    • Integrated Bharata’s psychology with Kashmiri Śaivism (Abheda–Advaita).

    Key points of Abhinava’s theory:

    1. Rasa is universalized emotion — freed from personal context (sādhāraṇīkaraṇa).

    2. The spectator doesn’t feel his own emotion but a generalized, blissful version of it.

    3. This universality produces aesthetic rapture (Rasa-ānanda), akin to spiritual realization.

    4. Art thus becomes a mirror of the self, leading to self-awareness and liberation-like joy.

    His formula:

    “Rasa is the transformation of emotion into universal bliss through empathetic imagination.”


    6. The Structure of Rasa Experience

    Stage Process Example
    1. Vibhāva Cause/stimulus Hero and beloved meeting
    2. Anubhāva External expression Smiles, gestures, speech
    3. Vyabhicāribhāva Supporting feelings Jealousy, anxiety, excitement
    4. Sthāyībhāva Dominant emotion Love (rati)
    5. Rasa Aesthetic essence Śṛṅgāra-rasa

    The audience “relishes” this experience as aesthetic pleasure — detached yet empathetic.
    This pleasure is non-utilitarian, spiritual, and intellectualized emotion (rasa-anubhava).


    7. The Definition and Purpose of Art

    (a) Definition (Indian View):

    Art (Kāla) is a creative transformation of inner experience through bhāva and abhinaya to generate rasa in the spectator.
    It combines emotion, intellect, and imagination.

    (b) Purpose of Art:

    1. Śikṣā (Education) – to teach ethical and moral values.

    2. Vihāra (Recreation) – to provide joy and relief from mundane worries.

    3. Mokṣa (Liberation) – to awaken higher consciousness and spiritual insight.
      (As per Bharata: Nāṭya fulfills all human goals — Dharma, Artha, Kāma, and Mokṣa.)

    (c) Elements of Art:

    1. Imagination (Kalpanā) – creative conception.

    2. Expression (Abhinaya) – communication through form and medium.

    3. Harmony (Laya/Saundarya) – balance and beauty in design.

    4. Rasa (Aesthetic Essence) – emotional resonance.

    5. Universality (Sādhāraṇīkaraṇa) – detached yet empathetic enjoyment.


    8. Introduction to Performance Studies

    Performance Studies is an interdisciplinary field analyzing how art, ritual, and social behavior become performative.
    It merges insights from theatre, anthropology, and semiotics.

    Key ideas:

    • Performance as Behavior: Every act is performative — ritual, play, protest, or theatre (Richard Schechner).

    • Restored Behavior: Performances re-present behaviors learned and repeated in society.

    • Performer–Audience Interaction: Central to meaning-making, echoing the Nāṭyaśāstra’s Sahr̥daya concept.

    • Embodied Knowledge: The performer’s body is both instrument and text — comparable to Angika Abhinaya.

    Performance Studies thus bridges ancient Nāṭya theory and modern analysis of art in cultural contexts.


    9. Western Theories of Art and Aesthetics

    The following concepts parallel and contrast Bharata’s Rasa approach:

    (a) Art as Imitation (Mimesis) – Plato and Aristotle

    • Plato: Art is an imitation (mimesis) of physical reality, which itself is a shadow of the ideal — hence twice removed from truth.

    • Aristotle: Defended art — imitation leads to Catharsis, a purgation or purification of emotions like pity and fear through tragedy.

    Comparison:

    • RasaCatharsis — both transform emotion into pleasure, but Rasa is spiritual and universal, not moral or psychological alone.


    (b) Art as Imagination – Kant and Coleridge

    • Kant: Art arises from the “free play” of imagination and understanding.

    • Coleridge: The artist unites reality and imagination — a synthetic power of creation.

    • Art is not imitation but creation of new reality through imagination.

    Indian Parallel:
    Kalpanā and Bhāvanā-vāda of Bhaṭṭanāyaka view art as the imaginative recreation of emotion.


    (c) Art as Beauty – Aesthetic Idealism

    • Hegel: Beauty is the sensuous manifestation of the Idea; art reveals spiritual truth.

    • Croce: Beauty is pure intuition; the artist’s expression of inner vision.
      Indian parallel: Rasa-ānanda and Śānta Rasa — the experience of universal beauty through aesthetic bliss.


    (d) Art as Communication – Tolstoy and Dewey

    • Tolstoy: Art transmits emotions from artist to audience; sincerity determines value.

    • John Dewey: Art is experience — the integration of doing and undergoing; art communicates meaning through form.
      Parallel: Bharata’s Abhinaya system — art as communication of emotion (bhāva) producing rasa.


    (e) Art as Utility – Marxist and Pragmatist Views

    • Art reflects material conditions and social purpose (Brecht, Marxist aesthetics).

    • Function is didactic, critical, and revolutionary — art for social change.
      Indian Parallel: Folk and ritual arts also serve social and moral functions (śikṣā).


    10. Comparative Insight: Indian vs Western Aesthetics

    Aspect Indian (Rasa Theory) Western (Classical–Modern)
    Basis Psychological–spiritual Philosophical–mimetic
    Emotion Transcendental bliss (ānanda) Cathartic release or perception
    Aim Self-realization (ātma-sākṣātkāra) Moral, emotional, or social effect
    Audience Sahr̥daya (sympathetic, detached) Observer or critic
    Artist Medium of the divine Creative individual
    Art–Life relation Integrated and sacred Often distinct or secular

    11. Conclusion

    The Rasa Theory of Bharata, expanded by Lollata, Śaṅkuka, Bhaṭṭanāyaka, and Abhinavagupta, remains the most profound contribution to world aesthetics.
    It transforms art from mere imitation into spiritual revelation, emotion into blissful experience, and performance into a mirror of the self.

    While Western thought evolved from Mimesis to Imagination to Communication, Indian aesthetics already envisioned art as universal, empathetic, and transcendental — a bridge between the sensory and the spiritual.

    In the words of Abhinavagupta:

    “When the heart melts in aesthetic relish, one experiences the very taste of Brahman.”

  • UGC NET Performing Arts Unit 3 — The Nāṭyaśāstra – MCQs

    Natyashastra – UGC NET Style

    1. The author traditionally ascribed to the Natyashastra is:
      A) Kalidasa
      B) Bharata Muni
      C) Abhinavagupta
      D) Sarangadeva
      Answer: B

    2. The term “Nāṭya” in Natyashastra primarily denotes:
      A) Pure dance movement (Nṛtta) only
      B) Dramatic art combining dance, speech & music
      C) Instrumental music only
      D) Temple sculpture
      Answer: B

    3. According to Natyashastra, what is the difference between Nṛtta and Nāṭya?
      A) Nṛtta uses speech; Nāṭya is silent
      B) Nṛtta is pure movement; Nāṭya involves narrative and acting
      C) Nṛtta is dramatic; Nāṭya is ritual
      D) They are the same
      Answer: B

    4. Which one of the following is not one of the four types of Abhinaya in Natyashastra?
      A) Āṅgika
      B) Vācika
      C) Āhārya
      D) Nāṭyika
      Answer: D

    5. Sāttvika Abhinaya refers to:
      A) External costume and stage-props
      B) Voice modulation and song
      C) Inner involuntary emotional states expressed physically
      D) Hand gestures only
      Answer: C

    6. Nāṭyadharmi and Lokadharmi are two styles of representation. Lokadharmi means:
      A) Highly stylised, symbolic acting
      B) Naturalistic imitation of everyday life
      C) Ritual dance only
      D) Instrumental performance only
      Answer: B

    7. Which principal Vritti is associated with grace and erotic sentiment (Śṛṅgāra) according to Natyashastra?
      A) Sattvati
      B) Arabhati
      C) Kaiśikī
      D) Bhāratī
      Answer: C

    8. The term “Daśarūpaka” in the Natyashastra context means:
      A) The ten musical scales
      B) Ten types of dramatic composition
      C) Ten hand-gestures (hastas)
      D) Ten temple theatre styles
      Answer: B

    9. The stage-space in an ancient Indian theatre as described in the Natyashastra is called:
      A) Rangashala
      B) Natyagṛha
      C) Koothambalam
      D) Pradakshina
      Answer: B

    10. What is “purvaraṅga-vidhi”?
      A) The final act of a drama
      B) The preliminary ritual and setup before the play begins
      C) The actor’s exit speech
      D) The musical interlude only
      Answer: B

    11. The Natyashastra divides the theatre instruments into how many categories (Tat, Avanaddha, etc.)?
      A) Two
      B) Three
      C) Four
      D) Five
      Answer: C

    12. Which chapter of Natyashastra deals with the theory of Rasa?
      A) Chapter I
      B) Chapter VI
      C) Chapter XX
      D) Chapter XXX
      Answer: B

    13. The Natyashastra prescribes a dividing of the audience seating called “kakṣya-vibhāga”. This term refers to:
      A) Backstage dressing rooms
      B) Division of audience seats into different sections
      C) Types of plays
      D) Types of musical instruments
      Answer: B

    14. The concept of Sahr̥daya in Natyashastra refers to:
      A) The actor
      B) The musician
      C) The sensitive spectator capable of tasting Rasa
      D) The playwright
      Answer: C

    15. Which of the following is not one of the Daśarūpakas?
      A) Nāṭaka
      B) Bhāṇa
      C) Nāgaka
      D) Vyāyoga
      Answer: C

    16. In the Natyashastra, the term “vibhāva” refers to:
      A) The physical expression of emotion
      B) The cause or stimulus that gives rise to a particular bhāva
      C) The effect of the rasa on the audience
      D) A hand gesture
      Answer: B

    17. “Anubhāva” in Natyashastra means:
      A) A musical interlude
      B) The external manifestation or aftermath of the bhāva
      C) The last act of a play
      D) A stage prop
      Answer: B

    18. The Natyashastra prescribes the size and shape of the playhouse (Natyagṛha) in relation to:
      A) The number of spectators and the type of performance
      B) Only the kings’ preference
      C) Only for temple ceremonies
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    19. In Natyashastra, which of the following is emphasised as the highest aim of drama (nāṭya)?
      A) Pure entertainment only
      B) Education, recreation and spiritual uplift
      C) Profit for the performer
      D) Only dance display
      Answer: B

    20. The term “sāmānya abhinaya” refers to:
      A) Colourful pictorial gesture sequences
      B) Generalised, codified expressions common to all emotions
      C) Musical rhythm alone
      D) Costume design
      Answer: B

    21. “Citraabhinaya” means:
      A) Ordinary depiction of story
      B) A highly decorated, pictorial, extravagant style of enactment
      C) Silent dance
      D) Mime only
      Answer: B

    22. In the Natyashastra, which of these is not one of the prescribed five types of stage entrances (Pravesha)?
      A) Udaya
      B) Avarana
      C) Bahya
      D) Tatapatha
      Answer: D

    23. According to Natyashastra, the number of Sthāyibhāva (stable emotions) is:
      A) Seven
      B) Eight
      C) Nine
      D) Ten
      Answer: A

    24. Which of the following dramatises the notion of “theatrical architecture” in Natyashastra?
      A) Ranga
      B) Tala
      C) Raga
      D) Bhava
      Answer: A

    25. The Natyashastra considers drama (nāṭya) to be a synthesis of the four Vedas. Which Veda provides the basis for “abhinaya” (gesture)?
      A) Ṛgveda
      B) Sāmaveda
      C) Yajurveda
      D) Atharvaveda
      Answer: C

    26. The term “laya” in Natyashastra refers to:
      A) Stage prop
      B) Rhythm or tempo in performance
      C) Costume
      D) Dialogue only
      Answer: B

    27. Which vritti emphasises eloquence and verbal expression (especially dialogue)?
      A) Kaiśikī
      B) Bhāratī
      C) Arabhati
      D) Sattvata
      Answer: B

    28. The “purvaranga” includes:
      A) The main dramatic action
      B) Musical prelude, salutation to deity, actors’ entry
      C) The final act only
      D) None of the above
      Answer: B

    29. According to Natyashastra, the classification of musical instruments includes “Tat” for:
      A) Wind instruments
      B) String-chord instruments
      C) Percussion instruments
      D) Solid struck instruments
      Answer: B

    30. The “daśarūpaka” which is a one-actor monologue is:
      A) Nāṭaka
      B) Bhāṇa
      C) Vyāyoga
      D) Utsṛṣṭikāṅka
      Answer: B

    31. The Natyashastra’s principle of staging emphasises:
      A) Fixed indoor theatre only
      B) Any open or sheltered space as long as proportions are maintained
      C) Only temple halls
      D) None of the above
      Answer: B

    32. Which one of the following is a one-act heroic drama of the Daśarūpaka list?
      A) Prakaraṇa
      B) Vyāyoga
      C) Samavakāra
      D) Prahasana
      Answer: B

    33. Which of the following is the correct sequence of enactment as per Natyashastra?
      A) Nandi → Tāṇḍava-lakṣaṇa → Rasa → Nayaka-bheda
      B) Rasa → Nandi → Tāṇḍava-lakṣaṇa → Nayaka-bheda
      C) Nāyaka-bheda → Nandi → Rasa → Tāṇḍava-lakṣaṇa
      D) Nandi → Rasa → Nayaka-bheda → Tāṇḍava-lakṣaṇa
      Answer: A

    34. Which of the following is NOT among the four major “mood-styles” (vrittis) in Natyashastra?
      A) Bhāratī
      B) Sattvata
      C) Kaiśikī
      D) Vṛttikā
      Answer: D

    35. The Natyashastra equates the stage and performance with a:
      A) Market platform
      B) Ritual sacrifice (yajña)-like activity
      C) Court judgement
      D) Private recital
      Answer: B

    36. According to Natyashastra, how many “karanas” (units of movement combining hands & feet) are defined approximately?
      A) 24
      B) 108
      C) 32
      D) 56
      Answer: B (approx. 108)

    37. The commentator who wrote the famous Abhinavabhāratī commentary on Natyashastra is:
      A) Sarangadeva
      B) Abhinavagupta
      C) Bharata Muni
      D) Nandikeshvara
      Answer: B

    38. The Natyashastra states that the essence of the Vedas can be manifested through drama and thus calls Nāṭya the:
      A) Second Veda
      B) Third Veda
      C) Fifth Veda
      D) Sixth Veda
      Answer: C

    39. The division “ranga-peetha” refers to:
      A) The actor’s seat
      B) The raised platform or stage area in theatre
      C) The musician’s pit
      D) The audience gallery
      Answer: B

    40. In Natyashastra, “Pravṛtti” means:
      A) Style of presentation or school of performance
      B) Gesture vocabulary only
      C) Stage lighting
      D) A play’s theme
      Answer: A

    41. In Nāṭyaśāstra, how many Rasas (aesthetic sentiments) are described by Bharata?

      A) Seven
      B) Eight
      C) Nine
      D) Ten
      Answer: C (Nine)


      42. The ninth Rasa Śānta was later added by which philosopher?

      A) Bharata himself
      B) Abhinavagupta
      C) Kalidasa
      D) Dhanañjaya
      Answer: B


      43. The term Sthāyibhāva in the Rasa theory means:

      A) Transient feeling
      B) Permanent or stable emotion underlying a Rasa
      C) Costume pattern
      D) Hero’s mood
      Answer: B


      44. The combination Vibhāva + Anubhāva + Vyabhicāribhāva = ?

      A) Tāla
      B) Nāyaka
      C) Rasa
      D) Dharmi
      Answer: C (This is Bharata’s Rasa-sūtra)


      45. The Rasa Vīra (heroic) arises from which Sthāyibhāva?

      A) Harṣa (joy)
      B) Utsāha (energy/courage)
      C) Śoka (grief)
      D) Krodha (anger)
      Answer: B


      46. The Rasa Raudra (fury) arises from:

      A) Krodha (anger)
      B) Bhaya (fear)
      C) Ānanda (joy)
      D) Jugupsā (disgust)
      Answer: A


      47. The Rasa Adbhuta (wonder) arises from:

      A) Vismaya (astonishment)
      B) Śoka (grief)
      C) Bhaya (fear)
      D) Hāsa (laughter)
      Answer: A


      48. Which among these is not a Rasa?

      A) Bhayānaka
      B) Vātsalya
      C) Bībhatsa
      D) Hāsya
      Answer: B


      49. The Rasa Śṛṅgāra is derived from which Sthāyibhāva?

      A) Rati (love)
      B) Harṣa (joy)
      C) Ānanda
      D) Krodha
      Answer: A


      50. In Bharata’s classification, Nāyaka (hero) has how many basic types?

      A) Two
      B) Three
      C) Four
      D) Five
      Answer: C (Four – Dhirodhāta, Dhirodatta, Dhiralalita, Dhirapraśānta)


      51. The Nāyikā-bheda (types of heroines) in Nāṭyaśāstra are based mainly on:

      A) Costume
      B) Relationship and emotional states
      C) Musical style
      D) Language
      Answer: B


      52. The four Nāyikā types are —

      A) Swādhīna, Vāsakasajjā, Kalahāntaritā, Vipralabdhā
      B) Ābhāraṇa, Rañjanā, Kāruṇikā, Hāsikā
      C) Lāvaṇya, Saundarya, Śānta, Bhayānaka
      D) None
      Answer: A


      53. The Vrittis in Nāṭyaśāstra are the:

      A) Modes or styles of dramatic expression
      B) Types of Rasas
      C) Types of Abhinayas
      D) Musical modes
      Answer: A


      54. Bhāratī Vritti is characterized by:

      A) Emphasis on speech and dialogue
      B) Graceful and delicate movement
      C) Forceful physical action
      D) Emotionally noble tone
      Answer: A


      55. Kaiśikī Vritti is associated with:

      A) Śṛṅgāra Rasa
      B) Raudra Rasa
      C) Karuṇa Rasa
      D) Bhayānaka Rasa
      Answer: A


      56. Ārabhāṭī Vritti represents:

      A) Vigorous and martial style
      B) Comic satire
      C) Feminine grace
      D) Religious devotion
      Answer: A


      57. Sāttvatī Vritti denotes:

      A) Grand and noble expression (linked with Vīra and Adbhuta)
      B) Love and grace
      C) Comic style
      D) Tragic tone
      Answer: A


      58. The Dharmis are divided into how many categories?

      A) Two
      B) Three
      C) Four
      D) Six
      Answer: A (Two — Nāṭyadharmī and Lokadharmī)


      59. Nāṭyadharmī style implies:

      A) Realistic acting
      B) Stylised, codified representation
      C) Improvisational naturalism
      D) Comic play
      Answer: B


      60. Lokadharmī style represents:

      A) Stylized gestures
      B) Realistic depiction of life
      C) Mythological enactment
      D) Ritual ceremony
      Answer: B


      61. Pravṛtti in Nāṭyaśāstra refers to:

      A) Regional variations or schools of performance
      B) The hero’s motivation
      C) A poetic metre
      D) A musical pattern
      Answer: A


      62. The total number of Pravṛttis is:

      A) Four
      B) Five
      C) Six
      D) Seven
      Answer: A


      63. Which of the following is not among the four Pravṛttis?

      A) Dakṣiṇātya
      B) Āvantī
      C) Oḍra-Māgadhī
      D) Drāviḍa-Kalinga
      Answer: D (Only first three + Pāñcāla-Madhyamā are authentic four)


      64. In Natyagṛha (playhouse), the ranga is:

      A) Stage or acting area
      B) Audience section
      C) Curtain
      D) Store room
      Answer: A


      65. According to Nāṭyaśāstra, how many sizes of playhouses are prescribed?

      A) Two
      B) Three
      C) Four
      D) Five
      Answer: B (Large, Medium, Small)


      66. The Natyagṛha should face which direction ideally?

      A) North or East
      B) South
      C) West
      D) Any direction
      Answer: A


      67. The audience seating classification Kakṣya-vibhāga literally means:

      A) Division of stage areas
      B) Division of audience zones
      C) Lighting arrangement
      D) Actor positioning
      Answer: B


      68. Pūrvaraṅga consists of how many preparatory items?

      A) 5
      B) 8
      C) 12
      D) 20
      Answer: C (12)


      69. The Nāndī in a play is:

      A) Benediction or invocation at the beginning
      B) Comic prologue
      C) Stage direction
      D) Epilogue song
      Answer: A


      70. Patākā-sthāna in Vīthi drama refers to:

      A) A side episode or sub-plot
      B) A type of drum
      C) An ornament
      D) Stage prop
      Answer: A


      71. Daśarūpaka literally means:

      A) Ten musical tones
      B) Ten forms of dramatic representation
      C) Ten hand gestures
      D) Ten types of Rasas
      Answer: B


      72. Vyāyoga in Daśarūpaka is characterized by:

      A) One-act heroic play without women
      B) Comic farce
      C) Monologue
      D) Grand play with ten acts
      Answer: A


      73. Prahasana means:

      A) Farce or comic satire
      B) Grand play
      C) Lamentation
      D) Musical interlude
      Answer: A


      74. Bhāṇa is best described as:

      A) One-actor monologue play
      B) Ensemble dance-drama
      C) Tragic lament
      D) Ritual enactment
      Answer: A


      75. Utsṛṣṭikāṅka represents:

      A) Post-battle lament, one act, Karuṇa Rasa
      B) War scene drama
      C) Romantic quest
      D) Mythic spectacle
      Answer: A


      76. Samavakāra is notable for having exactly:

      A) Three acts and numerous divine characters
      B) One act and monologue
      C) Ten acts
      D) No act division
      Answer: A


      77. Ḍima emphasises which Rasa?

      A) Raudra (anger)
      B) Hāsya (humour)
      C) Śṛṅgāra (love)
      D) Adbhuta (wonder)
      Answer: A


      78. Prakaraṇa differs from Nāṭaka in that:

      A) It uses invented stories instead of famous ones
      B) It has only one act
      C) It has divine heroes
      D) It is purely musical
      Answer: A


      79. Īhāmṛga is known for:

      A) Quest for the unattainable goal
      B) Monologue acting
      C) Religious ritual
      D) Social satire
      Answer: A


      80. Vīthi is:

      A) Miniature or sketch play using devices like Patākā, Cihna, Chala
      B) Heroic drama
      C) Ritual lament
      D) Royal tragedy
      Answer: A


      81. Nāṭaka and Prakaraṇa both generally have how many acts?

      A) 3–5
      B) 5–10
      C) 1
      D) Unlimited
      Answer: B


      82. The Vīra Rasa corresponds to which Vritti?

      A) Ārabhāṭī
      B) Bhāratī
      C) Kaiśikī
      D) None
      Answer: A


      83. The Karuṇa Rasa corresponds to which Sthāyibhāva?

      A) Śoka (sorrow)
      B) Krodha
      C) Harṣa
      D) Ānanda
      Answer: A


      84. The Hāsya Rasa emerges from which Bhāva?

      A) Hāsa (laughter)
      B) Harṣa (delight)
      C) Rati (love)
      D) Ānanda (joy)
      Answer: A


      85. The number of Vyabhicāribhāvas (transitory emotions) listed in Nāṭyaśāstra is:

      A) 15
      B) 33
      C) 24
      D) 9
      Answer: B


      86. The Sāmānya Abhinaya focuses on:

      A) Codified, universally recognised gestures
      B) Decorative exaggerations
      C) Music only
      D) Stage structure
      Answer: A


      87. Chitrābhinaya refers to:

      A) Ornamental and pictorial expression
      B) Simplified dialogue
      C) Dance without emotion
      D) None
      Answer: A


      88. The Āhārya Abhinaya involves:

      A) Costume, make-up, ornaments, scenery
      B) Facial expression only
      C) Vocal music
      D) Dialogue
      Answer: A


      89. The Āṅgika Abhinaya includes:

      A) Body movements, limbs, and facial gestures
      B) Costume
      C) Internal emotion
      D) Speech
      Answer: A


      90. Vācika Abhinaya relates to:

      A) Voice, speech, song, recitation
      B) Costume design
      C) Gesture language
      D) Stage property
      Answer: A


      91. Sāttvika Abhinaya expresses:

      A) Emotions through involuntary physical changes (tears, tremor, sweat)
      B) Make-up and costume
      C) External props
      D) None
      Answer: A


      92. The Nāṭyaśāstra mentions how many Tāṇḍavas originally?

      A) One
      B) Two (Ānanda & Rudra)
      C) Five
      D) Seven
      Answer: B


      93. The term Lasya refers to:

      A) Graceful feminine dance complementing Tāṇḍava
      B) Fierce dance of Śiva
      C) Ritual music
      D) Comic acting
      Answer: A


      94. The Nṛtta-hasta (pure dance hand gestures) are primarily associated with:

      A) Nṛtta
      B) Nāṭya
      C) Rasa
      D) Abhinaya
      Answer: A


      95. The primary Prayoga (performance mode) for drama as per Nāṭyaśāstra includes:

      A) Nāṭya, Nṛtta, Gīta, Vādya
      B) Rasa, Bhāva, Nāyaka, Nāyikā
      C) Dharmi, Vritti, Pravritti, Abhinaya
      D) None
      Answer: A


      96. The Sutradhāra in ancient theatre functioned as:

      A) The narrator and stage manager guiding the play
      B) The hero
      C) The musician
      D) The costume designer
      Answer: A


      97. Rangapeetha in Nāṭyaśāstra is defined as:

      A) The acting platform within the playhouse
      B) Dressing area
      C) Audience zone
      D) Storage
      Answer: A


      98. Nandi is recited at which point of the performance?

      A) Beginning, as an auspicious invocation
      B) After interval
      C) End of play
      D) Between acts
      Answer: A


      99. Nāṭyaśāstra defines Nāṭya as:

      A) The imitation of life to teach and entertain
      B) A mere pastime
      C) Ritual chanting only
      D) None
      Answer: A


      100. The primary aim of Nāṭya according to Bharata Muni is:

      A) To please the gods only
      B) To provide education, entertainment, and emotional purification (rasa-anubhava)
      C) To record history
      D) To replace Vedic ritual
      Answer: B

  • UGC NET Performing Arts Unit-2-MCQs

    Unit 2 — Folk & Traditional Theatre Forms of India — 100 MCQs (UGC-NET standard)

    1. Folk theatre primarily evolved out of:
      A) Courtly salons
      B) Agricultural and ritual celebrations
      C) Printed drama
      D) Western opera
      Answer: B

    2. Tribal theatre is best characterized by:
      A) Urban themes and written scripts
      B) Ritual, animistic beliefs, and community rites
      C) Fixed proscenium stages
      D) Colonial patronage
      Answer: B

    3. The major difference between classical and folk theatre is:
      A) Use of music only
      B) Codified textual grammar vs. oral improvisation
      C) All folk theatre is ritual whereas classical is not
      D) Classical theatre never uses costumes
      Answer: B

    4. “Traditional theatre” usually implies:
      A) Theatre for modern audiences only
      B) Performance forms transmitted through hereditary or institutional lineages
      C) Theatre without music
      D) Western-influenced plays
      Answer: B

    5. Which of the following is a key social function of folk theatre?
      A) Market speculation
      B) Moral education, community cohesion and entertainment
      C) Court chronicle only
      D) Private entertainment of elites
      Answer: B

    6. A hallmark feature of many folk performances is:
      A) Strict adherence to a printed script
      B) Audience participation and improvisation
      C) Silence by the audience
      D) Use of electric amplification only
      Answer: B

    7. The Bhakti movement influenced folk theatre chiefly by:
      A) Replacing performance with meditation
      B) Making sacred narratives accessible in vernacular and encouraging devotional enactments
      C) Encouraging Sanskrit-only performances
      D) Banning public performance
      Answer: B

    8. Which of the following forms is primarily a community enactment of the Ramayana?
      A) Jatra
      B) Ramlila
      C) Yakshagana
      D) Chhau
      Answer: B

    9. Raslila performances primarily enact episodes of:
      A) Ramayana
      B) Bhagavata Purana (Krishna Leela)
      C) Mahabharata
      D) Vedas
      Answer: B

    10. Nautanki is a folk theatre form best associated with:
      A) Tamil Nadu
      B) Uttar Pradesh and North India
      C) Kerala
      D) Assam
      Answer: B

    11. Which instrument is most commonly associated with Nautanki?
      A) Maddale
      B) Dholak and harmonium
      C) Pena
      D) Chenda
      Answer: B

    12. Bhand Pather is a satirical dramatic form from:
      A) Gujarat
      B) Kashmir
      C) Maharashtra
      D) Odisha
      Answer: B

    13. Yakshagana is traditionally performed in:
      A) Karnataka (Coastal)
      B) West Bengal
      C) Kerala only
      D) Punjab
      Answer: A

    14. The principal percussion instrument in Yakshagana is:
      A) Mizhavu
      B) Maddale
      C) Tabla
      D) Dholak
      Answer: B

    15. Kutiyattam is a Sanskrit theatre tradition preserved in:
      A) Tamil Nadu
      B) Kerala (Koothambalam)
      C) Karnataka
      D) Odisha
      Answer: B

    16. Which drum is central to Kutiyattam performance?
      A) Mizhavu
      B) Mridangam
      C) Chenda
      D) Dhol
      Answer: A

    17. Chhau masks are associated primarily with which variant?
      A) Mayurbhanj form
      B) Seraikella form
      C) Purulia form
      D) All of the above have different mask usages (Purulia uses masks prominently)
      Answer: D

    18. Chhau is performed widely in:
      A) Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal
      B) Kerala only
      C) Punjab only
      D) Bihar only
      Answer: A

    19. The percussion instrument prominent in Chhau is:
      A) Tabla
      B) Dhol and dhumsa
      C) Pakhawaj
      D) Mizhavu
      Answer: B

    20. Jatra theatre is a popular form in:
      A) Kerala
      B) West Bengal and Odisha
      C) Gujarat
      D) Andhra Pradesh
      Answer: B

    21. Which of the following is an Assamese devotional theatre form created by Sankardeva?
      A) Ankiya Naat (Bhaona)
      B) Kutiyattam
      C) Yakshagana
      D) Ramlila
      Answer: A

    22. Instruments central to Bhaona include:
      A) Khol (drum) and tal (cymbals)
      B) Tabla and sitar
      C) Mizhavu only
      D) Pena only
      Answer: A

    23. Therukoothu literally means:
      A) Temple ritual
      B) Street play
      C) Court drama
      D) Puppet show
      Answer: B

    24. Main percussion for Therukoothu is:
      A) Chenda and mizhavu
      B) Mridangam and mukhavina
      C) Dhol and nagara
      D) Tabla only
      Answer: B

    25. Kuravanji is a Tamil dance-drama known for:
      A) Comic satire exclusively
      B) Fortune-teller (Kurathi) heroine and blend of folk and classical idioms
      C) Masked battle scenes
      D) Puppetry
      Answer: B

    26. Krishnattam is a temple dance drama of:
      A) Tamil Nadu
      B) Kerala (describing Krishna Leela)
      C) Karnataka
      D) Assam
      Answer: B

    27. Which percussion instrument is prominent in Theyyam?
      A) Chenda
      B) Tabla
      C) Tabla and sitar
      D) None
      Answer: A

    28. Pandvani is a narrative performance tradition associated with which epic?
      A) Ramayana
      B) Mahabharata
      C) Bhagavata Purana
      D) None of the above
      Answer: B

    29. The soloist in Pandvani often plays the:
      A) Ektara
      B) Sitar
      C) Flute
      D) Tabla
      Answer: A

    30. Burrakatha is a narrative form from:
      A) Maharashtra
      B) Andhra Pradesh & Telangana
      C) West Bengal
      D) Punjab
      Answer: B

    31. Typical Burrakatha troupe composition is:
      A) One soloist only
      B) Three performers – main storyteller, joker, and chorus/support
      C) Ten dancers only
      D) Two musicians only
      Answer: B

    32. Which folk form often uses Lavani songs?
      A) Tamasha (Maharashtra)
      B) Kutiyattam
      C) Chhau
      D) Jatra
      Answer: A

    33. Bhavai is a folk theatre form from:
      A) Gujarat
      B) Bengal
      C) Assam
      D) Karnataka
      Answer: A

    34. Which instrument is commonly used in Bhavai?
      A) Nagara and pakhawaj
      B) Pena
      C) Maddale
      D) Mizhavu
      Answer: A

    35. Dashavatar performances depict:
      A) Ten incarnations of Vishnu
      B) Scenes from Mahabharata only
      C) Local folktales only
      D) Islamic stories
      Answer: A

    36. Phad painting tradition is linked with which folk form?
      A) Nautanki
      B) Pabuji Ki Phad (a mobile scroll linked to Phad performance in Rajasthan)
      C) Yakshagana
      D) Kutiyattam
      Answer: B

    37. Sutradhar in folk theatre is comparable to:
      A) The stage curtain
      B) Narrator or stage-manager who guides the audience
      C) A percussionist only
      D) None of the above
      Answer: B

    38. The role of Vidushaka in folk-influenced classical plays is:
      A) Villain
      B) Clown or jester providing comic relief and social commentary
      C) Hero only
      D) Musician only
      Answer: B

    39. Which instrument is central to Manipuri Lai Haraoba rituals?
      A) Pena (string instrument)
      B) Tabla
      C) Mridangam
      D) Harmonium
      Answer: A

    40. The Koothambalam is the traditional theatre space of:
      A) Karnataka
      B) Kerala (for Kutiyattam and temple arts)
      C) Tamil Nadu
      D) Odisha
      Answer: B

    41. Which of the following is a characteristic of folk theatre costume?
      A) Minimal, symbolic and colourful denoting role and status
      B) Identical to western stage costume
      C) Always monochrome white
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    42. Which instrument grouping is Ghana Vadya in Indian classification?
      A) Solid struck instruments (e.g., gongs)
      B) Membranous drums only
      C) Wind instruments only
      D) String instruments only
      Answer: A

    43. Avanaddha refers to which class of instruments?
      A) Stringed instruments
      B) Membranous percussion instruments (e.g., drums)
      C) Wind instruments
      D) Solid struck instruments
      Answer: B

    44. Which form is best known for overnight public performances with melodramatic plot and music in Bengal?
      A) Theyyam
      B) Jatra
      C) Kutiyattam
      D) Yakshagana
      Answer: B

    45. Which folk form is associated with the depiction of Krishna’s dance with gopis in Braj?
      A) Ramlila
      B) Raslila
      C) Jatra
      D) Tamasha
      Answer: B

    46. The principal instrument of Ramlila performance traditionally is:
      A) Shehnai and dholak along with harmonium in modern times
      B) Sitar only
      C) Pena only
      D) Tabla only
      Answer: A

    47. Which Southern form is traditionally performed by devadasis in temple contexts historically?
      A) Bharatanatyam (originating from temple ritual traditions including devadasi practice)
      B) Chhau
      C) Jatra
      D) Bhavai
      Answer: A

    48. Which folk tradition uses mask work extensively in Purulia Chhau?
      A) Kutiyattam
      B) Chhau (Purulia)
      C) Yakshagana only
      D) Jatra only
      Answer: B

    49. Which of the following forms uses extempore dialogues within a structured mythic plot?
      A) Yakshagana and Nautanki
      B) Ballet only
      C) Opera only
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    50. Which of these forms is known for martial-like choreography and heroic themes?
      A) Chhau
      B) Kuravanji
      C) Burrakatha
      D) Bhavai
      Answer: A

    51. Which region is the origin of Powada ballads?
      A) Maharashtra (heroic ballads like those of Shivaji)
      B) Assam
      C) Tamil Nadu
      D) Bengal
      Answer: A

    52. The principal instrument in Powada is:
      A) Dholki and tuntuna
      B) Pena
      C) Mizhavu
      D) Shehnai
      Answer: A

    53. Phad performers typically carry:
      A) A portable painted scroll depicting the hero’s life for narration and display
      B) Masks only
      C) Electronic amplifiers only
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    54. Which folk form’s performance often culminates with a moral epilogue and blessings to the audience?
      A) Most folk dramas (e.g., Ramlila, Jatra)
      B) Western opera only
      C) Silent mime only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    55. The term Laukika Abhinaya means:
      A) Ritualized, stylized acting
      B) Everyday, realistic expression in performance
      C) Masked dance only
      D) None of the above
      Answer: B

    56. Which vritti (mode) in Nāṭyaśāstra is associated with grace and erotic sentiment (Śṛṅgāra)?
      A) Kaiśikī
      B) Arabhati
      C) Bharati
      D) Sattvati
      Answer: A

    57. Which of the following forms is a devotional drama derived from Bhagavata Purana and performed in Kerala?
      A) Krishnattam and Bhagavata Mela (Melattur)
      B) Jatra
      C) Nautanki
      D) Powada
      Answer: A

    58. Sutradhar’s role in many folk traditions is to:
      A) Announce the start, narrate, and connect scenes (narrator/host)
      B) Play percussion only
      C) Perform the fight scenes only
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    59. Which of the following is a major challenge to folk theatre today?
      A) Strong state patronage only
      B) Urbanization, migration, competition from mass media and loss of patronage
      C) Too many performers
      D) Lack of scripts only
      Answer: B

    60. Which institution in India has been instrumental in documenting and supporting folk theatre?
      A) Sangeet Natak Akademi
      B) IMF
      C) FIFA
      D) UNESCO only (while UNESCO helps, the primary national is Sangeet Natak Akademi)
      Answer: A

    61. The feature ‘improvisation’ in folk theatre primarily helps in:
      A) Adapting to contemporary issues and audience responses
      B) Keeping performances identical always
      C) Eliminating music
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    62. Which folk form uses the mizhavu as the chief drum?
      A) Kutiyattam / Koothu of Kerala
      B) Yakshagana
      C) Jatra
      D) Pandvani
      Answer: A

    63. Which folk theatre in Andhra/Telangana is notable for fast-paced narrative and comic interplay?
      A) Burrakatha
      B) Jatra
      C) Bhavai
      D) Chhau
      Answer: A

    64. The traditional apprenticeship system in folk theatre is characterized by:
      A) Gurukula/lineage or hereditary transmission and on-the-job learning
      B) Only university degrees
      C) No training at all
      D) Online courses only
      Answer: A

    65. Which folk form of Odisha often enacts episodes from the Puranas with music and dance?
      A) Jatra and Gotipua / Odissi origins in temple contexts
      B) Nautanki only
      C) Bhavai only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    66. Which classical form shares origins with folk Krishnattam and later evolved into Kathakali?
      A) Krishnattam (Kerala)
      B) Jatra
      C) Nautanki
      D) Bhavai
      Answer: A

    67. Which of these instruments is a wind instrument used in many folk rituals and temple openings?
      A) Shehnai / Nadaswaram / Kuzhal (regional names)
      B) Mizhavu
      C) Ektara
      D) Kartal
      Answer: A

    68. In many folk traditions female roles historically were played by:
      A) Women exclusively everywhere historically
      B) Men in female disguise (in many traditions)
      C) Foreign performers only
      D) Machines
      Answer: B

    69. Which form is closely associated with the Sufi-Bhakti synthesis in some regions?
      A) Qawwali influences in performance spaces and folk kirtan traditions (syncretic forms)
      B) Chhau only
      C) Yakshagana only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    70. Which region’s folk theatre is known as Phad / Pabuji Ki Phad?
      A) Rajasthan (narrative scroll tradition)
      B) Kerala
      C) Bengal
      D) Assam
      Answer: A

    71. Which festival is primarily associated with Ramlila enactments?
      A) Dussehra (Vijayadashami)
      B) Holi
      C) Diwali only
      D) Baisakhi
      Answer: A

    72. The traditional mask theatre Chhau (Purulia) is primarily used to depict:
      A) Mythic battles and episodes from epics with stylized movement
      B) Courtly romances only
      C) Modern plays only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    73. Which of these Southern forms uses nattuvanars or specialised conductors in classical dance contexts?
      A) Bharatanatyam (nattuvanar conducting the tala and choreography; while not a folk form, intersection exists)
      B) Yakshagana only
      C) Chhau only
      D) Jatra only
      Answer: A

    74. Which of the following is a feature of Yakshagana performance style?
      A) Vigorous dance, colourful make-up, extempore dialogues, and mythic plots
      B) Silent mime only
      C) No music
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    75. Which folk form’s performers are believed to become possessed by deities during the act?
      A) Theyyam (Kerala)
      B) Nautanki
      C) Burrakatha
      D) Jatra
      Answer: A

    76. Which of the following is typically a chorus instrument in folk theatre?
      A) Kartal / manjira (cymbals) for keeping beat and supporting singing
      B) Mizhavu only
      C) Tabla only
      D) Electric guitar only
      Answer: A

    77. Which of these theatre spaces is an example of a traditional temple stage?
      A) Rangamandapa or Koothambalam in South India
      B) Proscenium stage only
      C) Film studio only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    78. Which folk form is associated with the telling of Pabuji’s legend on painted cloth?
      A) Phad (Rajasthan)
      B) Bhavai
      C) Chhau
      D) Kutiyattam
      Answer: A

    79. Which instrument is typically associated with Pandvani’s dramatic narrative?
      A) Ektara or tambura with kartal accompaniment
      B) Mizhavu only
      C) Pena only
      D) Shehnai only
      Answer: A

    80. Which form developed under Vaishnava influence in Assam by Sankardev?
      A) Ankiya Naat / Bhaona (Assam)
      B) Yakshagana
      C) Chhau
      D) Bhavai
      Answer: A

    81. In many folk dramas, the comic role often functions as:
      A) Moral exemplar only
      B) Social critic, mediator and interpreter of action for the audience (Vidushaka/Sutradhar functions)
      C) Only a musician
      D) None
      Answer: B

    82. Which of these is a preservation strategy commonly used for folk theatre today?
      A) Documentation, festivalization, grants, archival recordings and academic study
      B) Banning performances
      C) No action needed
      D) None
      Answer: A

    83. Which of the following forms commonly uses masks to denote character?
      A) Chhau (Purulia) and some tribal forms; also Yakshagana uses headgear though not full masks
      B) Nautanki only
      C) Jatra only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    84. Which form is known as a dramatic ballad tradition from central India narrating Mahabharata episodes?
      A) Pandvani
      B) Ramlila
      C) Bhavai
      D) Kutiyattam
      Answer: A

    85. Which instrument accompanies Raslila’s melodic enactments?
      A) Flute (bansuri), mridang/pakhawaj, kartal
      B) Electric keyboard only
      C) Guitar only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    86. Which of the following best exemplifies community theatre for agrarian cycles?
      A) Nacha/Karma Naach and harvest performances in Central and Eastern India
      B) Western opera only
      C) Film only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    87. Which folk form was extensively used as a vehicle for social reform and political messaging in the 20th century?
      A) Nautanki, Jatra, Tamasha and street theatre traditions adapted for reform (IPTA influences)
      B) Kutiyattam only
      C) Classical Bharatanatyam only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    88. Which of the following is a major difference between folk and popular theatre?
      A) Folk theatre is embedded in ritual and locality; popular theatre may be commercial and touring in nature
      B) Popular theatre is always ritualistic
      C) Folk theatre never uses songs
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    89. Which musical instrument is a bamboo wind pipe used in Assamese Bihu?
      A) Pepa
      B) Pena
      C) Ektara
      D) Nadaswaram
      Answer: A

    90. Which folk theatre from Tamil Nadu regularly performs in open streets during festivals?
      A) Therukoothu
      B) Yakshagana
      C) Chhau
      D) Bhavai
      Answer: A

    91. Which of these is an example of a two-drum pair used in many folk forms?
      A) Dhol and nagara / dholak and nagada variants as regional percussion
      B) Tabla only
      C) Sitar only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    92. Which of the following is a key criterion for UNESCO recognition of living heritage forms (e.g., some folk forms)?
      A) Community significance, transmission methods, cultural continuity and intangible heritage value
      B) Monetary value only
      C) Tourist appeal only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    93. Which folk form uses elaborate facial painting and bright costumes to represent characters, often with trance states?
      A) Theyyam (Kerala)
      B) Nautanki only
      C) Pandvani only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    94. Which instrument provides drone accompaniment in many folk narrative forms?
      A) Tambura / tanpura or single-string variants like ektara/tuntuna
      B) Tabla only
      C) Chenda only
      D) All of the above
      Answer: A

    95. Which of the following best explains the term Pravritti in the context of folk theatre?
      A) A regional style or transmission tradition (school) of performance
      B) A musical note
      C) A costume element
      D) None
      Answer: A

    96. Which of the following is an example of a tribal ritual theatre that also functions as a community oracle?
      A) Theyyam (possession-ritual) and similar forms where performer becomes deity-temporary
      B) Nautanki only
      C) Jatra only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    97. Which classical treatise is frequently used to compare folk practice despite its Sanskritic orientation?
      A) Nāṭyaśāstra (Bharata Muni) — used as comparative theoretical frame
      B) European treatises only
      C) Chinese treatises only
      D) None
      Answer: A

    98. Which is a common form of audience interaction in folk theatre?
      A) Call-and-response singing, jeering, offering and joining in dances
      B) Complete silence only
      C) Leaving the venue immediately
      D) None
      Answer: A

    99. Modern adaptations of folk theatre often involve:
      A) Incorporation of contemporary issues, language updating, and theatrical staging techniques (amplification, lighting)
      B) Strictly unchanged repertoire only
      C) No changes at all
      D) None
      Answer: A

    100. For UGC-NET Unit 2, the most important facts to remember include:
      A) Regional forms, instruments, ritual contexts, Bhakti influence, performance features and preservation issues
      B) Only names of performers
      C) Only modern theatre theory
      D) None
      Answer: A

  • UGC NET Unit-2- Folk and Traditional Theatre Forms of India – Performing Arts

    (UGC NET Performing Arts – Dance, Drama & Theatre)


    1. Introduction: Diversity and Continuity

    India’s cultural map is marked by extraordinary regional diversity — hundreds of folk and traditional theatre formsthriving as expressions of communal faith, seasonal rituals, and entertainment.
    These forms are oral, performative, and participatory, often blurring the boundary between ritual and drama, devotion and entertainment.

    They are the people’s theatre — rooted in local languages and dialects, using music, dance, costume, and dialogue to narrate myths, historical tales, and moral lessons.


    2. Conceptual Framework

    Category Nature Example
    Tribal Theatre Performed by indigenous/tribal groups; ritualistic and animistic. Lai Haraoba (Manipur), Karma Naach(Central India)
    Folk Theatre Community entertainment and moral education, performed in local dialects. Nautanki, Bhavai, Jatra
    Traditional Theatre Sustained by hereditary performers or temple institutions; includes classical survivals. Yakshagana, Kutiyattam, Bhagavata Mela
    Classical Theatre Textually codified and Sanskritic, based on Nāṭyaśāstra. Kutiyattam (borderline classical–traditional)

    These are not isolated; they often intermingle — folk idioms energize classical art, and classical grammar influences folk expression.


    3. Historical Background

    The roots of folk theatre lie in ritual performance — agricultural rites, fertility celebrations, and epic storytelling.
    With the Bhakti movement (6th–12th CE), temple festivals turned into open performances.
    Later, royal patronage, colonial suppression, and modern revival shaped today’s folk-theatre landscape.


    4. Regional Survey of Major Folk and Traditional Theatre Forms

    Below are India’s key regional forms with distinctive traits and instruments used:


    A. Northern India

    Form Region Features Musical Instruments
    Rāmlīlā Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Enactment of Ramayana during Dussehra; devotional, community-based, with narration and bhajans. Dholak, Harmonium, Manjira, Jhanjh, Nagara
    Rāslīlā Braj region (UP, Vrindavan, Mathura) Depicts Krishna’s life; song, dance, and dialogue; performed by boys (traditionally). Flute, Mridang, Pakhawaj, Harmonium, Kartal
    Nautanki Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana Folk musical theatre with love stories and heroic legends; exaggerated dialogue and melody. Nagara, Dholak, Harmonium, Sarangi
    Swang Haryana, Western UP Musical folk play using satire and mythic episodes; participatory and humorous. Ektara, Dholak, Sarangi, Manjira
    Bhand Pather Kashmir Satirical comedy-drama by Bhand (jester) communities; includes dance and mime. Nagara, Dhol, Surnai, Chimta

    B. Western India

    Form Region Features Musical Instruments
    Bhavai Gujarat Open-air satirical folk theatre with stock characters (e.g., Patel, Thakur); social commentary. Nagara, Pakhawaj, Jhanjh, Shehnai
    Tamasha Maharashtra Song-dance-dialogue format; Lavani songs, humor, and sensual expression. Dholki, Sambal, Harmonium, Manjira, Sitar
    Powada Maharashtra Ballad narration of heroic deeds (e.g., Shivaji’s exploits). Dholak, Tuntuna, Lezim, Cymbals
    Dashavatar Konkan, Goa, Maharashtra Religious folk play depicting ten incarnations of Vishnu; mask and costume rich. Pakhawaj, Tabla, Harmonium, Jhanjh

    C. Eastern India

    Form Region Features Instruments
    Jatra West Bengal, Odisha, Bangladesh Melodramatic theatre with mythic and social plots; loud singing, declamation, and chorus. Khol, Dhol, Harmonium, Cymbals, Trumpet
    Chhau Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal Dance-drama combining martial arts and myth; mask (Purulia), semi-mask (Seraikella), no mask (Mayurbhanj). Dhol, Dhumaša, Shehnai, Nagara
    Bhaona / Ankiya Naat Assam Devotional plays composed by Sankardeva; themes from Bhagavata Purana. Khol (drum), Tal(cymbals), Sankari flute
    Domni / Bidapat naach Bihar Folk drama of mythic episodes with musical narration. Dholak, Harmonium, Manjira

    D. Southern India

    Form Region Features Instruments
    Yakshagana Karnataka Dance-drama combining classical music, folk vigor, extempore dialogue; performers wear huge headgear (Kirita). Maddale, Chende, Harmonium, Taala(cymbals)
    Bhagavata Mela Tamil Nadu (Melattur, Thanjavur) Temple drama depicting Bhagavata Purana; devotional, with classical music base. Mridangam, Nadaswaram, Violin, Talam
    Therukoothu Tamil Nadu “Street play” based on epics; colorful makeup, open stage, moral didacticism. Mridangam, Mukha Veena, Cymbals, Harmonium
    Kuravanji Tamil Nadu Dance-drama combining classical and folk idioms; fortune-teller (Kurathi) central. Mridangam, Veena, Flute, Talam
    Koodiyattam / Kutiyattam Kerala Sanskrit theatre tradition in temple theatre (Koothambalam); highly codified acting. Mizhavu (drum), Edakka, Ilathalam
    Theyyam Kerala Possession ritual where performer embodies deity; elaborate costume, trance-dance. Chenda, Elathalam, Kuzhal (wind), Kombu
    Krishnattam Kerala Temple dance-drama narrating Krishna Leela; precursor to Kathakali. Chenda, Maddalam, Elathalam, Shankh
    Burrakatha Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Narrative theatre performed by three artistes — main singer, clown, and chorus. Tambura, Dakki, Harmonium, Castanets

    E. Central and North-Eastern India

    Form Region Features Instruments
    Pandvani Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh Narrative ballad of Mahabharata sung with gestures by a soloist and supporting chorus. Ektara (tamboora), Kartal, Manjira, Dholak
    Nachā / Karma Naach Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand Seasonal tribal dance-theatre linked to harvest and fertility. Mandar, Nagara, Bansuri, Kartal
    Lai Haraoba Manipur Ritual theatre of the Meitei; enacts creation myths; dance, chant, and song. Pena (string instrument), Dholak, Mridang
    Khongjom Parba Manipur Epic ballad singing of Manipuri heroes. Pung (drum), Pena, Cymbals
    Bihu Naach Assam Spring festival dance with theatrical flirtation scenes. Dhol, Pepa (buffalo-horn pipe), Gogona, Taal

    5. Dramatic Components and Aesthetic Features

    Element Folk Expression
    Theme Religious myths (Ramayana, Mahabharata, Krishna Leela), heroic legends, love stories, social satire.
    Dialogue Improvised, rhythmic, and audience-interactive.
    Language Vernacular/dialect; rhymed prose; mnemonic meters.
    Acting Exaggerated expression; stylized gestures rather than realistic naturalism.
    Music Integral — alternates narrative song (Gayan) with speech (Vachan).
    Dance Rhythmic interludes mark transitions and express emotional states.
    Costume/Makeup Symbolic colors: red (valor), white (purity), black (demons); headgear denotes role and rank.
    Stage Temporary, open-air, circular; audience often surrounds the performers.
    Audience Active participants — interject, chant, and dance, making performance communal.

    6. Instruments and Their Significance

    Instrument Type Common Forms Using It Function
    Dholak / Dhol Percussion Nautanki, Ramlila, Jatra, Pandvani Base rhythm, energy for chorus
    Maddale / Chende Percussion (double-sided drum) Yakshagana, Bhagavata Mela Drives dance rhythm and combat scenes
    Khol Percussion (barrel drum) Jatra, Bhaona Accompaniment for devotional songs
    Pena String instrument Lai Haraoba (Manipur) Provides drone, sacred tone
    Ektara / Tuntuna Monochord Pandvani, Powada, Bhakti singing Solo singer’s instrument and rhythm marker
    Chenda Drum Theyyam, Krishnattam, Kathakali Powerful percussive texture
    Harmonium Keyboard reed Ramlila, Nautanki, Tamasha Provides melodic support
    Shehnai / Nadaswaram / Kuzhal Wind Bhavai, Bhagavata Mela, Theyyam Auspicious openings, melodic phrases
    Manjira / Taal / Kartal Cymbals All devotional folk forms Beat keeping, audience participation

    7. Relationship with Classical Theatre and Bhakti

    1. From Ritual to Aesthetics: Folk forms retain the Nāṭyaśāstra principle of rasa and bhāva in simplified idioms.

    2. Bhakti Influence: The 6th–12th century devotional wave transformed performance into acts of worshipRaslila, Ramlila, Bhagavata Mela, and Ankiya Nat are all products of this synthesis.

    3. Interaction with Classical Arts: Yakshagana and Kuravanji integrate Carnatic ragas and Bharatanatyam gestures; Kutiyattam retains Sanskrit dramatic conventions but shares ritual ancestry with Theyyam and Krishnattam.


    8. Performance Structure

    A typical folk theatre follows a flexible three-part pattern:

    1. Invocation (Nandi / Ganesh Vandana): ritual prelude with music.

    2. Narrative / Main Play: alternates dialogue, song, and dance.

    3. Conclusion / Blessing: moral epilogue and audience benediction.

    Improvisation, satire, and topical reference make every performance unique. The boundaries between actor and audience blur, sustaining a participatory aesthetic.


    9. Modern Transformations and Preservation

    • Post-Independence revival: Sangeet Natak Akademi (1953) and state cultural academies began documentation and grants.

    • Urban staging: Directors such as Habib Tanvir (Naya Theatre – Chhattisgarh Nacha), Shambhu Mitra (Jatra), and B.V. Karanth (Yakshagana adaptations) reinterpreted folk idioms for modern theatre.

    • Threats: Commercialization, migration, shrinking patronage, language shifts.

    • Preservation efforts: Folk festivals (Surajkund, Shilpgram), inclusion in school curricula, digital archiving, UNESCO heritage listing (e.g., Kutiyattam, Chhau, Ramlila).


    10. Analytical Summary for UGC NET

    Topic Key Facts to Remember
    Folk vs Traditional Folk = popular, oral, community; Traditional = hereditary, temple or ritual lineage.
    Functions Ritual, didactic, entertainment, social commentary.
    Major Regions North – Ramlila, Raslila; West – Tamasha, Bhavai; South – Yakshagana, Bhagavata Mela, Theyyam; East – Jatra, Chhau, Ankiya Naat; Central – Pandvani.
    Instruments Dholak (North), Maddale/Chende (South), Khol (East), Pena (NE), Ektara (Central).
    Themes Epics, Purāṇas, heroism, devotion, satire.
    Influence of Bhakti Turned performance into worship; used vernaculars.
    Modern Context Revival through institutions, academic study, theatre experiments.

    11. Conclusion

    Folk and traditional theatres of India form a continuum of living heritage that unites ritual, art, and social reflection. They preserve collective memory through song, story, and rhythm, offering a people’s interpretation of the same truths expressed in classical arts.

    Each region’s instruments, dialects, and gestures create distinctive idioms, yet all affirm the Nāṭyaśāstra ideal:

    “Natya is the imitation of life — a mirror that educates, entertains, and uplifts.”

    By mastering the interrelations, instruments, and regional varieties outlined above, you can answer both descriptive essays and MCQs on Unit 2 confidently in the UGC NET exam.

  • UGC NET Performing Arts Dance Drama Theatre Unit 1 MCQs

    Below are 100 exam-style MCQs (with answers) focused on Unit 1 — Cultural History of India (prehistoric → CE 1200, visual evidence, Natyashastra concepts, Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Cilappadikaram, Bhagavata Purana, Bhakti & related performance traditions). Use them as a timed practice set — they follow UGC-NET format (4 options, one correct answer).


    1. The Bhimbetka rock shelters primarily provide evidence of:
      A) Urban planning
      B) Prehistoric cave paintings of humans and animals
      C) Temple architecture
      D) Mauryan inscriptions
      Answer: B

    2. The “Dancing Girl” figurine was discovered at:
      A) Harappa
      B) Mohenjo-Daro
      C) Lothal
      D) Dholavira
      Answer: B

    3. Which Veda is most closely associated with early melodic chant and the basis of Indian music?
      A) Rigveda
      B) Samaveda
      C) Yajurveda
      D) Atharvaveda
      Answer: B

    4. In Vedic ritual context, the term yajna primarily denotes:
      A) Court drama
      B) Sacrificial ritual often accompanied by chant and action
      C) Temple sculpture
      D) Folk storytelling
      Answer: B

    5. Which text is called the “Fifth Veda” according to classical Indian theory of drama?
      A) Bhagavata Purana
      B) Natyashastra
      C) Mahabharata
      D) Ramayana
      Answer: B

    6. According to the Nāṭyaśāstra, Natya was created by:
      A) Shiva
      B) Vishnu
      C) Brahma
      D) Indra
      Answer: C

    7. The Nāṭyaśāstra synthesises the four Vedas into drama. Which Veda supplies the basis for Abhinaya (gesture)?
      A) Rigveda
      B) Samaveda
      C) Yajurveda
      D) Atharvaveda
      Answer: C

    8. Rasa in Nāṭyaśāstra theory primarily denotes:
      A) A hand gesture
      B) A musical mode
      C) The aesthetic emotion tasted by the spectator
      D) A costume type
      Answer: C

    9. How many principal Rasas are originally enumerated in Nāṭyaśāstra?
      A) Six
      B) Seven
      C) Eight
      D) Nine
      Answer: C

    10. Which Rasa was later added (after Bharata) and emphasized by Abhinavagupta?
      A) Śṛṅgāra
      B) Hāsya
      C) Śānta
      D) Vīra
      Answer: C

    11. Abhinaya has how many types according to Nāṭyaśāstra?
      A) Two
      B) Three
      C) Four
      D) Five
      Answer: C

    12. Which of the following is NOT a type of abhinaya?
      A) Angika
      B) Vachika
      C) Aharya
      D) Laya
      Answer: D

    13. Sattvika abhinaya primarily relates to:
      A) Costume
      B) Vocal music
      C) Inner involuntary feelings expressed physically
      D) Stage architecture
      Answer: C

    14. Lokadharmi style refers to:
      A) Stylized, conventional acting
      B) Realistic, life-like acting
      C) Temple ritual only
      D) Dance without music
      Answer: B

    15. Natyagruha in Nāṭyaśāstra denotes:
      A) Musical scale
      B) Theatre/playhouse architecture
      C) A kind of costume
      D) A dramatic genre
      Answer: B

    16. Purvaranga vidhi describes:
      A) The finale scene of the play
      B) Pre-performance rituals and preliminaries
      C) The actor’s autobiography
      D) The chorus arrangement
      Answer: B

    17. Karanas (as seen in temple sculpture) are:
      A) Musical instruments
      B) Fundamental units of movement combining hand and foot
      C) Stage props
      D) Types of plays
      Answer: B

    18. Which temple site is famous for its sculptural representation of karanas?
      A) Konark
      B) Khajuraho
      C) Elephanta
      D) Sanchi
      Answer: B

    19. Ajanta murals are primarily associated with which religious tradition?
      A) Hinduism
      B) Buddhism
      C) Jainism
      D) Islam
      Answer: B

    20. The Cilappadikaram is a major classical epic from which linguistic tradition?
      A) Sanskrit
      B) Pali
      C) Tamil
      D) Prakrit
      Answer: C

    21. The heroine Kannagi appears in which epic?
      A) Ramayana
      B) Cilappadikaram
      C) Mahabharata
      D) Bhagavata Purana
      Answer: B

    22. Bhagavata Purana is most closely associated with narratives of:
      A) Rama only
      B) Krishna and his Raslila
      C) Shiva tandava
      D) Buddhist Jataka tales
      Answer: B

    23. Raslila performance tradition primarily enacts episodes from:
      A) Ramayana
      B) Mahabharata
      C) Bhagavata Purana
      D) Cilappadikaram
      Answer: C

    24. In Ramayana, who is regarded as the ideal hero (Nayaka) in performance traditions?
      A) Ravana
      B) Rama
      C) Hanuman
      D) Vibhishana
      Answer: B

    25. Which Mahabharata episode is frequently enacted as a dramatic spectacle illustrating fate and dharma?
      A) Gita discourse only
      B) Yudhisthira’s dice game and Draupadi’s disrobing
      C) Abduction of Sita
      D) Krishna’s Raslila
      Answer: B

    26. The Bhagavad Gita is located in which book of the Mahabharata?
      A) Adi Parva
      B) Sabha Parva
      C) Bhishma Parva (or BhG in Bhishma Parva)
      D) Sauptika Parva
      Answer: C

    27. The Nāṭyaśāstra attributes Rasa arising from combination of:
      A) Gita + Nritya only
      B) Bhava + Vibhava + Anubhava + Vyabhicaribhava
      C) Costume + Music only
      D) Dialogue only
      Answer: B

    28. Which scholar wrote an encyclopedic commentary Abhinavabharati on Nāṭyaśāstra?
      A) Bharata Muni
      B) Abhinavagupta
      C) Nandikeshvara
      D) Sarangadeva
      Answer: B

    29. Abhinavagupta’s key contribution to Rasa theory was to see Rasa as:
      A) A social pastime
      B) Aestheticized spiritual bliss (transcendental experience)
      C) Pure entertainment
      D) Musical notation
      Answer: B

    30. Which classical Tamil text contains explicit references to music and dance practice in an urban setting?
      A) Ramayana
      B) Manimekalai
      C) Cilappadikaram
      D) Mahabharata
      Answer: C

    31. The Devadasi tradition is most closely linked historically with:
      A) Tibetan Buddhism
      B) South Indian temples and ritual dance practice
      C) Mughal court dance
      D) European opera
      Answer: B

    32. Which of the following is an early example of narrative mural painting in India?
      A) Mughal miniatures
      B) Ajanta cave paintings
      C) Tanjore paintings (modern)
      D) Kalighat paintings
      Answer: B

    33. In the evolution of Indian theatre, Natya served primarily for:
      A) Only royal entertainment
      B) Social education, ritual communication and aesthetic experience
      C) Trade negotiations
      D) Military training
      Answer: B

    34. The Rigveda contributes primarily to which element in Nāṭyaśāstra synthesis?
      A) Gita (music)
      B) Pathya (speech/poetry) and meter (text)
      C) Abhinaya (gesture)
      D) Rasa (emotion)
      Answer: B

    35. Which of the following Purāṇas is central to Vaishnava devotional theatre?
      A) Shiva Purana
      B) Bhagavata Purana
      C) Markandeya Purana
      D) Matsya Purana
      Answer: B

    36. The representation of dance in stone (temple friezes) demonstrates which continuity?
      A) That dance was never a live art
      B) The codification of movement vocabulary (karanas, hasta) from text into visual form
      C) That sculpture replaced dance
      D) That all dances were secular
      Answer: B

    37. Natyashastra’s chapter on Rasas is generally placed around which chapter number?
      A) Chapter 1
      B) Chapter 6 (approximately)
      C) Chapter 20
      D) Chapter 36
      Answer: B

    38. Which text provides a detailed manual of gestures and mime often used by dancers?
      A) Sangita Ratnakara
      B) Abhinaya Darpana
      C) Ragamala
      D) Natya Parijat
      Answer: B

    39. Abhinaya Darpana is traditionally attributed to:
      A) Bharata Muni
      B) Nandikeshvara (or Nandikeśvara)
      C) Kalidasa
      D) Abhinavagupta
      Answer: B

    40. Which of the following dance forms traces its codified repertoire to temple ritual and bhakti tradition in Odisha?
      A) Bharatanatyam
      B) Odissi
      C) Kathakali
      D) Kathak
      Answer: B

    41. The musical elements of early drama are most directly traced to which Veda?
      A) Atharvaveda
      B) Samaveda
      C) Rigveda
      D) Yajurveda
      Answer: B

    42. The concept of Sahridaya denotes:
      A) A stage manager
      B) A sensitive spectator capable of experiencing Rasa
      C) A type of performer
      D) A musical instrument
      Answer: B

    43. Which epic’s episodes form the basis of Ramleela performance tradition?
      A) Mahabharata
      B) Ramayana
      C) Bhagavata Purana
      D) Harivamsa
      Answer: B

    44. Which of these is an example of medieval devotional theatre developed under Bhakti currents?
      A) Noh theatre
      B) Ramlila and Raslila
      C) Kabuki
      D) Commedia dell’arte
      Answer: B

    45. Khajuraho sculptures belong broadly to which century range?
      A) 2nd–4th century CE
      B) 9th–12th century CE
      C) 15th–17th century CE
      D) 18th–19th century CE
      Answer: B

    46. Which of the following is true about Mahabharata’s dramaturgical elements?
      A) It contains only poetry with no dramatic scenes
      B) It includes episodes with dialogue, scene structure and moral conflict used for dramatization
      C) It forbids performance of its episodes
      D) It is only a musical text
      Answer: B

    47. The Nalopakhyana (story of Nala and Damayanti) in Mahabharata is often used in performance to exemplify:
      A) Courtly dance-display of conjugal love and tragedy (Shringara and Karuna rasas)
      B) Pure comic relief
      C) Military drill
      D) Agricultural ritual
      Answer: A

    48. Which regional dramatic form prominently uses episodes from Bhagavata Purana?
      A) Yakshagana
      B) Kabuki
      C) Peking Opera
      D) Noh
      Answer: A

    49. The sculpted image of Nataraja primarily represents which god?
      A) Vishnu
      B) Shiva as cosmic dancer
      C) Brahma
      D) Indra
      Answer: B

    50. Which practice demonstrates the integration of ritual and performative elements in South India historically?
      A) Court theatre only
      B) Devadasi system (temple dancers as ritual performers)
      C) European ballet troupes
      D) Street theatre only
      Answer: B

    51. The idea of art as a vehicle of moksha (liberation) is emphasized by which commentator?
      A) Bharata Muni
      B) Abhinavagupta
      C) Kalidasa
      D) Nandikeshvara
      Answer: B

    52. Which Purana’s tenth skandha is the main source of Krishna’s life and Rasa episodes?
      A) Bhagavata Purana
      B) Vishnu Purana
      C) Shiva Purana
      D) Brahma Vaivarta Purana
      Answer: A

    53. Which epic’s court scenes have been dramatized in the Indian theatre tradition as morality plays about governance?
      A) Iliad
      B) Mahabharata
      C) Beowulf
      D) Odyssey
      Answer: B

    54. The term Nāṭya literally connotes:
      A) Silent painting
      B) Acting/drama (with elements of dance and music)
      C) Stone carving
      D) Royal decree
      Answer: B

    55. Which classical work provides the earliest systematic treatment of acting, stagecraft and aesthetics?
      A) Sangita Ratnakara
      B) Natyashastra
      C) Abhinaya Darpana
      D) Rasamanjari
      Answer: B

    56. Vyabhicaribhava are:
      A) Permanent dominant emotions
      B) Transitory/emergent emotions supporting Rasa
      C) Types of musical instruments
      D) Stage props
      Answer: B

    57. Which of the following is a feature of Gupta period art important for performance studies?
      A) Decline of narrative art
      B) Refinement of human form and graceful postures in sculpture and painting
      C) Absence of music scenes
      D) Solely military motifs
      Answer: B

    58. In Tamil performance tradition, Pann denotes:
      A) A costume type
      B) A melodic mode/scale system used in ancient Tamil music
      C) A dramatic genre
      D) A stage prop
      Answer: B

    59. Which of the following is an early dramatized Purana episode in North India?
      A) Krishna’s childhood in Bhagavata Purana (Raslila)
      B) Sita’s marriage scene in Cilappadikaram
      C) Nala’s exile in Rigveda
      D) Buddha’s sermons in Yajurveda
      Answer: A

    60. The term Sahrdaya is central to which aesthetic theorist’s commentaries?
      A) Kalidasa
      B) Abhinavagupta (and classical commentators)
      C) Tulsidas
      D) Bhartrihari
      Answer: B

    61. Which archaeological site contains terracotta musicians and dancers indicating performance culture?
      A) Sanchi
      B) Harappa (Indus sites)
      C) Meenakshi temple
      D) Qutub Minar
      Answer: B

    62. Ardhachandra poses in sculpture are associated with which art form?
      A) Architecture only
      B) Dance postures depicted in sculpture (classical movement vocabulary)
      C) Calligraphy
      D) Weaving
      Answer: B

    63. Which of these is a primary reason epics were suitable for theatrical adaptation?
      A) Short length only
      B) Narrative structure, distinct characters, emotional arcs (rasas) and public familiarity
      C) Lack of moral complexity
      D) Absence of dialogues
      Answer: B

    64. The Natyashastra emphasizes which function of theatre?
      A) Economic profit only
      B) Education, entertainment and spiritual uplift (Shiksha, Vihara, Moksha)
      C) Military instruction
      D) Political propaganda only
      Answer: B

    65. Which dance form evolved historically in Assam out of Vaishnava devotional theatre?
      A) Bharatanatyam
      B) Sattriya
      C) Kathakali
      D) Kuchipudi
      Answer: B

    66. Which of the following best describes the relationship between sculpture and performance in Indian art history?
      A) Sculpture replaces performance
      B) Sculpture records and codifies movement vocabulary and iconography used in live performance
      C) Sculpture rejects any link to performance
      D) Sculpture is only religious text
      Answer: B

    67. Dasarupaka refers to:
      A) Ten types of plays described in classical dramaturgy
      B) Ten types of musical instruments
      C) Ten types of costumes
      D) Ten stages of life
      Answer: A

    68. The concept of Sadharanikarana in Rasa theory denotes:
      A) Costume design
      B) Universalisation of emotion from individual to aesthetic experience
      C) A musical rhythm
      D) Stage lighting technique
      Answer: B

    69. Which text is an important medieval source for music and performing arts (12th century)?
      A) Bharata Muni’s Natyashastra
      B) Sangita Ratnakara (Sarangadeva)
      C) Abhinaya Darpana
      D) Rasamanjari
      Answer: B

    70. Which region’s folk theatre tradition is Yakshagana?
      A) West Bengal
      B) Karnataka (Coastal Karnataka)
      C) Tamil Nadu
      D) Assam
      Answer: B

    71. The character Hanuman in Ramayana is often depicted in performance to embody which primary Rasa?
      A) Hasya only
      B) Vira (heroism/devotion) and Karuna in moments of pity
      C) Bhayanaka
      D) Bibhatsa
      Answer: B

    72. In the Mahabharata, which character’s ethical crisis is central to many dramatic adaptations?
      A) Bhima
      B) Yudhishthira (dice episode and exile)
      C) Shakuni only
      D) Drona only
      Answer: B

    73. Which Purana contains extensive theistic stories that became stage repertory for Vaishnava performances?
      A) Shiva Purana
      B) Bhagavata Purana
      C) Agni Purana
      D) Garuda Purana
      Answer: B

    74. Abhinaya Darpana provides detailed classification of:
      A) Stage architecture only
      B) Hand gestures (Hasta), head, eyes movements, and expressions used in dance-drama
      C) Musical scales only
      D) Costume patterns only
      Answer: B

    75. Which movement emphasized personal devotion and had a profound effect on vernacular performance?
      A) Tantra only
      B) Bhakti movement
      C) Hellenistic movement
      D) Renaissance movement
      Answer: B

    76. The Pattabhisheka episode (coronation) of Rama is categorized in performances often as exemplifying:
      A) Hasya Rasa
      B) Vira and Santa (heroic and peaceful) Rasas
      C) Bibhatsa only
      D) Bhayanaka only
      Answer: B

    77. Which of the following is NOT a source for reconstructing ancient performance practices?
      A) Rock-art and cave paintings
      B) Temple sculpture and reliefs
      C) Contemporary newspaper reports from prehistoric era
      D) Literary texts (Vedas, epics, treatises)
      Answer: C

    78. The term Angika literally refers to:
      A) Instrumental music
      B) Body/physical expression in performance
      C) Vocal recitation
      D) Stage management
      Answer: B

    79. Rasotpatti refers to:
      A) The process of Rasa emergence and realisation in the audience
      B) A costume type
      C) A temple architecture style
      D) A musical instrument
      Answer: A

    80. Which South Indian classical dance’s repertoire historically includes items derived from temple rituals and textual prescriptions?
      A) Odissi only
      B) Bharatanatyam (with temple origins)
      C) Ballet
      D) Flamenco
      Answer: B

    81. In Mahabharata dramaturgy, who is primarily associated with strategic deception that is often staged dramatically?
      A) Vidura
      B) Shakuni (dice manipulator)
      C) Satyaki
      D) Yuyutsu
      Answer: B

    82. The earliest tangible visual evidence for performance in India is dated to roughly:
      A) 20th century CE
      B) Neolithic/Chalcolithic and prehistoric periods (Bhimbetka, Indus)
      C) 15th century CE
      D) 5th century CE only
      Answer: B

    83. Hasyarasa corresponds to which dominant actor/audience reaction?
      A) Sorrow
      B) Laughter and comic delight
      C) Fear
      D) Disgust
      Answer: B

    84. Which classical text prescribes stage types and audience arrangements (kakshya vibhag etc.)?
      A) Sangita Ratnakara
      B) Natyashastra
      C) Abhinava Bharati
      D) Cilappadikaram
      Answer: B

    85. The tradition of Ramlila primarily belongs to which cultural practice?
      A) Court ballet
      B) Folk/community theatrical enactment of Ramayana episodes during festivals
      C) Buddhist monastic chanting
      D) Persian miniature theatre
      Answer: B

    86. The representation of Nataraja at Chidambaram symbolizes:
      A) Agricultural ritual
      B) Cosmic dance of creation, preservation and dissolution
      C) Royal coronation only
      D) Market ritual
      Answer: B

    87. Which form of evidence helps trace the musical instruments used in early Indian performance?
      A) Literary descriptions, sculptural reliefs and terracotta/bronze finds
      B) Photographs from prehistoric times
      C) European traveler accounts before 1000 BCE
      D) None of the above
      Answer: A

    88. The Dasarupaka classification is concerned with:
      A) Ten types of Rasa only
      B) Ten types of plays/dramatic genres in classical dramaturgy
      C) Ten musical modes
      D) Ten temple types
      Answer: B

    89. Bhakti poetry turned many narratives into performable songs called:
      A) Shlokas only for reading
      B) Kirtans and Bhajans (sung and often enacted)
      C) Philosophical tracts only
      D) Legal codes
      Answer: B

    90. Which text is considered a bridge between textual theory and practical gesture (widely used by dancers)?
      A) Natyashastra only
      B) Abhinaya Darpana (practical manual of gesture)
      C) Ramayana only
      D) Mahabharata only
      Answer: B

    91. Which of the following is a hallmark of Gupta period dramaturgy and aesthetics?
      A) Baroque excess
      B) Refinement, idealized human form and codified bhavas in art and literature
      C) Decline of narrative forms
      D) Complete secularization of art
      Answer: B

    92. The Anubhava in Rasa theory means:
      A) Cause of an emotion
      B) Manifested/expressed effect or external signs of emotion (observable)
      C) A musical rhythm
      D) A dramatic genre
      Answer: B

    93. Which region developed Kathakali, heavily influenced by Kerala temple and ritual traditions?
      A) Maharashtra
      B) Kerala
      C) Assam
      D) Punjab
      Answer: B

    94. Which epic character’s exile narrative has been a major source for performative enactment and moral discourse?
      A) Arjuna only
      B) Rama (Ramayana) and Pandavas (Mahabharata) both (exile episodes staged widely)
      C) Ravana only
      D) Krishna only
      Answer: B

    95. Dharma as dramatized in epics often functions to:
      A) Provide purely comic entertainment
      B) Pose ethical dilemmas and instruct audiences through enacted outcomes
      C) Propagate only royal decrees
      D) Avoid moral questions
      Answer: B

    96. Temple dance sculptures often served as:
      A) Manuals for performers and visual codification of movement vocabulary
      B) Mere decoration without functional value
      C) Records of agriculture
      D) Military manuals
      Answer: A

    97. Which classical commentator emphasized the role of the ‘Sahridaya’ (sensitive viewer) in experiencing Rasa?
      A) Bharata Muni
      B) Abhinavagupta
      C) Kalidasa
      D) Tulsidas
      Answer: B

    98. The evolution from folk ritual to classical codified forms typically involved:
      A) Total discontinuity with folk forms
      B) Gradual institutionalization, codification, and textualization of movement/music/gesture
      C) Immediate replacement by foreign forms
      D) Only oral transmission with no texts
      Answer: B

    99. Natyashastra’s treatment of stagecraft includes specification for:
      A) Only actor’s costumes
      B) Theatre dimensions, audience divisions, prologue conventions (Nandi/Kakshya), and stage devices
      C) Only music composition
      D) Only poetic meters
      Answer: B

    100. The integration of epic narrative with dance and theatre achieves which classical function in Indian society?
      A) Entertainment alone
      B) Moral instruction, communal bonding, and spiritual uplift (multi-functional role)
      C) Solely economic gain
      D) Only private enjoyment of elites
      Answer: B