🏛️ Section 1: Making of the Indian Constitution (1–10)

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1. The Indian Constitution was adopted on:
A. 15 August 1947
B. 26 January 1950
C. 26 November 1949
D. 2 October 1950
✅ Answer: C
Explanation: The Constitution was adopted on 26 Nov 1949 and came into force on 26 Jan 1950.*

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2. The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) is associated with:
A. The formation of Constituent Assembly
B. The Indian Independence Act
C. Simon Commission
D. Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
✅ Answer: A

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3. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly?
A. B.R. Ambedkar
B. Rajendra Prasad
C. Jawaharlal Nehru
D. Vallabhbhai Patel
✅ Answer: B

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4. The Drafting Committee was chaired by:
A. B.N. Rau
B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. B.R. Ambedkar
D. Rajendra Prasad
✅ Answer: C

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5. The major source of the Indian Constitution is:
A. Government of India Act, 1919
B. Government of India Act, 1935
C. Indian Councils Act, 1892
D. Simon Commission Report
✅ Answer: B
Explanation: About 70% of the Constitution draws from the 1935 Act.*

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6. The Nehru Report (1928) was significant because it:
A. Proposed partition
B. Suggested dominion status and Fundamental Rights
C. Ended dyarchy
D. Introduced communal award
✅ Answer: B

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7. The Karachi Resolution (1931) dealt with:
A. Economic justice and Fundamental Rights
B. Federalism
C. Defense policy
D. Partition
✅ Answer: A

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8. The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on:
A. 26 Jan 1949
B. 26 Nov 1949
C. 15 Aug 1948
D. 26 Jan 1951
✅ Answer: B

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9. The Constitution of India was influenced most by:
A. The American Constitution
B. The British Parliamentary System
C. The French Constitution
D. The Soviet Constitution
✅ Answer: B
Explanation: India adopted the parliamentary form and cabinet responsibility from Britain.*

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10. The Constituent Assembly was formed under the:
A. Indian Independence Act
B. Cabinet Mission Plan
C. Mountbatten Plan
D. Nehru Report
✅ Answer: B

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📜 Section 2: Philosophy of the Constitution (11–20)

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11. The Preamble declares India as:
A. Democratic Republic
B. Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic
C. Federal Union
D. Secular Monarchy
✅ Answer: B
Explanation: The 42nd Amendment (1976) added “Socialist” and “Secular.”*

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12. The Preamble was derived from:
A. U.S. Constitution
B. Irish Constitution
C. French Constitution
D. Soviet Constitution
✅ Answer: A

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13. The words “Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” are borrowed from:
A. French Revolution
B. American Bill of Rights
C. Irish Constitution
D. Russian Revolution
✅ Answer: A

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14. Fundamental Rights are justiciable because:
A. They can be enforced by courts
B. They are only moral codes
C. They depend on Directive Principles
D. They can be changed by states
✅ Answer: A

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15. “Right to Constitutional Remedies” is given under:
A. Article 19
B. Article 32
C. Article 14
D. Article 35
✅ Answer: B
Explanation: Article 32 allows citizens to approach the Supreme Court directly.*

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16. Directive Principles of State Policy are inspired by the:
A. U.S. Constitution
B. Irish Constitution
C. French Constitution
D. Russian Constitution
✅ Answer: B

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17. Fundamental Duties were added by the:
A. 42nd Amendment, 1976
B. 44th Amendment, 1978
C. 52nd Amendment, 1985
D. 73rd Amendment, 1992
✅ Answer: A

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18. DPSPs are:
A. Enforceable by courts
B. Non-justiciable guidelines
C. Fundamental Rights
D. Customs
✅ Answer: B

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19. The Article describing India as a “Union of States” is:
A. Article 1
B. Article 2
C. Article 3
D. Article 5
✅ Answer: A

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20. “Article 32 is the heart and soul of the Constitution” — who said this?
A. Nehru
B. B.R. Ambedkar
C. Rajendra Prasad
D. Gandhi
✅ Answer: B

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⚖️ Section 3: Constitutionalism and Amendments (21–30)

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21. The doctrine of “Basic Structure” was established in:
A. Golaknath Case (1967)
B. Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
C. Minerva Mills Case (1980)
D. Shankari Prasad Case (1951)
✅ Answer: B

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22. The 42nd Amendment (1976) is also known as:
A. Gandhian Amendment
B. Mini Constitution
C. Judicial Amendment
D. Federal Amendment
✅ Answer: B

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23. The 44th Amendment (1978) restored:
A. Right to Property
B. Balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs
C. Emergency powers
D. Presidential rule
✅ Answer: B

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24. Who can initiate a Constitutional Amendment Bill?
A. President
B. Parliament only
C. State Legislatures
D. Judiciary
✅ Answer: B

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25. The amending procedure is laid down in:
A. Article 352
B. Article 368
C. Article 320
D. Article 360
✅ Answer: B

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26. The term “Rule of Law” implies:
A. Supremacy of law
B. Supremacy of Parliament
C. Supremacy of Executive
D. Supremacy of Judiciary
✅ Answer: A

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27. The idea of “Judicial Review” in India is borrowed from:
A. USA
B. UK
C. Canada
D. France
✅ Answer: A

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28. “Separation of powers” means:
A. Division between Centre and States
B. Division among Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary
C. Division between rural and urban areas
D. Division of economy
✅ Answer: B

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29. The Indian Constitution is:
A. Unitary
B. Federal with strong unitary bias
C. Confederal
D. Loose federation
✅ Answer: B

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30. The 73rd and 74th Amendments deal with:
A. Education
B. Local government
C. Judiciary
D. Election reforms
✅ Answer: B

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🏢 Section 4: Executive & Legislature (31–45)

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31. The President of India is elected by:
A. Direct vote
B. Parliament only
C. Electoral College (MPs + MLAs)
D. Lok Sabha only
✅ Answer: C

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32. The real executive authority in India is:
A. President
B. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
C. Parliament
D. Judiciary
✅ Answer: B

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33. The President’s tenure is:
A. 4 years
B. 5 years
C. 6 years
D. 7 years
✅ Answer: B

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34. The Prime Minister is appointed by:
A. Lok Sabha
B. President
C. Supreme Court
D. Rajya Sabha
✅ Answer: B

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35. Collective responsibility of ministers means:
A. All ministers are individually accountable
B. All ministers are jointly accountable to Lok Sabha
C. Only PM is accountable
D. Judiciary is accountable
✅ Answer: B

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36. Money Bills can be introduced only in:
A. Rajya Sabha
B. Lok Sabha
C. State Legislature
D. Both Houses
✅ Answer: B

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37. The Parliament of India is:
A. Unicameral
B. Bicameral
C. Federal Council
D. Constitutional Convention
✅ Answer: B

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38. The Rajya Sabha is a:
A. Permanent House
B. Dissolvable House
C. Temporary House
D. Advisory Body
✅ Answer: A

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39. Parliamentary Committees ensure:
A. Public accountability
B. Judicial independence
C. Executive privilege
D. Party politics
✅ Answer: A

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40. The Public Accounts Committee is headed by:
A. Prime Minister
B. Finance Minister
C. Speaker
D. Member of Opposition
✅ Answer: D

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41. The Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by:
A. Rajya Sabha
B. Parliament
C. Members of Lok Sabha
D. Electoral College
✅ Answer: C

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42. The term of Lok Sabha is:
A. 4 years
B. 5 years
C. 6 years
D. 7 years
✅ Answer: B

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43. The maximum strength of Lok Sabha is:
A. 500
B. 545
C. 552
D. 560
✅ Answer: C

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44. The President can dissolve:
A. Rajya Sabha
B. Lok Sabha
C. Both Houses
D. State Legislatures only
✅ Answer: B

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45. “Question Hour” is meant for:
A. Passing bills
B. Asking questions to government
C. Judicial matters
D. Budget discussion
✅ Answer: B

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⚖️ Section 5: Judiciary & Federalism (46–60)

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46. The Supreme Court was established in:
A. 1947
B. 1950
C. 1952
D. 1962
✅ Answer: B

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47. Judicial Review ensures:
A. Legislative supremacy
B. Constitutional supremacy
C. Executive authority
D. Popular sovereignty
✅ Answer: B

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48. Judicial activism in India expanded mainly through:
A. PIL (Public Interest Litigation)
B. Constitutional Amendments
C. Legislature
D. Media
✅ Answer: A

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49. The High Court judges are appointed by:
A. Chief Justice of India
B. Governor
C. President
D. Prime Minister
✅ Answer: C

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50. Inter-State Council is provided under:
A. Article 256
B. Article 263
C. Article 370
D. Article 280
✅ Answer: B

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51. Finance Commission is constituted every:
A. 3 years
B. 5 years
C. 7 years
D. 10 years
✅ Answer: B

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52. GST Council promotes:
A. Fiscal federalism
B. Judicial review
C. Cooperative federalism
D. Emergency powers
✅ Answer: C

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53. “Quasi-federal” character of India means:
A. Equal powers for all
B. Federal structure with strong Centre
C. Unitary state
D. Presidential system
✅ Answer: B

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54. The Governor acts as:
A. Nominal Head of State
B. Real Head
C. Federal judge
D. Speaker
✅ Answer: A

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55. Chief Minister is appointed by:
A. Governor
B. Prime Minister
C. President
D. Legislative Council
✅ Answer: A

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56. Article 370 dealt with:
A. Jammu & Kashmir’s special status
B. Finance Commission
C. Panchayati Raj
D. President’s rule
✅ Answer: A

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57. NITI Aayog promotes:
A. Planning and cooperative federalism
B. Finance Commission’s role
C. Judicial activism
D. Political party coordination
✅ Answer: A

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58. In case of conflict between Union and State laws on a Concurrent subject:
A. State law prevails
B. Union law prevails
C. Judiciary decides
D. None
✅ Answer: B

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59. The doctrine of “basic structure” was reaffirmed in:
A. Golaknath
B. Minerva Mills (1980)
C. Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain
D. Shankari Prasad
✅ Answer: B

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60. Zonal Councils were created under:
A. 42nd Amendment
B. States Reorganisation Act, 1956
C. Constitution itself
D. NITI Aayog
✅ Answer: B

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🗳️ Section 6: Elections, Local Government & Commissions (61–70)

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61. Election Commission is established under:
A. Article 320
B. Article 324
C. Article 326
D. Article 328
✅ Answer: B

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62. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by:
A. President
B. Parliament
C. Prime Minister
D. Supreme Court
✅ Answer: A

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63. The Anti-Defection Law was enacted by:
A. 42nd Amendment
B. 44th Amendment
C. 52nd Amendment (1985)
D. 73rd Amendment
✅ Answer: C

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64. NOTA was introduced in:
A. 2009
B. 2013
C. 2015
D. 2019
✅ Answer: B

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65. Panchayati Raj was constitutionalized by:
A. 42nd Amendment
B. 52nd Amendment
C. 73rd Amendment
D. 74th Amendment
✅ Answer: C

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66. Urban Local Bodies are governed by:
A. 73rd Amendment
B. 74th Amendment
C. 76th Amendment
D. 80th Amendment
✅ Answer: B

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67. CAG of India audits:
A. Private accounts
B. Government expenditure
C. Banks only
D. RBI
✅ Answer: B

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68. NHRC was established in:
A. 1990
B. 1993
C. 1995
D. 2000
✅ Answer: B

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69. The National Commission for SCs is mentioned in:
A. Article 330
B. Article 338
C. Article 340
D. Article 342
✅ Answer: B

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70. The National Commission for Women was established in:
A. 1992
B. 1994
C. 1998
D. 2002
✅ Answer: A

🏛️ I. Making of the Indian Constitution

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1️⃣ Colonial Legacy

• India’s Constitution did not emerge in a vacuum — it evolved through colonial constitutional developments.

• Major British Acts influenced the structure and ideas of the Indian Constitution:

➡️ The 1935 Act served as the “blueprint” — about 70% of the Indian Constitution was borrowed from it.

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2️⃣ Contribution of the Indian National Movement

• The freedom struggle shaped India’s constitutional vision:

  • Commitment to democracy, civil liberties, equality, and self-rule.

  • Documents like:

    • Nehru Report (1928): First attempt to draft a constitution by Indians.

    • Karachi Resolution (1931): Fundamental Rights and Economic Justice.

  • The National Movement envisioned a sovereign, democratic, and inclusive India.

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🧩 II. Constituent Assembly of India

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1️⃣ Composition

• Formed in December 1946 under Cabinet Mission Plan.

• Total Members: 389 (292 from provinces, 93 from princely states, 4 from chief commissioner provinces).

• Chairman: Dr. Rajendra Prasad

• Drafting Committee Chairman: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

• Key Members: Nehru, Patel, Azad, Krishnaswami Ayyar, K.M. Munshi, Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Hansa Mehta.

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2️⃣ Ideological Moorings

• Inspired by liberal democracy, social justice, and national integration.

• Influences: Western liberalism + Indian nationalism + Gandhian ideals.

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3️⃣ Constitutional Debates

• Fundamental Rights: Dispute over preventive detention and limitations.

• Federalism: Debate over strong Centre vs. State autonomy.

• Language Issue: Hindi adopted as official language (compromise formula).

• Secularism: Equal respect for all religions.

➡️ Adopted: 26 November 1949
➡️ Enforced: 26 January 1950

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📜 III. Philosophy of the Constitution

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1️⃣ Preamble

• The “soul of the Constitution” (Nehru’s Objectives Resolution, 1946).

• Declares India as: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.

• Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity are core values.

• 42nd Amendment (1976) added Socialist and Secular.

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2️⃣ Fundamental Rights (Part III)

• Inspired by U.S. Bill of Rights.

• Articles 12–35 guarantee civil and political freedoms.

➡️ Dr. Ambedkar called Article 32 the “heart and soul” of the Constitution.

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3️⃣ Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Arts. 36–51)

• Inspired by Irish Constitution.

• Non-justiciable guidelines to promote socio-economic justice.

• Examples:

  • Equal pay for equal work (Art. 39).

  • Promotion of education (Art. 45).

  • Protection of environment (Art. 48A).

  • Panchayati Raj (Art. 40).

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4️⃣ Relationship Between FRs and DPSPs

• FRs ensure political democracy,

• DPSPs aim for social and economic democracy.

• Landmark case: Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) – both are complementary.

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⚖️ IV. Constitutionalism in India

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1️⃣ Democracy and Social Change

• India’s constitutional democracy promotes:

  • Political participation (universal adult franchise).

  • Social justice (affirmative action for SCs, STs, OBCs).

  • Secularism and equality.

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2️⃣ National Unity

• Federal but unitary in emergencies.

• Common citizenship and single Constitution promote integration.

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3️⃣ Checks and Balances

• Separation of powers between Executive, Legislature, Judiciary.

• Instruments: Judicial review, Parliamentary control, Presidential assent.

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4️⃣ Basic Structure Doctrine

• Evolved in Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973).

• Parliament can amend Constitution but cannot alter its basic structure.

• Basic features include:

  • Supremacy of the Constitution

  • Rule of Law

  • Judicial Review

  • Separation of Powers

  • Federalism

  • Secularism

  • Parliamentary democracy

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5️⃣ Constitutional Amendments

• Article 368 empowers Parliament to amend.

• Types:

  • Simple majority (Art. 5, 239A)

  • Special majority (most provisions)

  • Special + State ratification (federal provisions)

• Major Amendments:

  • 42nd (1976): “Mini Constitution” – added Socialist, Secular, Fundamental Duties.

  • 44th (1978): Restored democratic balance post-Emergency.

  • 73rd & 74th (1992): Panchayati Raj & Urban Local Bodies.

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🏢 V. Union Executive

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1️⃣ The President (Articles 52–78)

• Nominal head of state; Executive power vested in him.

• Elected indirectly by Electoral College (MPs + MLAs).

• Tenure: 5 years; eligible for re-election.

• Powers:

  • Legislative: Summons Parliament, gives assent to bills.

  • Executive: Appoints PM, Governors, judges, etc.

  • Diplomatic: Represents India abroad.

  • Judicial: Pardoning powers (Art. 72).

  • Emergency Powers (Art. 352–360).

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2️⃣ Prime Minister & Council of Ministers

• Real executive authority.

• PM = Head of government, leader of majority in Lok Sabha.

• Collective responsibility (Art. 75).

• Cabinet = Core decision-making body.

• PM advises President on all key appointments and dissolutions.

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🏛️ VI. Union Parliament

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1️⃣ Structure

• Bicameral: Lok Sabha (House of People) + Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

• Lok Sabha: Directly elected (5-year term).

• Rajya Sabha: Permanent (1/3rd retire every 2 years).

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2️⃣ Role & Functions

• Legislative: Makes laws on Union & Concurrent Lists.

• Financial: Budget and Money Bills.

• Executive control: No-confidence motion, question hour.

• Constitutional: Amendments, impeachment.

• Electoral: Elects President & Vice-President.

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3️⃣ Parliamentary Committees

• Ensure accountability and efficiency.

• Types:

  • Standing Committees: Public Accounts Committee (PAC), Estimates, Committee on Public Undertakings.

  • Ad hoc Committees: Formed for specific purposes.

• PAC (headed by Opposition) scrutinizes government expenditure.

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⚖️ VII. Judiciary in India

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1️⃣ Supreme Court

• Articles 124–147; Chief Justice + other judges (appointed by President).

• Jurisdiction:

  • Original: Centre–State disputes.

  • Appellate: Appeals from High Courts.

  • Advisory: Presidential references (Art. 143).

• Judicial Review: Authority to declare laws unconstitutional.

• Judicial Activism: Expanded through PIL (Public Interest Litigation).

• Judicial Reforms: Collegium system, Lok Adalats, e-courts.

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2️⃣ High Courts & Subordinate Judiciary

• Each state has a High Court (Articles 214–231).

• Control over district and subordinate courts.

• Ensures uniform justice and federal coherence.

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🏙️ VIII. Executive and Legislature in the States

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🇮🇳 IX. Federalism in India

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1️⃣ Nature of Indian Federalism

• Quasi-federal – combination of federal and unitary features.

  • Federal: Division of powers, dual polity, independent judiciary.

  • Unitary: Strong Centre, emergency powers, single Constitution.

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2️⃣ Asymmetrical Federalism

• Special provisions for certain states (Articles 370, 371–371J).

• Designed to accommodate diversity.

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3️⃣ Intergovernmental Coordination

• Inter-State Council (Art. 263): Coordination between Centre and States.

• Finance Commission (Art. 280): Distribution of revenues.

• NITI Aayog: Cooperative federalism and policy planning.

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4️⃣ Emerging Trends

• Rise of coalition politics → bargaining federalism.

• GST Council (2017) → cooperative fiscal federalism.

• Demand for greater state autonomy.

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🗳️ X. Electoral Process and Election Commission of India

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1️⃣ Election Commission (Art. 324)

• Independent constitutional body.

• Composition: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) + 2 Commissioners.

• Functions:

  • Conducts free and fair elections for President, Parliament, State Assemblies.

  • Issues Model Code of Conduct.

  • Oversees political party recognition and symbols.

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2️⃣ Electoral Reforms

• T.N. Seshan’s reforms: Strengthened EC independence.

• 91st Amendment (2003): Limited size of ministries.

• Anti-Defection Law (1985, 10th Schedule).

• NOTA (2013).

• Ongoing demands: state funding of elections, simultaneous polls, curbing criminalization.

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🏡 XI. Local Government Institutions

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1️⃣ Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment, 1992)

• Three-tier structure:

  • Gram Panchayat → Block Samiti → Zila Parishad.

• Constitutional Status: Part IX (Art. 243–243O).

• Reserved seats for women (33%) and SC/STs.

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2️⃣ Urban Local Bodies (74th Amendment, 1992)

• Municipalities, Corporations, Nagar Panchayats.

• 12th Schedule: Lists 18 functions (urban planning, sanitation, water supply, etc.).

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🧾 XII. Constitutional and Statutory Bodies

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🧩 Summary Table