🏛️ PART A – RISE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM (1885–1947)

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1. Social and Economic Basis of Indian Nationalism

(a) Social Factors

• Growth of English education created a new middle class aware of Western ideas (liberty, equality, nationalism).

• Press and literature (like Kesari, The Hindu, Amrita Bazar Patrika) spread nationalist ideas.

• Social reform movements (Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj) modernized society and promoted unity.

• Modern transport & communication (railways, telegraph) connected people across regions.

(b) Economic Factors

• Economic exploitation under British rule: Drain of wealth, deindustrialization, heavy taxation.

• Rise of Indian industries created an industrial class interested in economic freedom.

• The economic misery of peasants and workers united people against colonial rule.

• Nationalists like Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, G.K. Gokhale exposed British economic policies.

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2. Birth of the Indian National Congress (INC)

• Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume (a retired British officer) with 72 delegates.

• W.C. Bonnerjee was the first President.

• Objective: Create a platform for political dialogue between Indians and the British government.

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3. Ideologies and Phases of the Congress (1885–1920)

(i) Early Nationalists (Moderates)

Period: 1885–1905
Leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji, M.G. Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee.
Methods: Petitions, resolutions, constitutional reforms, faith in British justice.
Demands:

• Indianization of services

• Expansion of Legislative Councils

• Reduction of military expenditure
  Criticism: Too mild and loyal to British crown.

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(ii) Assertive (Extremist) Nationalists

Period: 1905–1919
Leaders: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal-Bal-Pal).
Slogan: Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.
Methods: Boycott, Swadeshi, passive resistance, mass mobilization.
Causes for Rise: Partition of Bengal (1905), dissatisfaction with Moderates, repressive British laws.

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(iii) Revolutionary Nationalism

• Young radicals adopted militant and secret activities (1907–1930).

• Organizations: Anushilan Samiti, Jugantar, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

• Leaders: Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil, etc.

• Inspired by European revolutionary movements and sacrifice for freedom.

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4. Swadeshi and Swaraj Movements

• Swadeshi Movement (1905): Started during Partition of Bengal.

  • Promoted indigenous goods, boycott of foreign items, and national education.

  • Spread to all parts of India.

• Swaraj: Idea of self-rule – from moderate petitions to full independence (Purna Swaraj, 1929).

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5. Gandhian Era (1919–1947)

Gandhian Mass Movements

1. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22):

   • In response to Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

   • Boycott of schools, courts, foreign goods.

   • Suspended after Chauri Chaura incident (1922).

2. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34):

   • Started with Dandi March (1930) – protest against salt tax.

   • Aim: Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).

3. Quit India Movement (1942):

   • Launched after failure of Cripps Mission.

   • Slogan: Do or Die.

   • Marked the final phase of British rule in India.

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6. Subhas Chandra Bose and INA

• Forward Bloc founded (1939) after differences with Gandhi.

• Organized Indian National Army (INA) in 1943 with Japanese support.

• Slogan: “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom.”

• INA fought bravely in Burma and Manipur but failed militarily.

• Inspired national pride and military revolt (1946).

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7. Role of Middle Class in the National Movement

• The educated middle class led reform and nationalist organizations.

• Lawyers, teachers, journalists became political leaders.

• Formed the intellectual base of Indian nationalism.

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8. Women’s Participation

• Women like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Annie Besant, Aruna Asaf Ali, Vijayalakshmi Pandit played key roles.

• Actively joined Civil Disobedience and Quit India Movements.

• Women’s organizations like AIWC (1927) linked nationalism with gender equality.

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9. Left Wing Politics

• Emerged in the 1920s–30s with influence of Russian Revolution (1917).

• Communist Party of India (1925), Congress Socialist Party (1934).

• Advocated workers’ rights, anti-imperialism, and socialism within national movement.

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10. Depressed Class Movement

• Led by B.R. Ambedkar, demanding social equality and representation for Dalits.

• Organizations: Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924), Independent Labour Party (1936).

• Conflict with Congress over separate electorates (Poona Pact, 1932).

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11. Communal Politics and Genesis of Pakistan

• All India Muslim League (1906) founded in Dhaka to protect Muslim interests.

• Lucknow Pact (1916): Congress and League cooperation.

• Two-Nation Theory (1930s): Promoted by M.A. Jinnah.

• Lahore Resolution (1940): Demand for Pakistan.

• Partition of India (1947) created India and Pakistan.

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12. Towards Independence and Partition

• Mountbatten Plan (1947): Proposed partition and transfer of power.

• Indian Independence Act (1947): Ended British rule in India on 15 August 1947.

• Aftermath: Communal violence, refugee crisis, and massive displacement.

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🇮🇳 PART B – INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE (1947–Present)

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1. Challenges of Partition

• Around 10 million displaced, nearly 1 million killed.

• Communal riots, refugee settlement, and administrative division of assets between India and Pakistan.

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2. Integration of Princely States

• India had 565 princely states at independence.

• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon led integration through diplomacy and force.

• Kashmir, Hyderabad, Junagarh were integrated using military action when rulers resisted.

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3. B.R. Ambedkar and the Making of the Constitution

• Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.

• Constitution adopted on 26 January 1950.

• Features:

  • Parliamentary democracy

  • Fundamental Rights

  • Directive Principles

  • Secularism, Federalism

  • Independent Judiciary

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4. Structure of Bureaucracy

• Inherited colonial administrative system (ICS → IAS).

• Bureaucracy became key in implementing planning, development, and governance.

• Criticized for red-tapism but remained stable pillar of Indian democracy.

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5. New Education Policy

• Kothari Commission (1964–66) laid base for national education.

• 1986 NEP: Emphasis on equality, science, and technology.

• 2020 NEP: Multidisciplinary education, 5+3+3+4 model, flexibility in subjects, focus on research and digital learning.

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6. Economic Policies and Planning

• Planning Commission (1950) launched Five-Year Plans.

• Emphasis on self-reliance, industrialization, and poverty reduction.

• Mixed economy model – combination of public and private sectors.

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7. Development, Displacement and Tribal Issues

• Dams, industries led to displacement of tribals (Narmada, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh).

• Led to environmental movements like Chipko, Narmada Bachao Andolan.

• Focus on sustainable and inclusive development.

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8. Linguistic Reorganization of States

• Demand for states based on language started after 1947.

• Andhra Pradesh (1953) first linguistic state (after Potti Sriramulu’s fast).

• States Reorganization Act (1956) reorganized India into 14 states and 6 UTs.

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9. Centre–State Relations

• Constitution created a federal system with unitary bias.

• Conflicts over resource distribution, law & order, and language.

• Sarkaria Commission (1983) and Punchhi Commission (2007) reviewed centre-state relations.

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10. Foreign Policy and Panchsheel

• Panchsheel (1954) – Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence with China.

  1. Mutual respect for sovereignty

  2. Non-aggression

  3. Non-interference

  4. Equality and mutual benefit

  5. Peaceful coexistence

• India followed Non-Alignment Policy during Cold War (Nehru’s vision).

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11. Dynamics of Indian Politics

(a) The Emergency (1975–77)

• Declared by Indira Gandhi citing internal disturbance.

• Suspension of Fundamental Rights, censorship, and arrests of opposition.

• Restored democracy in 1977 elections.

(b) Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG)

• Introduced in 1991 under P.V. Narasimha Rao and Dr. Manmohan Singh.

• Shift from planned to market-oriented economy.

• Aimed at economic growth, foreign investment, and globalization.

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