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  • Chapter-11-From Barter to Money, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. How does the barter system take place and what kinds of commodities were used for exchange under the system?
    Answer:
    In the barter system, goods and services were directly exchanged without money. For example, one person gave wheat in exchange for clothes or tools. Commodities used included cowrie shells, salt, tea, tobacco, cloth, cattle, seeds, and even feathers or stones in different regions.

    Q2. What were the limitations of the barter system?
    Answer:

    1. Double coincidence of wants – both people needed to want what the other offered.

    2. Lack of common value – it was difficult to decide how much of one item equaled another.

    3. Divisibility – some goods could not be divided (e.g., an ox).

    4. Portability – carrying bulky goods was hard.

    5. Durability – items like wheat could spoil.

    Q3. What were the salient features of ancient Indian coins?
    Answer:

    • Made of precious metals like gold, silver, and copper.

    • Known as kārṣhāpaṇas or paṇas, with symbols called rūpas punched on them.

    • Coins had different motifs like animals, trees, kings, and gods.

    • Some coins were accepted across kingdoms, helping trade.

    Q4. How has money as a medium of exchange transformed over time?
    Answer:

    • Barter system → cowries, salt, shells.

    • Metal coins (gold, silver, copper).

    • Paper currency in the 18th century.

    • Modern times: digital money like debit/credit cards, UPI, and QR codes.

    Q5. What steps might have been taken in ancient times so that Indian coins could become the medium of exchange across countries?
    Answer:

    • High-quality metal coins to build trust.

    • Common symbols and weights.

    • Strong trade links with other regions.

    • Powerful rulers ensuring coins’ acceptance across kingdoms.

    Q6. Read the following lines from the Arthaśhāstra.
    “An annual salary of 60 paṇas could be substituted by an āḍhaka of grain per day, enough for four meals…”
    The fine for failing to help a neighbour was 100 paṇas. Compare this with the annual salary. What conclusion can you draw about the human values being encouraged through this?

    Answer:
    The fine of 100 paṇas was more than a yearly salary, which shows how strongly society valued helping others. It encouraged social responsibility, kindness, and cooperation among people.

    Q7. Write and enact a skit to show how people may have persuaded each other to use cowrie shells (or other such items) as the medium of exchange.
    Answer (Sample Skit Idea):

    • Person A: “Carrying wheat is too heavy. It rots quickly.”

    • Person B: “But cowrie shells are light, durable, and everyone accepts them.”

    • Person C: “Yes, let’s agree to use cowrie shells as a fair medium of exchange.”
      (Classroom activity to be enacted.)

    Q8. The RBI is the only legal source that prints and distributes paper currency in India. To prevent illegal printing of notes and their misuse, the RBI has introduced many security features. Find out what some of these measures are and discuss them in class.
    Answer:

    • Watermarks of Mahatma Gandhi.

    • Security thread.

    • Micro lettering.

    • See-through register.

    • Colour-changing ink.

    • Raised printing for the visually impaired.

    Q9. Interview a few of your family members and local shopkeepers, and ask them their preferences in making and receiving payments — do they prefer cash or UPI? Why?
    Answer (Sample):

    • Family members: prefer UPI for convenience and safety.

    • Shopkeepers: some prefer cash because it’s immediate, others prefer UPI because it avoids handling change.
      Both agree that digital payments are faster and safer in today’s times.

    Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. What is meant by double coincidence of wants?
      → It is when two people each have what the other wants and are willing to exchange directly.

    2. What is divisibility in money?
      → Money can be divided into smaller units (₹100 = two ₹50 notes), unlike an ox or wheat in barter.

    3. What does portability mean in money?
      → Money is easy to carry, unlike bulky goods like wheat or cattle.

    4. Name two unique items used as money in history.
      → Rai stones of Micronesia and red feather coils (Tevau) of Solomon Islands.

    5. Who controls the issue of currency in India?
      → The Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

    6. What is digital money?
      → Money in electronic form, used through UPI, debit/credit cards, and net banking.

    7. What was Junbeel Mela?
      → A barter fair in Assam where tribes exchanged goods without money.

    8. Why did paper money become necessary?
      → Because carrying large numbers of coins was heavy and inconvenient.

    9. What does “store of value” mean in money?
      → Money can be saved and used later without losing value.

    10. What does the ₹ symbol represent?
      → A blend of Devanagari “Ra” and Roman “R”, with two stripes for the tricolour and equality.

    Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Explain the limitations of the barter system with examples.
    → In barter, people had to find someone who wanted exactly what they offered (double coincidence of wants). It was hard to decide how much one good was worth compared to another. Goods like oxen couldn’t be divided, making fair exchange difficult. Carrying bulky items like wheat was inconvenient. Perishable goods spoiled over time, making storage a problem. These limitations made money necessary.

    Q2. Describe the evolution of money in India.
    → Exchange began with barter and commodities like shells and cattle. Later, metal coins of gold, silver, and copper were used, issued by rulers. Paper money was introduced in India in the late 18th century. In modern times, electronic forms like debit/credit cards, UPI, and QR codes are common. This journey shows how money keeps evolving with human needs and technology.

    Q3. Why is money considered better than barter?
    → Money is a common medium of exchange accepted by all. It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants. It can be divided, carried easily, and stored for long periods. It provides a common measure of value for comparing goods and services. It also allows deferred payments, making transactions more flexible.

  • Chapter-10-The Constitution of India-An Introduction, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. “The Constituent Assembly had representatives from diverse backgrounds in India.” Why was this important?
    Answer:
    India is a diverse country with many religions, languages, castes, and regions. Having representatives from all groups ensured that the Constitution reflected the voices, needs, and values of every community. This made it democratic and acceptable to all.

    Q2. Identify which key features/values of the Constitution are reflected in each statement.

    a) Sheena, Rajat, and Harsh are standing in a line to cast their first vote → Democracy / Universal Adult Franchise
    b) Radha, Imon, and Harpreet study in the same class in the same school → Equality
    c) Parents must ensure their children’s education → Fundamental Duty
    d) People of all castes, genders, and religions can use the village well → Right to Equality / Social Justice

    Q3. “All citizens in India are equal before the law.” Do you think this is a fact? Why/why not?
    Answer:
    Yes, it is a fact. Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws to all citizens, regardless of caste, religion, gender, or wealth. Though in practice inequalities still exist, the law treats everyone equally and provides protection to all.

    Q4. Why did India give universal adult franchise to its citizens from the beginning?
    Answer:
    India gave universal adult franchise because the freedom struggle had shown the importance of equality and participation of all people. Leaders believed that every adult should have a voice in shaping the nation, irrespective of caste, gender, education, or wealth. It was a step towards justice and true democracy.

    Q5. How did the freedom struggle and civilisational heritage inspire the Constitution?
    Answer:

    • Freedom Struggle: Brought ideals of equality, justice, liberty, secularism, and fraternity into the Constitution.

    • Civilisational Heritage: Ancient Indian traditions of tolerance, respect for diversity, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world is one family), and duties of rulers shaped features like Fundamental Duties and cultural rights.
      Together, these ensured that the Constitution combined modern democratic values with India’s rich traditions.

    Q6. Do you think we have achieved all the ideals of the Constitution? If not, what can we do?
    Answer:
    Not fully. Problems like inequality, poverty, corruption, and discrimination still exist. As citizens, we must follow our Fundamental Duties, respect laws, participate in democracy, and work for social harmony. Governments must ensure justice, equality, and development for all.

    Q7. Crossword Puzzle (Answers):

    • Across:

    1. Legislature

    2. Fundamental Duties

    3. Supreme Court

    4. Republic

    5. Amendment

    • Down:

    1. Constituent Assembly

    2. Preamble

    3. Constitution

    4. Helium

    5. Fundamental Rights

    Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. Who is called the Father of the Indian Constitution?
      → Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as he chaired the Drafting Committee.

    2. When was the Constitution adopted and when did it come into effect?
      → Adopted on 26 November 1949, came into effect on 26 January 1950.

    3. What does the word ‘sovereign’ mean in the Preamble?
      → India is free to make its own decisions in internal and external matters without interference from outside powers.

    4. Which two words were added to the Preamble in 1976?
      → Socialist and Secular.

    5. Name the three organs of government.
      → Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.

    6. What is meant by ‘living document’?
      → The Constitution can be changed and adapted through amendments to meet the needs of the country.

    7. Which gas is used to preserve the original Constitution?
      → Helium.

    8. What is Article 21-A?
      → Right to free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 years.

    9. What is the importance of the Preamble?
      → It states the guiding values and principles of the Constitution.

    10. Which part of the Constitution describes long-term social and economic goals?
      → Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).

    Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Explain the importance of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution.
    → The Preamble is the introduction and guiding spirit of the Constitution. It declares India as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic. It assures citizens Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. It reflects the values of the freedom struggle and sets goals for the future. It is like a mirror of the Constitution’s aims and philosophy.

    Q2. How was the Indian Constitution prepared?
    → A Constituent Assembly was set up in 1946 with 389 members (later 299 after Partition). Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed the Drafting Committee. The Constitution was discussed, debated, and drafted for nearly 3 years. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950.

    Q3. What are the key features of the Indian Constitution?
    → The Indian Constitution is the world’s largest written constitution. It provides Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive Principles, and separation of powers among legislature, executive, and judiciary. It establishes a federal system with a strong centre. It upholds secularism, equality, justice, and liberty. It is a living document that can be amended to meet future needs.

  • Chapter-9-From the Rulers to the Ruled: Types of Government, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. Write names of the various types of government that you have learnt in the chapter.
    Answer:

    • Democracy (Direct & Representative – Parliamentary and Presidential)

    • Monarchy (Absolute & Constitutional)

    • Theocracy

    • Dictatorship

    • Oligarchy

    Q2. Which type of Government does India have? And why is that called that type?
    Answer:
    India has a Parliamentary Democracy.

    • The people elect representatives through elections.

    • The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers are responsible to the Parliament.

    • India follows universal adult franchise and upholds equality, freedom, and justice.

    Q3. You read that an independent judiciary is present in all types of democracies. State any three reasons why you think it is important for the judiciary to be independent.
    Answer:

    1. To ensure that laws are applied equally to all citizens without bias.

    2. To protect the fundamental rights of people.

    3. To keep a check on the legislature and executive, so that power is not misused.

    Q4. Do you think democratic government is better than other forms of government? Why?
    Answer:
    Yes, democracy is better because:

    • People elect their representatives.

    • Everyone is treated equally and has rights like freedom of speech and equality.

    • The government is accountable to the people.
      Other forms of government often concentrate power in the hands of a few, leading to misuse.

    Q5. Match the practice with the type of government.

    • I. All citizens are treated equally before law → Democracy

    • II. The government refers to the religious leader for each and every decision it takes → Theocracy

    • III. After the queen’s death, her son became the new king → Monarchy

    • IV. The ruler is not bound to follow any Constitution. He makes all the decisions as per his choice → Dictatorship

    Q6. Below is a list of countries. Find out the types of government these countries have:

    1. Bhutan → Constitutional Monarchy

    2. Nepal → Federal Parliamentary Republic (Democracy)

    3. Bangladesh → Parliamentary Democracy

    4. South Africa → Parliamentary Republic (Democracy)

    5. Brazil → Presidential Democracy

    Q7. What are possible hurdles in a democracy in achieving its values and ideals? How can they be overcome?
    Answer:
    Hurdles: corruption, inequality, misuse of media, influence of money and power, weak judiciary, and lack of awareness among citizens.
    Solutions: stronger laws against corruption, awareness campaigns, active citizen participation, transparency in governance, and protecting the independence of institutions.

    Q8. Democracy is different from monarchy and dictatorship. Explain.
    Answer:

    • In democracy, people elect their rulers, enjoy equality, rights, and freedom.

    • In monarchy, the ruler’s power is hereditary and citizens have little say.

    • In dictatorship, one person or a small group holds complete power, and citizens have no rights.
      Thus, democracy is more people-friendly and just.

    Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. Who gave the famous definition of democracy as “government of the people, by the people, for the people”?
      → Abraham Lincoln, former US President.

    2. What are the three main functions of government?
      → Legislative (making laws), Executive (implementing laws), Judicial (ensuring laws are followed).

    3. What is universal adult franchise?
      → The right of all adult citizens to vote in elections, without discrimination.

    4. Name two countries that follow presidential democracy.
      → USA and Brazil.

    5. What is oligarchy?
      → A form of government where a small, powerful group (rich or influential families) controls decision-making.

    6. Which country is an example of a theocracy today?
      → Iran is a modern example.

    7. What is a constitutional monarchy?
      → A monarchy where the king or queen is only the head of state with limited powers, and real power lies with elected representatives (e.g., UK).

    8. What is dictatorship? Give an example.
      → A government ruled by one person or group with absolute power. Example: Adolf Hitler in Germany.

    9. Which ancient Indian state is an example of early republic?
      → The Vajji (Licchavi) Mahajanapada.

    10. Why is an independent judiciary important in democracy?
      → It ensures fairness, equality before law, and protects citizens’ rights from misuse of power.

    Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Compare democracy, monarchy, and dictatorship.
    → Democracy is rule by the people through elected representatives. It values equality, rights, and accountability. Monarchy is rule by kings or queens, usually hereditary, with limited or absolute powers. Dictatorship is when one person or group rules with complete power, without elections or rights for citizens. Democracy is more just and fair, while monarchy and dictatorship often concentrate power.

    Q2. What are the key features of democracy?
    → Democracy is based on equality, freedom, and universal adult franchise. Citizens have the right to vote, speak, and follow their beliefs. It ensures accountability of the government to the people. Separation of powers (legislature, executive, judiciary) prevents misuse of power. Citizens’ rights are protected by law.

    Q3. Why does democracy matter in the modern world?
    → Democracy matters because it gives people a voice in governance. It protects human rights, ensures equality, and allows people to live freely. It prevents the concentration of power and promotes development for all. In contrast, other forms of government often lead to oppression, inequality, and lack of freedom. This is why most countries today prefer democracy.

  • Chapter-8-How the Land Becomes Sacred, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. Discuss in small groups the meaning of the following statement by David Suzuki:

    “The way we see the world shapes the way we treat it. If a mountain is a deity, not a pile of ore; if a river is one of the veins of the land, not potential irrigation water … then we will treat each other with greater respect.”

    Answer:
    The statement means that if we treat nature (mountains, rivers, forests, animals) as sacred and part of our family, we will not misuse or harm them. Instead, we will respect, protect, and preserve them. This idea teaches us to look at the environment not only as resources but as living beings connected with our lives.

    Q2. List the sacred sites in your region. Enquire into why they are considered sacred. Are there stories connected with these sacred places? (Essay 150 words)

    Answer (Sample – Delhi/UP region):
    In my region, the Yamuna River is considered sacred. People believe that taking a dip in it cleanses sins. The Akshardham Temple in Delhi is sacred as a centre of devotion and learning. The Mathura-Vrindavan region nearby is holy for Hindus because it is linked to the life of Lord Krishna. There are many legends, such as Krishna lifting the Govardhan Hill, that make this land sacred. These sites are visited by pilgrims all year, and they help connect people to faith, culture, and heritage.

    Q3. Why do you think natural elements like rivers, mountains and forests are considered sacred for the people? How do they contribute to our lives?

    Answer:
    Natural elements give us life. Rivers provide water, mountains give forests and minerals, and forests provide air, food, and shelter. They are considered sacred because they are life-giving and powerful, and many stories and traditions are linked to them. By treating them as sacred, people ensure their protection and preservation.

    Q4. Why do people visit a tīrtha or other sacred sites?

    Answer:
    People visit tīrthas or sacred sites for religious worship, inner peace, blessings, and spiritual growth. Pilgrimages also allow people to connect with different cultures, traditions, and regions of India.

    Q5. How did the ancient pilgrimage routes help in fostering trade during those times? Do you think the sacred sites help in developing the economy of the region?

    Answer:
    Ancient pilgrimage routes overlapped with trade routes. Pilgrims needed food, clothes, transport, and other goods, which traders supplied. This increased trade and exchange of ideas. Even today, sacred sites like Varanasi, Tirupati, and Amritsar support the economy by attracting pilgrims and tourists, creating jobs for local people.

    Q6. How do sacred places influence the culture and traditions of the people living near them?

    Answer:
    Sacred places influence local culture through festivals, rituals, fairs, music, dance, and stories. People living near sacred sites often serve pilgrims by providing food, shelter, or guiding them, which becomes part of their tradition. Many local art forms and crafts are linked to sacred sites.

    Q7. From the various sacred sites of India, select two of your choice and create a project explaining their significance.

    Answer (Sample):

    1. Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh): Sacred city on the banks of the Ganga, believed to free the soul from the cycle of rebirth. Famous for the Kashi Vishwanath Temple and Ganga Aarti.

    2. Golden Temple (Amritsar, Punjab): Central shrine of Sikhism, symbol of equality and brotherhood. Known for its community kitchen (langar) serving thousands daily.

    Q8. What is the two-fold significance of a tīrthayātrā or a pilgrimage?

    Answer:

    1. Spiritual Significance: Pilgrimage purifies the soul, brings blessings, and strengthens faith.

    2. Social and Cultural Significance: It connects different regions, promotes trade, and helps cultural integration by bringing people of different languages and traditions together.

    Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. What does the word ‘sacredness’ mean?
      → Sacredness means something holy, divine, or worthy of deep respect, often connected to religion or spirituality.

    2. What is meant by ‘tīrtha’?
      → Tīrtha means a sacred place or crossing point from ordinary life to a higher, spiritual life.

    3. Name two important Buddhist pilgrimage sites.
      → Bodh Gaya (where Buddha attained enlightenment) and Sanchi (stupa containing relics).

    4. What are sacred groves?
      → Forests protected by communities as abodes of deities, where cutting trees or hunting is prohibited.

    5. Name one important Sikh pilgrimage centre.
      → The Golden Temple in Amritsar.

    6. What is the story behind the Shakti Pīṭhas?
      → They are sacred sites where parts of Goddess Sati’s body are believed to have fallen.

    7. What is the Char Dham Yatra?
      → A Hindu pilgrimage covering four holy sites: Badrinath, Dwarka, Puri, and Rameswaram.

    8. Which festival is held at the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, and Sarasvati rivers?
      → The Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

    9. Why do tribal communities consider some hills and forests sacred?
      → They believe their gods and ancestors live there and that nature provides everything for life.

    10. What does the peepul (bodhi) tree symbolise?
      → It is considered sacred in many religions and represents wisdom, shelter, and spiritual enlightenment.

    Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Explain how pilgrimage routes helped in cultural integration of India.
    → Pilgrimage routes connected different regions of India, from north to south and east to west. Pilgrims came across diverse languages, foods, and traditions. They exchanged ideas, stories, and practices, which created unity. Traders also travelled these routes, linking local economies. Sacred geography thus helped India develop as one cultural entity.

    Q2. How are natural elements like rivers, forests, and mountains linked to sacred traditions?
    → Rivers like Ganga and Yamuna are worshipped as goddesses. Mountains like Kailash and forests like Niyamgiri are considered abodes of deities. Trees like the peepul are worshipped for their spiritual and medicinal value. These traditions encouraged people to preserve and protect nature. They remind us that humans and nature are deeply connected.

    Q3. Why is it important to preserve sacred sites today?
    → Sacred sites carry spiritual, cultural, and ecological importance. They protect forests, water, and biodiversity. They are centres of tradition and heritage. Today, pollution and overuse threaten them, so it is our duty to safeguard them. Protecting sacred sites also supports tourism and local economies while preserving our cultural identity.

  • Chapter-7-The Gupta Era – An Age of Tireless Creativity, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. Imagine you receive a letter from someone living in the Gupta Empire. The letter starts like this:
    “Greetings from Pāṭaliputra! Life here is vibrant and full of excitement. Just yesterday, I witnessed …” Complete the letter with a short paragraph (250–300 words) describing life in the Gupta Empire.

    Answer (Sample Letter):
    Greetings from Pāṭaliputra! Life here is vibrant and full of excitement. Just yesterday, I witnessed a grand procession of the king’s army with elephants, horses, and soldiers carrying shining weapons. Our city is full of bustling markets where traders sell silk, spices, ivory, and gemstones. Scholars gather in temples and monasteries to study mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. I even met a student from Nalanda University, who told me about the great teachers there. Artists and sculptors are creating beautiful statues of Vishnu and Buddha, while poets recite the works of Kālidāsa. The city is safe, with guards patrolling, and the people live happily, helped by charity houses and free hospitals. Truly, this is a golden age where art, science, and culture flourish.

    Q2. Which Gupta ruler was also known as the ‘Vikramāditya’?
    Answer: Chandragupta II was also known as Vikramāditya.

    Q3. “Periods of peace support the development of various aspects of sociocultural life, literature, and the development of science and technology.” Examine this statement in the light of the Gupta Empire.
    Answer:
    The Gupta Empire enjoyed long periods of peace and stability, which allowed resources to be used for learning and culture instead of wars. Sanskrit literature flourished with Kālidāsa’s plays and poems. Scientists like Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira made great advances in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Magnificent temples, sculptures, and paintings like those in Ajanta were created. Trade with foreign countries also prospered. This shows that peace provided the foundation for cultural and scientific achievements.

    Q4. Recreate a scene from a Gupta ruler’s court. Write a short script, assign roles like the king, ministers, and scholars, and enact a role play to bring the Gupta era to life!
    Answer (Sample Script):

    • King (Chandragupta II): “Welcome, scholars and poets. Share your wisdom with us today.”

    • Minister: “Your Majesty, trade is flourishing, and taxes are collected fairly.”

    • Scholar (Āryabhaṭa): “I have calculated that the Earth spins on its axis, explaining day and night.”

    • Poet (Kālidāsa): “O King, I present my poem Meghadūtam, which tells of love and nature.”

    • King: “Truly, this is a golden age. Let us continue to support knowledge, art, and justice.”

    Q5. Match the two columns:

    • (1) Kāñchipuram → (d) Known as ‘a city of a thousand temples’.

    • (2) Ujjayinī → (e) A prominent centre of learning in ancient India.

    • (3) Udayagiri → (b) Famous for rock-cut caves featuring carvings of Hindu deities.

    • (4) Ajanta → (a) Known for vibrant cave paintings that depict Jātaka tales.

    • (5) Pāṭaliputra → (c) Capital of the Guptas.

    Q6. Who were the Pallavas and where did they rule?
    Answer: The Pallavas were a powerful dynasty in South India. They ruled parts of present-day Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh with their capital at Kāñchipuram. They were great patrons of art and architecture, especially rock-cut temples.

    Q7. Organise an exploration trip with your teachers to a nearby historical site, museum, or heritage building. After the trip, write a detailed report describing your experience.
    Answer (Sample Report):
    Our class visited the local museum that displayed Gupta-era sculptures and coins. We observed inscriptions in Brahmi script and terracotta figures. The museum guide explained the importance of Gupta metallurgy, showing a replica of the Iron Pillar of Delhi. We also saw Buddhist sculptures and paintings similar to those in Ajanta caves. This trip helped us connect classroom lessons with real objects and understand the richness of Gupta art, science, and trade. It was an enriching experience.

    Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. Who founded the Gupta dynasty?
      → Shri Gupta is considered the founder of the Gupta dynasty.

    2. Which Gupta ruler performed the aśhvamedha yajña?
      → Samudragupta performed the aśhvamedha yajña to show his power.

    3. Which famous inscription was written by Harisena?
      → The Prayāga Praśasti, praising Samudragupta.

    4. What is the importance of the Iron Pillar of Delhi?
      → It shows advanced Gupta metallurgy, as it has not rusted for over 1,600 years.

    5. Name two famous centres of learning in the Gupta period.
      → Nālandā University and Ujjayinī.

    6. Who wrote Meghadūtam and Raghuvaṃśham?
      → Kālidāsa, the great Sanskrit poet.

    7. Who were two famous scientists of the Gupta period?
      → Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira.

    8. Which Gupta queen ruled as a regent?
      → Prabhāvatī Gupta, daughter of Chandragupta II.

    9. Which foreign traveller visited India during the Gupta period?
      → Faxian (Fa-Hsien) from China.

    10. Which kingdoms ruled in the south during the Gupta period?
      → The Pallavas in Tamil Nadu and the Varman dynasty in Kāmarūpa (Assam).

    Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Why is the Gupta period called the ‘Classical Age’ of India?
    → The Gupta period saw peace and prosperity, which encouraged art, science, and literature. Great scholars like Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira advanced astronomy and mathematics. Kālidāsa created masterpieces of Sanskrit poetry. Magnificent temples and paintings in Ajanta and Udayagiri set artistic standards. Ayurveda was codified and universities like Nālandā flourished. These achievements make it the Classical Age.

    Q2. Describe the contributions of Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira.
    → Āryabhaṭa proposed that the Earth spins on its axis, calculated the year’s length, and explained eclipses. He also developed mathematical formulas. Varāhamihira wrote the Bṛihat Samhitā, covering astronomy, astrology, weather, architecture, and farming. Their works became foundations for science in India and influenced other parts of the world.

    Q3. What were the main features of Gupta society and economy?
    → Gupta society was organised around varṇa and jāti, but trade and agriculture brought prosperity. Farmers paid land taxes, and merchants traded textiles, spices, and gems with Southeast Asia and the Mediterranean. Charity houses and hospitals supported the poor, as Faxian described. The economy was strong, supporting art, literature, and temples. This balance of prosperity and culture made Gupta society flourish.

  • Chapter-6-The Age of Reorganisation, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. Why was the post-Maurya era also known as the era of reorganisation?
    Answer: After the fall of the Maurya Empire, many smaller kingdoms like the Shungas, Satavahanas, Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas, Chedis, Indo-Greeks, Shakas, and Kushanas rose. Political power was reorganised, trade expanded, and new art, architecture, and literature developed. This reshaping of society, politics, and culture is why the period is called the “Age of Reorganisation.”

    Q2. Write a note on the Sangam literature in 150 words.
    Answer:
    Sangam literature refers to the oldest Tamil writings composed between 300 BCE and 300 CE. It was created in assemblies (Sangams) of poets and scholars in South India. These poems deal with themes like love, war, heroism, generosity, and social life. They provide information about the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. The poems also mention trade, agriculture, and ports like Puhar and Madurai. Famous works like Silappadikaram highlight justice and dharma. Sangam literature is not only important for its poetic beauty but also as a valuable historical source for early South Indian society and culture.

    Q3. Which rulers mentioned in this chapter included their mother’s name in their title, and why did they do so?
    Answer: Satavahana rulers, like Gautamiputra Satakarni, included their mother’s name in their title. This showed the respect and importance given to royal women, and also highlighted the lineage and legitimacy of the king through his mother’s family.

    Q4. Write a note of 250 words about one kingdom from this chapter that you find interesting. Explain why you chose it.
    Answer (Example – The Satavahanas):
    The Satavahanas ruled the Deccan region between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE. Their capitals included Paithan and Amaravati. They encouraged agriculture in the Krishna-Godavari plains and developed trade networks reaching as far as Rome. Coins issued by them often depicted ships, proving their excellence in seafaring and maritime trade. They exported spices, textiles, pearls, and ivory, and imported glass and perfumes. Literature and art flourished, and they contributed to Buddhist caves at Karla and Pitalkhora. Inscriptions mention powerful queens like Gautami Balashri, mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni, who made donations to religious institutions. The Satavahanas are interesting because they balanced Vedic rituals with Buddhist patronage, promoted women’s influence in politics, and expanded overseas trade. Their period shows the blend of religion, economy, and culture that made India vibrant during the Age of Reorganisation.

    Q5. Imagine you have the chance to create your own kingdom. What royal emblem would you choose, and why? What title would you take as the ruler? Write a note about your kingdom, including its values, rules and regulations, and some unique features.
    Answer (Sample):
    I would choose a lotus as my royal emblem, as it symbolises purity and growth. My title would be Dharma Raja. My kingdom would value equality, justice, and education for all. Farmers and traders would be supported, and artisans given respect. We would have councils where people’s voices are heard. My kingdom would promote peace but maintain a strong army for defence. Special attention would be given to irrigation, trade routes, and learning centres. This way, the kingdom would be prosperous, fair, and respected.

    Q6. You have read about the architectural developments of the post-Maurya era. Take an outline of the Indian subcontinent and mark the approximate locations of some of the ancient structures mentioned in this chapter.
    Answer:
    Students may mark:

    • Bharhut Stupa (Madhya Pradesh)

    • Karla Caves (Maharashtra)

    • Naneghat Caves (Maharashtra)

    • Udayagiri-Khandagiri Caves (Odisha)

    • Amaravati (Andhra Pradesh)

    • Madurai (Tamil Nadu)

    Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. Who founded the Shunga dynasty?
      → Pushyamitra Shunga, after assassinating the last Mauryan ruler, founded the dynasty.

    2. What was the Ashvamedha yajna?
      → A ritual where a horse was released to wander, and territories it entered without opposition became part of the king’s domain.

    3. Which art style blended Indian and Greek traditions during this period?
      → The Gandhara school of art.

    4. Which South Indian kingdoms flourished during this period?
      → The Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas.

    5. Name a famous Chola king of this era.
      → Karikala Chola, known for building the Grand Anicut (Kallanai) on the Kaveri River.

    6. What was the famous Tamil epic written after Sangam literature?
      → Silappadikaram, the tale of the anklet.

    7. Which Indo-Greek ambassador built a pillar in honour of Vasudeva?
      → Heliodorus, at Vidisha.

    8. Which dynasty issued coins depicting ships?
      → The Satavahanas.

    9. What was the Shaka Samvat?
      → A calendar era started by the Shakas in 78 CE, later adopted as the Indian National Calendar.

    10. Which two schools of art developed under the Kushanas?
      → Gandhara and Mathura schools of art.

    Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Explain the contributions of the Satavahanas.
    → The Satavahanas controlled the Deccan and encouraged agriculture in fertile river valleys. They promoted trade by land and sea, issuing coins that show ships. They supported Buddhist art at Karla caves and respected women, as seen in inscriptions about queens. They balanced Vedic rituals with Buddhist patronage. Their contributions to trade, religion, and culture made them one of the most powerful dynasties of this period.

    Q2. How did foreign invaders contribute to Indian culture during this period?
    → Indo-Greeks introduced coins and blended Greek and Indian art. The Shakas contributed to the calendar system. The Kushanas controlled the Silk Route and promoted cultural exchange. They encouraged Gandhara and Mathura art styles. Foreign rulers adopted Indian gods, rituals, and language, showing assimilation and enriching Indian culture.

    Q3. Why is this period called an Age of Cultural Confluence?
    → Many dynasties, both Indian and foreign, interacted during this time. Literature like Sangam poetry flourished in the south. Art styles like Gandhara combined Indian and Greek traditions. Trade connected India with Rome, West Asia, and Central Asia. Sanskrit literature like the Mahabharata and Ramayana was composed. The blending of cultures created a rich heritage, making it an age of cultural confluence.

  • Chapter-5-The Rise of Empires, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. What are the features of an empire, and how is it different from a kingdom?

    Answer:

    • An empire is a vast territory made up of many smaller kingdoms and regions under one powerful ruler.

    • The emperor controls resources, trade, administration, army, and laws across large areas.

    • A kingdom is smaller, with a ruler governing only one region or territory.
      Thus, empires are larger, more diverse, and need stronger administration compared to kingdoms.

    Q2. What are some important factors for the transition from kingdoms to empires?

    Answer:

    • Use of iron tools and weapons improved agriculture and warfare.

    • Fertile lands and rivers like the Ganga provided resources.

    • Growing trade networks and use of coins supported stronger economies.

    • Ambitious rulers like Chandragupta Maurya expanded their territories.
      These factors helped kingdoms grow into empires.

    Q3. Alexander is considered an important king in the history of the world — why do you think that is so?

    Answer:
    Alexander created one of the largest empires in world history, spreading across three continents.
    He brought Greek culture into Asia and met Indian rulers like Porus.
    Although his rule in India was short, he opened cultural and trade contacts between India and the West.
    That is why he is remembered as an important world ruler.

    Q4. In early Indian history, the Mauryas are considered important. State your reasons.

    Answer:

    • They created the first large empire in India, unifying many regions.

    • Chandragupta Maurya, with Kautilya’s help, built a strong administration.

    • Ashoka expanded the empire and later promoted peace, non-violence, and dharma.

    • The Mauryas encouraged trade, coins, art, architecture, and communication networks.
      Thus, their impact lasted for centuries.

    Q5. What were some of Kautilya’s key ideas? Which ones of these can you observe even today in the world around us?

    Answer:

    • Kautilya’s ideas: strong administration, welfare of people, law and order, use of spies, taxation, alliances, and anti-corruption measures.

    • Today, we see similar ideas in governments: taxation systems, welfare schemes, strong armies, and anti-corruption laws.
      His principle “In the happiness of his subjects lies the king’s happiness” is still valid in modern democracies.

    Q6. What were the unusual things about Aśhoka and his empire? What of that has continued to influence India and why?

    Answer:
    Ashoka was unusual because:

    • He turned from war to peace after the Kalinga war.

    • He spread Buddhist values of non-violence, compassion, and tolerance.

    • He issued edicts in local languages for people’s welfare.

    • He promoted nature conservation, respect for all religions, and welfare of humans and animals.

    His influence continues in India through:

    • The Ashokan pillar at Sarnath as the National Emblem.

    • The Dharma Chakra on the national flag.

    • The values of peace and tolerance that remain important for India’s identity.

    Q7. After reading the edict of Aśhoka, do you think he was tolerant towards other religious beliefs and schools of thought?

    Answer:
    Yes, Ashoka was tolerant. His edict shows that he respected Brahmans, Buddhists, Jains, Ajivikas, and others.
    He appointed officers to look after the welfare of different sects.
    This shows he encouraged harmony among religions and respected all beliefs.

    Q8. The Brahmi script was a writing system that was widely used in ancient India. Create a small project and include what you have learnt.

    Answer (Summary):

    • Brahmi is one of the oldest scripts in India, written from left to right.

    • Ashoka’s edicts were inscribed in Brahmi.

    • It later developed into many modern Indian scripts like Devanagari, Tamil, and Bengali.
      (Students can make charts with examples of letters for project work.)

    Q9. Suppose you had to travel from Kauśhāmbī to Kāveripattanam in the 3rd century BCE. How would you undertake this journey, and how long would it take?

    Answer (Sample):
    I would travel along the Dakṣiṇapatha trade route, crossing the Vindhya hills and moving southwards.
    I would use bullock carts, horses, or walk, and cross rivers by boats.
    It might take several weeks or even months, with halts in cities like Ujjain and Kanchipuram, depending on weather and road conditions.

    Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. What does the word ‘empire’ mean?
      → It means supreme power, ruling over many smaller kingdoms and territories.

    2. Who founded the Maurya Empire?
      → Chandragupta Maurya, with the guidance of Kautilya, founded it in 321 BCE.

    3. What was tribute in an empire?
      → Tribute was wealth, goods, or animals given by smaller kings to the emperor as a sign of loyalty.

    4. What was the role of guilds (śreṇīs)?
      → Guilds were associations of traders and craftsmen that managed trade, maintained rules, and supported members.

    5. Why was Magadha an important centre?
      → It had fertile land, iron resources, elephants, rivers, and good trade networks.

    6. What was the impact of Alexander’s invasion?
      → It was short-lived politically, but it opened trade and cultural links between India and the West.

    7. What is Kautilya’s ‘Saptānga’ theory?
      → It described seven parts of a kingdom: king, ministers, territory, forts, treasury, army, and allies.

    8. What was unusual about Ashoka’s rule after Kalinga?
      → He gave up war and followed peace, promoting welfare of people and animals.

    9. Which scripts were Ashoka’s edicts written in?
      → Mostly in Prakrit language and Brahmi script.

    10. Name two contributions of the Mauryan period to Indian art.
      → The Sanchi Stupa and Ashokan pillars (like the Lion Capital of Sarnath).

    Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Why is the Maurya Empire considered important in Indian history?
    → The Maurya Empire was India’s first great empire, uniting most of the subcontinent. Chandragupta created a strong administration, and Ashoka promoted peace and dharma. They expanded trade, built roads, used coins, and encouraged art and architecture. Their empire reduced wars between small kingdoms. The symbols of Ashoka continue to influence modern India.

    Q2. Explain the role of trade and guilds in the rise of empires.
    → Trade was essential for empires because it brought wealth and resources. Goods like spices, textiles, gems, and animals were traded across India and abroad. Guilds helped traders and craftsmen by organising them and protecting their interests. They created rules, ensured quality, and sometimes acted like banks. This self-organisation supported the economy and made empires stronger.

    Q3. How did Ashoka spread Buddhism and dharma?
    → After the Kalinga war, Ashoka adopted Buddhism and non-violence. He sent emissaries to Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Central Asia to spread Buddha’s message. He built stupas, monasteries, and pillars with edicts teaching moral values. He promoted kindness, tolerance, and welfare of people and animals. His efforts helped Buddhism spread across Asia and made him a respected figure in history.

  • Chapter-4-New Beginnings: Cities and States, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. Consider the quotation at the start of the chapter and discuss in several groups. Compare your observations and conclusions on what Kauṭilya recommends for a kingdom. Is it very different today?

    Answer: Kauṭilya recommended that a kingdom should have fertile land, mines, forests, cattle, good roads, and water supply. It should be strong, self-sufficient, and well-protected with forts. Today’s governments still focus on these – agriculture, natural resources, industries, good transport, and security – but modern technology and democracy have changed the way they are managed.

    Q2. According to the text, how were rulers chosen in early Vedic society?

    Answer: In early Vedic society, rulers (rājās) were often chosen by assemblies like sabhā and samiti. Elders gave advice, and sometimes rulers were selected or even removed by the assembly. This shows an early form of democratic tradition.

    Q3. Imagine you are a historian studying ancient India. What types of sources (archaeological, literary, etc.) would you use to learn more about the mahājanapadas? Explain how each source might contribute to your understanding.

    Answer:

    • Archaeological sources – ruins of cities, forts, coins, pottery, and iron tools show us how people lived and traded.

    • Literary sources – Vedic, Buddhist, and Jain texts describe rulers, assemblies, and society.

    • Inscriptions and edicts – tell us about laws, administration, and decisions of rulers.
      Together, these sources give a complete picture of political, social, and economic life in mahājanapadas.

    Q4. Why was the development of iron metallurgy so important for the growth of urbanism in the 1st millennium BCE?

    Answer: Iron tools made farming easier, allowing more land to be cultivated and producing more food. Iron weapons gave stronger armies to protect cities and expand territories. With better agriculture and trade, cities grew rapidly. Thus, iron was a key factor in the Second Urbanisation of India.

    Extra Short Answer Questions

    1. What is meant by ‘Second Urbanisation of India’?
      → It refers to the revival of cities around the 1st millennium BCE, especially in the Ganga plains, after the decline of the Harappan civilisation.

    2. What does the word ‘janapada’ mean?
      → Janapada means “where the people have set foot,” referring to territories settled by clans under a ruler.

    3. Name any four powerful mahājanapadas.
      → Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti.

    4. How were the mahājanapadas protected?
      → They were fortified with walls, gates, and moats for defence.

    5. Which mahājanapadas are considered early republics?
      → Vajji and Malla, where assemblies had more power and rulers were sometimes elected.

    6. What were punch-marked coins?
      → The earliest Indian coins, made of silver and copper, with symbols punched on them for trade.

    7. What role did iron play in agriculture?
      → Iron ploughs and tools improved farming, helping to clear forests and grow more crops.

    8. What was the varṇa system?
      → Society was divided into four varṇas – Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (traders/farmers), and Shudras (workers).

    9. What were the two main trade routes in this period?
      → Uttarapatha (north route) and Dakṣiṇapatha (south route).

    10. Which three kingdoms emerged in South India around 400 BCE?
      → The Cholas, Cheras, and Pāṇḍyas.

    Extra Long Answer Questions

    Q1. Explain the political systems of the mahājanapadas.
    → The mahājanapadas had different systems of governance. Some were monarchies where the rājā was hereditary and ruled with the help of ministers and assemblies. Others, like Vajji and Malla, were republics (gaṇas or sanghas) where decisions were taken by an assembly and rulers could even be elected. This shows that both monarchy and early democracy existed in ancient India.

    Q2. How did trade and coins help the Second Urbanisation?
    → With more agricultural production, trade increased between regions. Roads like Uttarapatha and Dakṣiṇapatha connected north and south India. Punch-marked coins made trade easier and were used across different regions. Cities grew as centres of commerce, crafts, and culture. This laid the foundation for stronger states and future empires.

    Q3. What was the varṇa–jāti system? How did it affect society?
    → The varṇa–jāti system divided society into groups based on occupation. Varṇas included Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, while jātis were smaller occupational groups like farmers, smiths, or weavers. This gave stability to society but also created inequalities. Over time, the system became rigid, and lower groups faced discrimination.

  • Chapter-3-Climates of India, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. Match the climatic factors with their effects:

    • (1) Latitude → (b) Creates different climates in the north and south

    • (2) Altitude → (c) Keeps higher places cooler

    • (3) Proximity to the ocean → (d) Moderates the temperature

    • (4) Monsoon winds → (a) Brings wet air to India during summer

    Q2. Answer the following questions:

    a) What is the difference between weather and climate?
    → Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place (daily or hourly). Climate is the average pattern of weather over a long period (30 years or more).

    b) Why do places near the ocean have milder temperatures than places far away from it?
    → The sea moderates the temperature. It keeps summers cooler and winters milder, so coastal areas have less extreme temperatures compared to inland places.

    c) What role do monsoon winds play in affecting India’s climate?
    → Monsoon winds bring rainfall to most parts of India. The summer monsoon brings heavy rains that support agriculture, while the winter monsoon brings dry conditions and some rainfall in southern India.

    d) Why is Chennai warm or hot throughout the year, while Leh is cold?
    → Chennai is near the Equator and close to the sea, so it remains warm almost all year. Leh is located at a high altitude in the Himalayas, so it remains cold most of the year.

    Q3. Identify the climate for these cities — Leh, Chennai, Delhi, Panaji and Jaipur.

    • Leh → Cold climate (mountain region, high altitude)

    • Chennai → Hot and humid climate (near the sea, tropical)

    • Delhi → Subtropical climate (very hot summers, cold winters)

    • Panaji (Goa) → Tropical wet climate (heavy rainfall, coastal)

    • Jaipur → Arid/semi-arid climate (desert region, very hot in summer, little rainfall)

    Q4. Draw the monsoon cycle in summers and winters on a map of India.
    (Activity-based – students should draw arrows showing southwest monsoon winds in summer and northeast monsoon winds in winter.)

    Q5. Make a colourful poster showing festivals in India linked to farming and weather.
    (Activity-based – examples: Baisakhi, Onam, Pongal, Bihu, Makar Sankranti.)

    Q6. Imagine you are a farmer in India. Write a short diary entry about how you would prepare for the rainy season.

    Answer (Sample Diary Entry):
    “June 10: The sky is cloudy, and I am preparing my fields for the monsoon rains. I have stored seeds of paddy and maize. I have also cleaned the irrigation channels to allow rainwater to flow into my fields. The coming rains will decide how good my harvest will be. I pray for timely and sufficient rainfall.”

    Q7. Identify a natural disaster (e.g., cyclone, flood, landslide, or forest fire) and write a short essay that includes the causes and impacts. Suggest actions to reduce the impact.

    Answer (Example – Floods):
    Floods are caused by heavy rainfall, overflowing rivers, or glacial bursts. They destroy houses, crops, and roads, and cause loss of life. To reduce the impact, people should avoid building on riverbanks, governments must improve drainage systems, and communities should plant trees to absorb rainwater. Relief camps and early warning systems also save lives during floods.

    🔹 Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences each)

    1. What are the six traditional Indian seasons (ritus)?
      → Vasanta (spring), Grishma (summer), Varsha (rainy season), Sharad (autumn), Hemanta (pre-winter), and Shishir (winter).

    2. What is meant by ‘alpine climate’?
      → Alpine climate is found in high mountains with very cold, snowy winters and cool summers.

    3. Why does Nagpur have higher temperature variations than Mumbai?
      → Nagpur is inland and away from the sea, so it has extreme heat in summer and cold winters. Mumbai, being coastal, has moderate temperatures.

    4. What is the role of the Western Ghats in the monsoon?
      → The Western Ghats force moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds to rise, causing heavy rainfall on the western slopes.

    5. Which place receives the highest rainfall in the world?
      → Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives about 11,000 mm of rainfall annually.

    6. What is the eye of a cyclone?
      → The eye of a cyclone is the calm, cloudless centre surrounded by strong rotating winds.

    7. What is a glacial burst?
      → It happens when water stored in a glacial lake suddenly breaks through its barrier, causing floods.

    8. What is meant by ‘climate change’?
      → Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, rainfall, and weather patterns due to natural and human causes.

    9. Name two Indian states that face frequent floods.
      → Bihar and Assam.

    10. What are greenhouse gases?
      → Gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide that trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere and cause global warming.

    🔹 Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences each)

    Q1. Explain the factors that affect India’s climate.
    → India’s climate is influenced by latitude, altitude, proximity to the sea, winds, and topography. Places near the Equator are hotter, while higher altitudes remain cooler. Coastal areas like Mumbai have moderate climates, while inland places like Nagpur have extremes. Winds bring heat, cold, or rainfall. Mountains like the Himalayas block cold winds and the Western Ghats influence rainfall.

    Q2. How do monsoons influence life in India?
    → Monsoons bring most of the rainfall in India. They are essential for farming, as crops like rice and sugarcane depend on rain. Rivers and lakes are filled by monsoon water. Festivals like Onam and Baisakhi are linked to harvests after the monsoon. However, too much rain causes floods and too little rain causes droughts, showing the importance of monsoon balance.

    Q3. What are the effects of climate change in India? Suggest ways to reduce it.
    → Climate change has led to rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, and more cyclones and floods in India. Agriculture suffers from droughts and monsoon failures. Glaciers are melting, causing floods in Himalayan regions. To reduce climate change, we should plant more trees, use renewable energy, save electricity, avoid wastage, and reduce the use of fossil fuels. Governments must also act with strong climate policies.

  • Chapter-2-Understanding the Weather, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Questions and Activities (with Answers)

    Q1. Match the instrument with the weather element it measures.

    • (1) Hygrometer → (d) Humidity

    • (2) Anemometer → (c) Wind direction and speed

    • (3) Barometer → (b) Atmospheric pressure

    • (4) Thermometer → (e) Temperature

    • (5) Rain gauge → (a) Precipitation

    Q2. Jyotsna is deciding what clothes to pack for her school trip to Mumbai in June. She looks at the weather forecast, which predicts 29°C and 84% humidity. What would be your advice to her?
    → She should pack light cotton clothes that are airy and comfortable. Since humidity is high, she should avoid heavy clothes. Carrying an umbrella or raincoat is also useful as June is the rainy season in Mumbai.

    Q3. Imagine that a small group of students is setting up a rain gauge. Here are some options for the site.

      1. The school vegetable garden.

      1. The terrace of the school building.

      1. Open ground with elevated platform.

      1. Compound wall of school.

      1. Verandah of the school laboratory.

    Answer:
    The best place is open ground with elevated platform (Option 3).

    • It is away from walls, trees, and buildings.

    • Rain can fall freely into the funnel without obstruction.

    • It prevents tilting or blockage.

    Q4. Write a short script to report the weather conditions in different parts of Jammu and Kashmir on the given date (01-02-2024).

    Answer (Sample Report):
    “Good evening! Today’s weather report for Jammu and Kashmir is as follows:

    • Srinagar recorded a maximum temperature of 6.5°C and a minimum of 0.2°C, with trace rainfall.

    • Qazigund was much colder, with maximum 3.2°C and minimum –0.4°C, along with 11.8 mm rainfall.

    • Pahalgam had freezing temperatures with a minimum of –4.1°C and snowfall of 8 cm.

    • Gulmarg was the coldest, with a maximum of –2.6°C and minimum –7.6°C, and heavy snowfall of 35 cm.
      Overall, the region experienced very cold conditions with rainfall and heavy snowfall in some areas.”

    🔹 Extra Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences)

    1. What is the difference between weather and climate?
      → Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place at a particular time, while climate is the average weather pattern over a long period of time.

    2. What does the India Meteorological Department (IMD) do?
      → The IMD measures, monitors, and predicts weather to help people prepare for conditions like heat waves, storms, and rainfall.

    3. Which instrument is used to measure humidity?
      → A hygrometer measures the amount of water vapour (humidity) in the air.

    4. Why is atmospheric pressure lower at high altitudes?
      → At higher altitudes, the air is thinner and lighter, so the pressure decreases compared to sea level.

    5. What is an automated weather station (AWS)?
      → An AWS is a self-operating station with sensors that record weather data like temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall, and pressure.

    6. What does 30 mm rainfall mean?
      → It means that if the rainwater is collected evenly on the ground, it would form a layer 30 millimetres deep.

    7. Why do pilots need wind information?
      → Wind speed and direction are important for safe take-off, landing, and flying of aircraft.

    8. Why do clothes dry slowly on humid days?
      → On humid days, the air already has a lot of water vapour, so evaporation slows down and clothes take longer to dry.

    9. What does a ‘low-pressure system’ indicate?
      → It often indicates storms, depressions, or cyclones.

    10. Which Indian state is likely to have higher humidity – Kerala or Rajasthan? Why?
      → Kerala, because it is near the sea and has a moist climate, while Rajasthan is dry and far from the sea.

    🔹 Extra Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences)

    Q1. Explain how different instruments are used to measure weather.
    → Weather is measured with the help of many instruments. A thermometer measures temperature, while a rain gauge measures rainfall. A barometer records air pressure, a wind vane shows wind direction, and an anemometer measures wind speed. Humidity is measured by a hygrometer. All these instruments together give a complete picture of the weather.

    Q2. How do weather predictions help people?
    → Weather predictions are very important in our daily life. They help farmers decide the best time for sowing and harvesting. Fishermen are warned before storms and cyclones, which saves lives. Governments can prepare for floods, droughts, or heat waves in advance. Students, travellers, and common people can plan their activities according to the weather forecast.

    Q3. Describe the importance of humidity in weather.
    → Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. It affects rainfall, fog, and cloud formation. High humidity makes the weather feel hotter, while low humidity causes dryness. It is measured using a hygrometer. Humidity also affects agriculture, human comfort, and industries like food processing and textiles.

  • Chapter-1-Geographical Diversity of India, Class 7th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. What, in your opinion, are two important geographical features of India? Why do you think they are important?

    Answer:
    Two important geographical features of India are:

    1. The Himalayas – They protect India from cold winds, give rise to rivers, and are a source of water, forests, and minerals.

    2. The Northern Plains – They are very fertile due to rivers like the Ganga, which makes farming possible for millions of people.

    These features are important because they support life, farming, transport, and culture.

    Q2. What do you think India might have looked like if the Himalayas did not exist?

    Answer:
    If the Himalayas did not exist:

    • Cold winds from Central Asia would enter India, making the climate very cold.

    • Rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra would not exist.

    • Fertile plains would not have formed, and agriculture would be very poor.
      India would look like a dry and barren land without much greenery.

    Q3. India has been called a ‘mini-continent’. Based on what you’ve read, why do you think this is so?

    Answer:
    India is called a ‘mini-continent’ because it has:

    • All types of landforms like mountains, deserts, plateaus, plains, coasts, and islands.

    • A variety of soils, rivers, animals, and plants.

    • Different climates from hot desert to cold mountains.
      This diversity makes India look like a continent in itself.

    Q4. Follow one of India’s big rivers from where it starts to where it meets the ocean. What are the different ways in which people might utilise this river along its journey?

    Answer (example: River Ganga):

    • Origin (Gangotri Glacier): Source of fresh water, pilgrimage site.

    • Middle course (plains of UP, Bihar): Irrigation for farming, drinking water, transport, fishing.

    • Lower course (West Bengal): Water for industries, navigation, fertile soil for farming.

    • Mouth (Bay of Bengal): Creates delta, supports mangroves and fishing.

    Q5. Why is the southern part of India referred to as a peninsular plateau?

    Answer:
    The southern part of India is called a peninsular plateau because it is a raised landmass with flat surfaces and is surrounded by water on three sides – the Arabian Sea (west), Bay of Bengal (east), and Indian Ocean (south).

    Q6. Which UNESCO Heritage Site mentioned in this chapter did you find more interesting? Write a short paragraph.

    Answer (example: Sundarbans):
    I found the Sundarbans most interesting. It is a unique delta formed by the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. It has mangrove forests and is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. It shows the close link between rivers, sea, and land.

    Q7. Look at the two maps of India, physical as well as political, given at the end of this book. Identify the place you are at now. Which physical feature of India would you use to describe its location?

    Answer:
    (Students will answer according to their location. Example:)
    I live in Delhi. On the physical map, Delhi is in the Northern Plains near the Yamuna River.

    Q8. Food preservation techniques differ from place to place across India. Do a class project. Gather different methods of preserving food.

    Answer (examples):

    • Drying fish in coastal areas.

    • Making pickles from mangoes in hot regions.

    • Using spices and oil to preserve food in Rajasthan.

    • Fermenting rice and bamboo shoots in the Northeast.

    • Storing grains in air-tight containers in villages.

    Q9. Despite having such different regions (mountains, deserts, plains, coasts), India remains one country. How do you think our geography has helped unite people?

    Answer:
    Geography has united India because:

    • Rivers connect people by water and transport.

    • Mountains and plains provide resources to all.

    • Different climates give rise to different crops, which people share through trade.

    • Coasts allow India to connect with the world.
      Thus, India’s geography has made people interdependent and united.

    Extra Questions for Practice

    Short Answer Questions (2–3 sentences each)

    1. What does the word ‘Himalaya’ mean?
      → The word ‘Himalaya’ comes from Sanskrit: Hima means snow and Alaya means abode. So, it means “Abode of Snow.”

    2. Why are the Himalayas called the ‘Water Tower of Asia’?
      → Because the snow and glaciers in the Himalayas feed many rivers like the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra, which provide water to millions of people.

    3. Name the three main ranges of the Himalayas.
      → Himadri (Greater Himalayas), Himachal (Middle Himalayas), and Shivalik (Outer Himalayas).

    4. What is special about Ladakh’s climate?
      → Ladakh is a cold desert where winter temperatures fall below –30°C, and rainfall is very little.

    5. Why is the Northern Plain fertile?
      → The rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra deposit rich alluvial soil, making the land very fertile.

    6. Which states are covered by the Thar Desert?
      → Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana.

    7. Why are the Aravalli Hills important?
      → They are among the oldest mountain ranges in the world and act as a barrier to prevent the Thar Desert from spreading eastward.

    8. Name two rivers that flow westward from the Peninsular Plateau.
      → Narmada and Tapti.

    9. Which is the only active volcano in India and where is it located?
      → Barren Island volcano in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

    10. Why is Meghalaya famous?
      → Meghalaya gets very heavy rainfall, has lush forests, living root bridges, and the cleanest village of Asia (Mawlynnong).

    Long Answer Questions (5–6 sentences each)

    1. Describe how the Himalayas are useful to India.
      → The Himalayas protect India from cold winds of Central Asia. They are the source of many important rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra. They provide fertile soil to the plains. They are rich in forests, wildlife, and natural resources. They are also home to many pilgrimage sites and tourist spots.

    1. Explain the main features of the Peninsular Plateau.
      → The Peninsular Plateau is a triangular landmass surrounded by water on three sides. It is bordered by the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. Important rivers like Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri flow through it. It is rich in minerals, forests, and has many waterfalls. Tribal communities like Santhal and Gond live here, closely connected with nature.

    1. What makes India a land of geographical diversity?
      → India has a wide variety of landforms: snowy Himalayas, fertile plains, hot deserts, plateaus, coasts, and islands. It has different soils, climates, forests, animals, and rivers. Each region has its own way of life, food, and traditions. This diversity supports different cultures, but at the same time, unites India as one nation.

  • Chapter-14-Economic Activities Around Us, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    Q1. What is the primary sector? How is it different from the secondary sector? Give two examples.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    The primary sector includes all activities that depend directly on nature for raw materials. Examples are farming, fishing, forestry, livestock rearing, and mining. People engaged in these activities produce goods directly from natural resources.

    The secondary sector uses raw materials from the primary sector and processes or manufactures them into finished products. For example, cotton is turned into cloth in textile factories, and sugarcane is processed into sugar.

    Difference:

    • Primary = extraction of raw materials from nature.
    • Secondary = conversion of raw materials into finished goods.

    Examples:

    • Primary: Agriculture, mining.
    • Secondary: Automobile manufacturing, flour mills.

    Q2. How does the secondary sector depend on the tertiary sector? Illustrate with a few examples.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    The secondary sector cannot function without the services provided by the tertiary sector. Factories need:

    • Transport services to carry raw materials like coal, iron, and cotton from mines and fields to factories, and to distribute finished goods to markets.
    • Banking services to provide loans, manage salaries, and enable business transactions.
    • Communication services like mobile phones and the internet to coordinate with suppliers and customers.
    • Warehouses and retail stores to store and sell products.

    For example, a textile mill needs cotton (primary), machines and workers (secondary), and then relies on transport, banks, and shops (tertiary) to sell clothes to customers. Thus, the tertiary sector supports both production and distribution.

    Q3. Give an example of interdependence between primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. Show it using a flow diagram.

    Answer (Example: Dairy industry):

    • Primary sector: Farmers rear cows and produce milk.
    • Secondary sector: Milk is processed into butter, cheese, and milk powder in factories.
    • Tertiary sector: Trucks, railways, and shops transport and sell these products to customers.

    Flow Diagram:
    Farmer (milk production) → Dairy factory (milk products) → Transport & shops (distribution and sales).

    Extra Questions – Chapter 14: Economic Activities Around Us

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What is meant by economic sector?
      Answer: A group of economic activities with similar features, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.
    2. Give two examples of primary sector activities.
      Answer: Farming and fishing.
    3. Give two examples of secondary sector activities.
      Answer: Automobile manufacturing and textile production.
    4. Give two examples of tertiary sector activities.
      Answer: Banking and transportation.
    5. Which sector is also called the service sector?
      Answer: The tertiary sector.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. Why is the tertiary sector becoming increasingly important in modern times?
    Answer: With globalisation and technology, services like IT, banking, communication, and transport have become crucial. They connect producers to markets, improve efficiency, and provide jobs.

    Q7. Explain the importance of cooperatives like AMUL in economic life.
    Answer: AMUL brought farmers together to sell milk collectively, set up processing plants, and eliminate middlemen. This improved farmers’ income and gave India a strong dairy industry.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Explain how all three economic sectors are interdependent with the help of the book-making process.
    Answer (150–180 words):
    The making of a textbook shows interdependence among sectors. The primary sector provides wood from forests, which is processed into pulp. The secondary sector turns pulp into paper, and printing presses produce textbooks. The tertiary sector distributes books through transport, warehouses, and bookshops. Even software and education services play a role when books are digitised as e-books. If any one sector is missing — no trees, no paper factories, or no transport — the whole chain breaks down. This example proves that while each sector has its own function, they must work together for the economy to function smoothly.

  • Chapter-13-The Value of Work , Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. How are economic activities different from non-economic activities?

    Answer (120 words):
    Economic activities are those which involve earning money or wealth. People perform them in exchange for wages, salaries, profit, or payment in kind. Examples include a teacher teaching in a school for salary, a farmer selling crops, or a doctor treating patients for a fee.

    Non-economic activities are done out of love, care, gratitude, or duty, not for money. Examples are parents cooking for children, a person teaching neighbours free of cost, or volunteers cleaning a park.

    Thus, while economic activities generate income and contribute to the economy, non-economic activities contribute to social welfare and emotional wellbeing. Both are valuable for society.

    Q2. What kind of economic activities do people engage in? Illustrate with examples.

    Answer (150 words):
    People engage in various kinds of economic activities:

    1. Primary Activities: Related to natural resources — farming, fishing, mining, and forestry. Example: Farmers selling wheat in the market.
    2. Secondary Activities: Processing raw materials into finished goods. Example: A carpenter making furniture, factory workers making cars.
    3. Tertiary Activities: Providing services. Example: Doctors, teachers, lawyers, shopkeepers, drivers.
    4. Quaternary Activities (knowledge-based): Software engineers, researchers, scientists, etc.

    For example, Kavya’s uncle operating a bulldozer is a secondary activity, her aunt working in the post office is a tertiary activity, and Sahil the farm labourer earning wages is a primary activity. All these activities generate income and support everyday life.

    Q3. There is great value attached to people who are engaged in community service activities. Comment on this statement.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Community service activities may not earn money but they are very valuable. For example, volunteers serving food at langars in gurudwaras, or people cleaning public spaces under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or planting trees during Van Mahotsav. These activities create social harmony, a cleaner environment, and mutual support.

    Such work promotes values like selflessness, compassion, and cooperation. For instance, when neighbours help during floods or natural disasters, their service saves lives. Even at festivals, people decorating together and sharing food strengthen community bonds.

    Therefore, community service holds great value as it improves the quality of life, builds unity, and teaches responsibility towards society.

    Q4. What are the various ways in which people are compensated for various economic activities? Give some examples.

    Answer (100–120 words):
    People are compensated for economic activities in different ways:

    1. Wages: Daily or weekly payment for labour (e.g., construction workers).
    2. Salary: Fixed monthly income (e.g., teachers, office employees).
    3. Profit: Earned by business people selling goods or services (e.g., shopkeepers, traders).
    4. Fees: Payment for professional services (e.g., doctors, lawyers).
    5. Payment in kind: Goods given instead of cash (e.g., a farm labourer receiving part of the crop).

    Thus, compensation depends on the type of work and agreement between worker and employer.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 13: The Value of Work

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What is meant by value addition?
      Answer: Increasing the value of a product by processing or improving it (e.g., turning wood into furniture).
    2. What is sevā?
      Answer: Selfless service performed without expecting anything in return.
    3. Name one community service activity practised in gurudwaras.
      Answer: Langar (community kitchen).
    4. What is payment in kind?
      Answer: Non-cash payment given as goods or produce instead of money.
    5. Who said, “Do work as worship”?
      Answer: Swami Vivekananda.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. Why are non-economic activities important?
    Answer: They promote love, care, and social harmony. Examples include caring for elders, volunteering, or community festivals. They improve emotional wellbeing and strengthen relationships.

    Q7. How do citizens contribute to cleanliness drives like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan?
    Answer: By cleaning homes and public areas, segregating waste, reducing plastic use, and spreading awareness. Their participation ensures long-term success.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Explain with examples how both economic and non-economic activities are necessary for society.
    Answer (150–180 words):
    Economic activities provide money, goods, and services. Farmers grow crops, shopkeepers sell goods, doctors and teachers provide services. These activities meet material needs and keep the economy running. Without them, society cannot survive.

    Non-economic activities, though unpaid, meet emotional and social needs. Parents cook food, elders guide children, volunteers serve in disasters, and people plant trees or clean neighbourhoods. These activities strengthen social bonds, spread kindness, and ensure happiness.

    For example, a teacher in school (economic activity) earns a salary, while a retired teacher giving free tuition (non-economic activity) helps poor children. Both contribute equally to society’s progress.

    Thus, society needs a balance of both types of activities for overall development.



  • Chapter-12-Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government in Urban Areas, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. On your way to school, you and your friends notice that a water pipe is leaking. A lot of water is being wasted on account of the leak. What would you and your friends do in such a situation?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    We would immediately inform the local municipal ward office or water department about the leakage. If there is a helpline or complaint app, we would register the issue there. Meanwhile, we would also spread awareness among residents not to waste water. If possible, we would place a temporary container under the leak to reduce wastage until it is repaired. Responsible citizens must act quickly, because water is precious, and small problems can become big if ignored.

    Q2. Invite a member of an urban local body near you to your class. Discuss with them their role and responsibilities. Prepare a set of questions to ask them so that the meeting is fruitful.

    Answer (Model – Questions List):

    1. What are the main duties of a municipal councillor?
    2. How does the corporation/municipality collect funds for its activities?
    3. What steps are being taken to keep our city clean?
    4. How do you solve complaints like garbage collection or road repair?
    5. What role do citizens play in helping the municipality?
    6. How do you ensure the safety and welfare of children and senior citizens?
    7. What future development plans are there for our ward/city?

    Q3. Discuss with adult members of your family and neighbourhood, and make a list of their expectations from the urban local bodies.

    Answer (sample list):

    • Regular garbage collection and cleanliness.
    • Supply of safe drinking water.
    • Repair of damaged roads and street lights.
    • Proper drainage and sewage system.
    • Public parks and playgrounds for children.
    • Affordable healthcare and dispensaries.
    • Safety and security, including traffic management.
    • Quick response to complaints.

    Q4. Make a list of characteristics of a good urban local body.

    Answer:

    • Transparency in decision-making.
    • Quick redressal of public complaints.
    • Regular garbage collection and waste management.
    • Efficient use of funds for development.
    • Proper infrastructure: roads, lights, water, drainage.
    • Active participation of citizens through ward committees.
    • Special care for disadvantaged groups.
    • Honesty and accountability of councillors.

    Q5. What are the similarities and differences between the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas and the urban local bodies?

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Similarities:

    • Both are systems of local self-government.
    • Both have three levels of governance: village/block/district in rural areas, and ward/municipality/corporation in urban areas.
    • In both, representatives are directly elected by the people.
    • Both focus on solving local problems like sanitation, water supply, and infrastructure.

    Differences:

    • Panchayati Raj works in villages, while urban local bodies work in towns and cities.
    • Head of Gram Panchayat is called Sarpanch, while head of a Municipal Corporation is the Mayor.
    • Panchayats focus more on agriculture, irrigation, and rural welfare, while urban bodies focus on city needs like traffic, solid waste management, and housing.

    Together, they ensure democracy works at the grassroots in both rural and urban India.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 12: Grassroots Democracy – Part 3

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What are urban local bodies?
      Answer: Local self-government institutions in towns and cities.
    2. Name the oldest municipal corporation in India.
      Answer: The Madras Corporation (now Greater Chennai Corporation), established in 1688.
    3. Which city has been ranked cleanest under Swachh Survekshan for seven years in a row?
      Answer: Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
    4. What is the head of a Municipal Corporation called?
      Answer: The Mayor.
    5. What is the smallest urban local body?
      Answer: Nagar Panchayat.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. How do urban local bodies fund their activities?
    Answer: They collect taxes (property tax, water tax, trade licenses), fees for services, fines, and also receive grants from the state and central governments.

    Q7. Give examples of services provided by a Municipal Corporation.
    Answer: Garbage collection, sewage management, street lighting, maintaining parks, issuing birth/marriage certificates, fire services, and healthcare facilities.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Why are urban local bodies important in democracy?
    Answer (150–180 words):
    Urban local bodies bring democracy closer to the people in towns and cities. They provide basic civic services like water, sanitation, roads, garbage collection, and public health. They also manage local development projects and maintain public amenities. By dividing cities into wards, citizens can elect representatives who voice their needs. This ensures that governance is not only top-down but also participatory.

    Urban bodies also raise awareness about social issues like cleanliness, environment, and health. For example, Indore’s success in cleanliness was possible only because both the municipal corporation and citizens cooperated. Moreover, urban local bodies create employment, regulate trade, and provide emergency services like fire and disaster management.

    Thus, they play a crucial role in strengthening democracy at the grassroots and improving the quality of urban life.



  • Chapter-11-Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government in Rural Areas,Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Test yourself — without looking at the text above, can you name the three tiers of the Panchayati Raj system? What are the key functions of each of the three tiers?

    Answer (150 words):
    The Panchayati Raj system works at three tiers:

    1. Gram Panchayat (Village level):
      • Headed by a Sarpanch/Pradhan.
      • Directly elected by the Gram Sabha (all adult villagers).
      • Manages local needs like drinking water, sanitation, primary schools, and resolving small disputes.
    2. Panchayat Samiti (Block level):
      • Coordinates the work of many Gram Panchayats.
      • Prepares development plans, manages government schemes (like rural roads, health centres).
      • Acts as a link between Gram Panchayats and Zila Parishad.
    3. Zila Parishad (District level):
      • Oversees planning and development of the entire district.
      • Allocates funds and resources for big projects like hospitals, irrigation, and district schools.

    Together, they ensure self-governance and bring democracy closer to rural people.

    Q2. Write a letter to the Sarpanch regarding the issue of plastic bags lying on the roadside in the village.

    Answer (Model Letter):

    To,
    The Sarpanch,
    [Village Name]

    Respected Sir/Madam,

    I would like to bring to your attention the problem of plastic bags lying on the roadside in our village. These bags are polluting our environment, blocking drains, and harming animals who eat them. I request you to take steps to ban the use of plastic bags, install dustbins, and organise cleanliness drives. Please encourage villagers to use cloth or jute bags instead.

    Your action will help keep our village clean and healthy.

    Yours sincerely,
    [Your Name]
    Class VI Student

    Q3. In your view, what type of person should be a Gram Panchayat member?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    A Gram Panchayat member should be honest, responsible, and willing to serve the people. They must listen to everyone’s problems, especially women, children, and disadvantaged groups. The member should have leadership qualities, respect for all communities, and the ability to solve disputes fairly. Education and awareness of government schemes are also important, so that they can guide the villagers. Most importantly, the member should work selflessly for development without corruption.

    Q4. Let us suppose that you study in a village school. The school is located next to a highway and students find it difficult to cross the road when they come to school or leave at the end of the day. What are the options to solve this issue? Which institutions in the Panchayati Raj can help you? What can the students do?

    Answer (120–150 words):
    To solve this issue, some options are:

    • Building a speed breaker and zebra crossing near the school.
    • Requesting traffic police to be present during school hours.
    • Constructing an overbridge or underground crossing if possible.

    Institutions that can help:

    • Gram Panchayat: Can raise the issue in Gram Sabha meetings and request funds.
    • Panchayat Samiti: Can coordinate with the Public Works Department to build road safety measures.
    • Zila Parishad: Can allocate funds and approve larger projects like footbridges.

    What students can do:

    • Write a letter to the Sarpanch.
    • Spread awareness about road safety in the village.
    • Request parents and villagers to support the demand.

    This way, the Panchayati Raj institutions and community can work together to ensure children’s safety.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 11: Grassroots Democracy – Part 2

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. Who is the head of a Gram Panchayat?
      Answer: Sarpanch or Pradhan.
    2. What is the Gram Sabha?
      Answer: The assembly of all adult villagers who are registered voters.
    3. Who maintains land records in villages?
      Answer: The Patwari.
    4. What is the three-tier system of Panchayati Raj?
      Answer: Gram Panchayat (village), Panchayat Samiti (block), Zila Parishad (district).
    5. What proportion of Panchayat seats are reserved for women?
      Answer: One-third.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. Why are Panchayati Raj institutions important in democracy?
    Answer: They allow people to participate directly in decision-making, manage local issues effectively, and bring governance closer to rural communities.

    Q7. What is the role of a Panchayat Samiti?
    Answer: It coordinates Gram Panchayat plans, implements schemes, and acts as a link between villages and the district.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Explain with examples how Panchayati Raj has empowered disadvantaged sections of society.
    Answer (120–150 words):
    Panchayati Raj institutions reserve seats for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes. This gives disadvantaged groups a voice in governance. For example, Vandana Bahadur Maida from Madhya Pradesh became the first female Sarpanch of her village and worked for education and sanitation. In Maharashtra, transgender Sarpanch Dnyaneshwar Kamble promoted social harmony. Hiware Bazar transformed into a model village under Popatrao Pawar through rainwater harvesting. These examples show that Panchayati Raj enables marginalised people to participate in decision-making, improve village life, and contribute to democracy at the grassroots.

  • Chapter-10-Grassroots Democracy — Part 1: Governance, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Test yourself — What is the meaning of democracy? What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Democracy means “rule of the people.” It is a system of government in which citizens have the right to participate in decision-making. In ancient times, small communities sometimes practised direct democracy, where every citizen voted directly on decisions. An example is when a class votes on where to go for a picnic.

    In modern nations like India, direct democracy is not possible because the population is very large. Instead, we follow representative democracy, where citizens elect leaders to represent them in assemblies. These elected members (MLAs and MPs) discuss laws and policies on behalf of the people. Thus, the main difference is:

    • Direct democracy = people decide directly.
    • Representative democracy = elected representatives decide on behalf of the people.

    Q2. Recall the three organs of government. What are their different roles?

    Answer:

    1. Legislature – Makes laws, updates or removes old ones. In India, this includes Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) at the Centre and State Assemblies.
    2. Executive – Implements laws and ensures administration. At the Centre, it includes the Prime Minister, ministers, and officers; at the State, the Chief Minister and government departments.
    3. Judiciary – Interprets laws, punishes criminals, and ensures justice. It includes the Supreme Court, High Courts, and lower courts.

    These three organs act separately but work together, maintaining balance through a “separation of powers.”

    Q3. Why do we need three tiers of government?

    Answer (100–120 words):
    India is a vast country with many states, districts, and villages. A single central government cannot handle all problems. Therefore, we need three tiers:

    • Local Government – Works at village, town, or city level; solves local issues like sanitation, drinking water, and street lighting.
    • State Government – Manages issues within a state, such as law and order, health, education, and agriculture.
    • Central Government – Handles national issues like defence, foreign affairs, and currency.

    These three levels ensure that decisions are taken closer to the people, problems are solved efficiently, and democracy works at the grassroots.

    Q4. Project: Many of you will remember the lockdown that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Make a list of all the actions that were taken at that time? Which tiers of government were involved in managing the situation? What was the role of each of the organs of government?

    Answer (150–180 words, model):
    During the COVID-19 lockdown, many actions were taken: closing schools, markets, and offices; providing medical facilities; distributing food; arranging vaccination drives; and enforcing safety rules like wearing masks and maintaining social distance.

    • Central Government: Announced national lockdowns, provided guidelines, organised vaccine production, and deployed funds.
    • State Governments: Imposed curfews, managed hospitals, provided oxygen and medicines, and arranged transport for migrants.
    • Local Governments: Distributed food packets, sanitised streets, and ensured help reached people at the grassroots.

    Organs of Government:

    • Legislature: Passed emergency financial measures.
    • Executive: Implemented lockdown rules, vaccination, and relief schemes.
    • Judiciary: Ensured human rights were protected, monitored distribution of oxygen and hospital facilities.

    This shows how all three levels and all three organs of government worked together during the pandemic.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 10: Grassroots Democracy – Part 1

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What does the word “democracy” literally mean?
      Answer: Rule of the people.
    2. Which organ of government enforces laws?
      Answer: The Executive.
    3. Which organ checks whether laws are fair?
      Answer: The Judiciary.
    4. Who is the nominal head of India’s government?
      Answer: The President of India.
    5. Who is called the “Missile Man of India”?
      Answer: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What is meant by the separation of powers?
    Answer: It means that the three organs of government — legislature, executive, and judiciary — must remain independent but work together. This prevents misuse of power and maintains balance in governance.

    Q7. Give one example where government affects your daily life.
    Answer: The government provides electricity and water supply in my area. It makes rules for safety and ensures fair pricing, directly affecting my daily life.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. Why is democracy important?
    Answer (120–150 words):
    Democracy is important because it gives people the right to choose their leaders and hold them accountable. It ensures equality, freedom of speech, and justice for all citizens. In a democracy, laws are made through discussion and debate, reflecting the will of the people. It prevents misuse of power by dividing authority among legislature, executive, and judiciary. Democracy also protects cultural diversity and individual dignity, as seen in India’s unity in diversity. Without democracy, citizens may lose their rights and freedom. Thus, democracy is not only a form of government but also a way of life that values participation, responsibility, and respect for all.

  • Chapter-9-Family and Community, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. What are some of the rules you follow in your family and neighbourhood? Why are they important?

    Answer (100–120 words):
    In my family, we follow rules like respecting elders, helping in household work, and speaking politely to each other. At home, I must finish my homework before playing, and avoid wasting food or water. In the neighbourhood, I avoid littering, greet neighbours respectfully, and follow traffic rules. These rules are important because they teach discipline, responsibility, and cooperation. They also ensure harmony within the family and safety in society. Following rules helps us live peacefully with others and shows that we care for both people and the environment.

    Q2. Do you think some rules are unfair to a few people in the family or community? Why?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    Yes, sometimes rules may feel unfair. For example, in some families, only women are expected to cook and clean, while men do not share household chores. Similarly, in some communities, certain groups face restrictions in using public spaces or resources. Such rules are unfair because they burden some members and give privileges to others. Rules should be equal and just for everyone, so that all members of a family or community can live with dignity, respect, and fairness.

    Q3. Describe several situations that you have observed where community support makes a difference. You can draw or write about these.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    I have seen many situations where community support is very helpful. During festivals like Diwali and Eid, neighbours share sweets and help in decorations, making celebrations joyful. In times of crisis, like heavy rains or floods, people in our colony worked together to remove water and provide food to those affected. During the COVID-19 lockdown, our housing society arranged for delivery of groceries and medicines for elderly people. Similarly, when someone in the neighbourhood has a wedding or function, all families join in cooking, cleaning, and organising. These examples show that community support gives strength during difficulties and spreads happiness during celebrations.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 9: Family and Community

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. What is the smallest unit of society?
      Answer: The family.
    2. What are the two main types of families?
      Answer: Joint families and nuclear families.
    3. What do Indian languages often call cousins?
      Answer: Brothers or sisters (no separate word).
    4. What does “halma” mean in the Bhil community?
      Answer: Coming together to support each other in times of crisis.
    5. Name one new type of community in urban areas.
      Answer: Residents’ Welfare Associations.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What values do children learn from family life?
    Answer: Children learn love, cooperation, responsibility, discipline, sharing, respect for elders, and cultural traditions from family life.

    Q7. How did Shalini’s family in Kerala practise family values?
    Answer: They sacrificed their own desires and bought clothes for her uncle’s family during Onam, showing love, sharing, and caring for relatives in need.

    Q8. What role did Tenzing’s grandparents play in his life?
    Answer: His grandmother told wise stories, and his grandfather helped with homework, accompanied him to the bus stop, and participated in community service.

  • Chapter-8-Unity in Diversity, or Many in the One, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Conduct a class discussion on the two quotations at the start of the chapter.

    Answer (model – 120 words):
    Rabindranath Tagore’s quotation means that even in the variety of life, we should feel the touch of the One, the eternal truth. Sri Aurobindo’s words explain that India’s identity is based on unity in diversity. Though India has many languages, religions, customs, and traditions, they all form part of one civilisation. This unity gives India its strength. The message of both thinkers is that diversity is not a weakness but an enrichment. When we see “the Many in the One,” we understand the deep cultural and spiritual unity of India.

    Q2. Select a few stories from the Pañchatantra and discuss how their message is still valid today. Do you know of any similar stories from your region?

    Answer (100–120 words):
    One story from the Pañchatantra is “The Monkey and the Crocodile”. It teaches that wisdom and quick thinking can save us in difficult times. Another is “The Lion and the Clever Rabbit”, which shows how intelligence is more powerful than strength. These messages are still valid today, reminding us to use our mind wisely. In my region, we have folk tales like Tenali Raman’s stories, which also teach lessons of wit, honesty, and justice. Such stories remain popular because their morals are timeless.

    Q3. Collect a few folk tales from your region and discuss their message.

    Answer (model – 100 words):
    In my region, one folk tale is about a farmer who shared his food with a hungry traveller. Later, the traveller turned out to be a deity who blessed him with prosperity. The message is kindness and generosity always bring rewards. Another tale is about a crow and a snake, teaching courage and cleverness in facing enemies. These folk tales are simple but convey values like honesty, bravery, kindness, and respect for nature.

    Q4. Is there any ancient story that you have seen being depicted through a form of art? It could be a sculpture, a painting, a dance performance, a movie … Discuss with your classmates.

    Answer (example – 100 words):
    Yes, I have seen the story of Rāmāyaṇa depicted in the classical dance drama Kathakali in Kerala. The scene of Hanuman carrying the Sanjeevani mountain was performed with great expressions and costumes. I have also seen Rāmāyaṇa episodes painted on temple walls in Tamil Nadu. In movies too, the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa have been recreated. These artistic depictions help keep ancient stories alive and make them understandable for new generations.

    Q5. Discuss in class the following quotation by Jawaharlal Nehru.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Jawaharlal Nehru observed that India’s cultural roots are deeply influenced by the epics Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata. Even illiterate villagers could recite verses and relate morals from these epics in their daily conversations. This shows the powerful role of literature in shaping Indian society. These epics gave people values of truth, courage, sacrifice, and dharma, uniting them across regions. Nehru’s words also highlight the role of oral tradition in preserving knowledge. Today, even with television and books, the moral lessons of the epics continue to inspire. They remind us of our shared culture and the unity that binds Indians together.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 8: Unity in Diversity

    Very Short Answer Questions

    1. Who said, “Oh, grant me my prayer, that I may never lose the bliss of the touch of the one in the play of the many”?
      Answer: Rabindranath Tagore.
    2. What was the People of India Project?
      Answer: A survey by the Anthropological Survey of India studying 4,635 communities, their languages, and cultures.
    3. Name two common food grains found all over India.
      Answer: Rice and wheat.
    4. Which two Indian epics have united people across the country?
      Answer: The Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata.
    5. Which traditional Indian dress reflects unity in diversity?
      Answer: The sari.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. Explain how the sari reflects unity in diversity.
    Answer: The sari is a single piece of cloth worn all over India, but it has hundreds of variations in weaving, fabric, colour, and draping styles. Whether it is Kanjivaram silk, Banarasi brocade, or cotton handloom, the sari represents both the common cultural heritage (unity) and the regional creativity (diversity) of India.

    Q7. Give examples of a common festival celebrated under different names in India.
    Answer: The harvest festival is celebrated as Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Lohri in Punjab, Bihu in Assam, Uttarayan in Gujarat, and Makar Sankranti in Maharashtra. Though names and rituals differ, the essence is the same — thanksgiving for harvest.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q8. What is meant by “unity in diversity” in the Indian scenario?
    Answer (150 words):
    “Unity in diversity” means that India, though diverse in languages, religions, food, dress, and customs, has an underlying unity of culture and values. With more than 1.4 billion people, 325 languages, and thousands of communities, India could appear divided. But shared traditions, respect for nature, and common values like dharma, truth, and family ties unite the nation. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, and Eid are celebrated by all communities. Epics like the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata are known in every region in different versions. Common food grains, clothing styles, and arts also strengthen this unity. Thus, India celebrates diversity as enrichment while preserving unity as its foundation.

    Q9. How do epics like the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata represent unity in diversity?
    Answer (120–150 words):
    The Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata are originally in Sanskrit, but they have been translated and adapted into every major Indian language. Many regional and tribal communities have their own versions of these stories, linking their history with epic heroes like Rama, Sita, or the Pandavas. Folk songs, dances, plays, paintings, and sculptures depict episodes from the epics in local styles. Even outside India, in Southeast Asia, the Rāmāyaṇa has versions in Thailand, Indonesia, and Cambodia. Despite the diversity of forms, the values of dharma, sacrifice, and truth are common. This shows how the same story unites different regions, cultures, and communities across India and Asia.

  • Chapter 7 – India’s Cultural Roots, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. If you were Nachiketa, what questions would you like to ask Yama? Write them down in 100–150 words.

    Answer (model):
    If I were Nachiketa, I would ask Yama:

    • What happens after death — does life end or continue in another form?
    • What is the true purpose of human life?
    • Why do people suffer even if they do good deeds?
    • How can one overcome fear, anger, and attachment?
    • What is the path to attaining peace and liberation?

    These questions would help me understand the mystery of life and death, the meaning of karma, and the way to live a righteous and fearless life.

    Q2. Explain a few central ideas of Buddhism. Briefly comment upon them.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Central ideas of Buddhism include:

    1. Four Noble Truths: Life has suffering; suffering arises from desire; it can end; and the Eightfold Path leads to its end.
    2. Eightfold Path: Right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and meditation.
    3. Ahimsa: Non-harming of all beings.
    4. Middle Path: Avoid extremes of luxury and hardship.

    Comment: These ideas emphasise simplicity, discipline, and compassion. They focus on inner transformation rather than rituals. Even today, Buddhist values of peace and mindfulness are relevant worldwide.

    Q3. Discuss the quotation of the Buddha: “Not by water is one made pure, though many people may bathe here [in sacred rivers]. But one is pure in whom truth and dharma reside.”

    Answer (80–100 words):
    The Buddha’s quotation means that real purity is not external but internal. Bathing in rivers may clean the body, but true purity comes from following truth, dharma (righteousness), and self-control. A person who is honest, kind, and non-violent is purer than one who only performs rituals. This teaching emphasises inner discipline, good actions, and moral values over external appearances.

    Q4. Explain a few central ideas of Jainism. Briefly comment upon them.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    Central ideas of Jainism are:

    1. Ahimsa: Non-violence towards all living beings, including insects and plants.
    2. Anekāntavāda: Truth has many sides; no single view is complete.
    3. Aparigraha: Non-attachment to possessions and simplicity in life.
    4. Karma: One’s actions decide the future cycle of birth.

    Comment: Jain philosophy highlights compassion, tolerance, and simplicity. Its teachings are deeply ecological, showing respect for all life forms. Even today, these principles guide people towards peace, environmental care, and ethical living.

    Q5. Consider and discuss André Béteille’s thought (p. 122).

    Answer (100–120 words):
    André Béteille said that castes and tribes in India influenced each other’s beliefs and practices. This means that Indian culture developed through interaction, borrowing, and sharing. Tribal deities became part of Hinduism (like Jagannath of Puri), while Hindu epics were retold in tribal versions. Such exchange made Indian culture rich, diverse, and united. This mutual influence shows that culture is never one-sided but a blend of traditions. It also reminds us to respect every community’s contribution to India’s civilisation.

    Q6. Make a list of popular gods and goddesses in your region and the festivals they are associated with.

    Answer (model – students adapt):

    • Durga – Durga Puja (West Bengal)
    • Krishna – Janmashtami (Uttar Pradesh)
    • Ganesh – Ganesh Chaturthi (Maharashtra)
    • Jagannath – Rath Yatra (Odisha)
    • Shiva – Mahashivaratri (all over India)

    Q7. List two or three tribal groups from your region or State. Document some of their art and belief systems.

    Answer (model – example from central India):

    • Gonds: Worship nature; famous for Gond paintings.
    • Santhals: Worship Singbonga (sun god); celebrate Sohrai harvest festival.
    • Baiga: Known for tattoo art; follow traditional forest rituals.

    True or False

    1. The Vedic hymns were written on palm-leaf manuscripts. – False. They were passed orally.
    2. The Vedas are India’s oldest texts. – True.
    3. The Vedic statement ekam sat viprā bahudhā vadanti reflects belief in unity of cosmic powers. – True.
    4. Buddhism is older than the Vedas. – False. Vedas are older.
    5. Jainism emerged as a branch of Buddhism. – False. It is an independent school.
    6. Both Buddhism and Jainism advocated peaceful coexistence and non-violence. – True.
    7. Tribal belief systems are limited to spirits and minor deities. – False. They also have supreme deities and rich traditions.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 7: India’s Cultural Roots

    Very Short Answer Questions

    Q1. What does the word “Veda” mean? – Knowledge.
    Q2. Who composed the Vedic hymns? – Rishis and rishikas.
    Q3. What does “aham brahmāsmi” mean? – I am divine.
    Q4. Who founded Buddhism? – Siddhārtha Gautama (the Buddha).
    Q5. Who founded Jainism? – Mahāvīra.

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What is the concept of karma?
    Answer: Karma means actions and their results. Good deeds bring happiness, while bad deeds bring suffering.

    Q7. What is anekāntavāda in Jainism?
    Answer: It is the belief that truth has many aspects and no single statement can describe it fully.

    Q8. How did tribal traditions enrich Hinduism?
    Answer: Tribal deities like Jagannath were adopted into Hinduism, while tribal groups adapted Hindu epics in their own style.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q9. Explain the contribution of the Vedas to Indian culture.
    Answer (120 words):
    The Vedas are the oldest Indian texts and a foundation of Indian culture. They contain hymns to gods like Indra, Agni, Sarasvatī, and Varuṇa. Their teachings emphasise truth, unity, and harmony in the cosmos. The Upanishads developed deeper ideas like ātman, brahman, karma, and rebirth. Vedic culture influenced rituals, festivals, philosophy, and social organisation. The oral preservation of Vedic hymns is recognised by UNESCO as world heritage. Even today, Vedic prayers and values guide Indian traditions and spirituality.

    Q10. How are Buddhism, Jainism, and Vedic schools similar and different?
    Answer (150 words):

    • Similarities: All three stress dharma, karma, rebirth, and liberation from suffering. They value non-violence, truth, and simplicity.
    • Differences:
      • Vedic schools accept the authority of the Vedas; Buddhism and Jainism reject it.
      • Buddhism emphasises the Middle Path and meditation.
      • Jainism stresses ahimsa in the strictest sense and detachment (aparigraha).

    Vedanta teaches that everything is one divine essence, brahman.
    Thus, despite differences, these schools enriched Indian thought and created a diverse yet unified cultural tradition.

  • Chapter 6 – The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation, Class 6th, Social Science, NCERT

    NCERT Answers

    Q1. Why does the civilisation studied in this chapter have several names? Discuss their significance.

    Answer (120–150 words):
    The civilisation has many names:

    • Indus Civilisation – because many cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro grew along the Indus River.
    • Harappan Civilisation – named after Harappa, the first site excavated in 1920–21.
    • Indus-Sarasvatī or Sindhu-Sarasvatī Civilisation – because many sites were also found along the Sarasvatī (Ghaggar-Hakra) River.

    These names highlight its geographical spread. It was not limited to the Indus Valley but extended to present-day Punjab, Sindh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Using multiple names helps us understand the vastness of the civilisation and the role of different rivers in shaping its culture.

    Q2. Write a brief report (150–200 words) summing up some of the achievements of the Indus-Sarasvatī civilisation.

    Answer:
    The Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) was one of the world’s earliest urban civilisations. Its cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi show advanced town-planning with wide streets, fortifications, and drainage systems. Mohenjo-daro’s Great Bath and Dholavira’s large reservoirs prove their skill in water management.

    Harappans were skilled farmers, growing wheat, barley, millets, rice, and cotton, which was used for making clothes. They domesticated animals and fished in rivers and seas.

    They were also excellent craftspersons, making beads of carnelian, bronze tools, terracotta toys, ornaments, and figurines like the “Dancing Girl.” They traded actively with Mesopotamia, Oman, and other regions using land and sea routes.

    Although the civilisation declined due to climatic changes and drying rivers, its achievements in urbanism, crafts, agriculture, and trade laid the foundation for later Indian culture.

    Q3. Imagine you have to travel from the city of Harappa to Kalibangan. What are your different options? Can you make a rough estimation of the amount of time each option might take?

    Answer (model):

    • On foot: This might take 25–30 days, as the distance is about 600 km.
    • By bullock cart: About 15–20 days.
    • By boat (using Indus and its tributaries): Around 10–12 days, depending on water flow.

    Thus, rivers were the fastest means of transport in those times.

    Q4. Let us imagine a Harappan man or woman being transported to an average kitchen in today’s India. What are the four or five biggest surprises awaiting them?

    Answer:

    • Use of LPG gas stoves and microwaves instead of firewood.
    • Variety of steel, plastic, and glass utensils instead of clay pots.
    • Packaged food, spices, and ready-to-cook items.
    • Refrigerators for storage and mixer-grinders for cooking.
    • Electricity and water taps inside the kitchen.

    Q5. Looking at all the pictures in this chapter, make a list of the ornaments / gestures / objects that still feel familiar in our 21st century.

    Answer:

    • Bangles covering the entire arm (still worn in Gujarat and Rajasthan).
    • Beads, shell bangles, and pendants.
    • Terracotta toys and whistles (similar to clay toys today).
    • The “namaste” gesture.
    • Board games resembling modern ludo or chess.

    Q6. What mindset does the system of reservoirs at Dholavira reflect?

    Answer (80–100 words):
    The reservoirs at Dholavira reflect the Harappans’ advanced civic sense, planning, and concern for sustainable living. They realised the importance of water in a dry region and built huge reservoirs, some cut into rocks. These were connected by underground drains for harvesting and storing water. This shows their ability to organise collective labour, manage resources, and create long-lasting infrastructure. It highlights their scientific approach and sense of responsibility towards society.

    Q7. In Mohenjo-daro, about 700 wells built with bricks have been counted. They seem to have been regularly maintained and used for several centuries. Discuss the implications.

    Answer:
    The 700 wells of Mohenjo-daro show the Harappans’ concern for hygiene, community health, and water supply. Their maintenance over centuries suggests there was a proper administration and civic body. It also means people valued clean water and had rules for its use. This indicates a highly organised society with collective responsibility, which is an important lesson even for modern cities.

    Q8. It is often said that the Harappans had a high civic sense. Discuss the significance of this statement. Do you agree with it? Compare with citizens in a large city of India today.

    Answer (150–180 words):
    Yes, the Harappans had a high civic sense. Their cities had wide streets, advanced drainage, wells, public baths, and planned housing. Both small and big houses were built with similar quality, showing fairness in society. The Great Bath and large reservoirs prove their attention to cleanliness and water management.

    In comparison, modern Indian cities often face problems like overflowing drains, unclean roads, and water shortages. While we have advanced technology, citizens sometimes neglect cleanliness and waste management. The Harappans, with fewer resources, still maintained discipline and collective responsibility.

    Thus, their example teaches us that civic sense and cooperation are vital for healthy urban life.

    Extra Questions – Chapter 6: The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation

    Very Short Answer Questions

    Q1. Why are Harappans also called Indus people?
    Because their cities grew along the Indus River and its tributaries.

    Q2. Which was the first Harappan site excavated?
    Harappa (in present-day Pakistan).

    Q3. Which metal alloy did Harappans make using copper and tin?
    Bronze.

    Q4. Name one important port city of the Harappans.
    Lothal in Gujarat.

    Q5. Which famous figurine from Mohenjo-daro shows artistic skills?
    The bronze “Dancing Girl.”

    Short Answer Questions

    Q6. What did Harappans grow in their fields?
    They grew wheat, barley, millets, rice, pulses, vegetables, and cotton.

    Q7. What were Harappan seals used for?
    Seals were used for trade and identification. They carried animal figures and script signs.

    Q8. Mention two reasons for the decline of the Harappan civilisation.
    Climatic change causing drought, and drying up of the Sarasvatī River.

    Long Answer Questions

    Q9. Explain the importance of Harappan trade.
    Harappans traded beads, ornaments, cotton, timber, and food with Mesopotamia, Oman, and other regions. They used land, river, and sea routes. The dockyard at Lothal shows maritime trade. Seals helped identify goods. Trade spread Harappan culture and linked India with other civilisations.

    Q10. What do we learn about Harappan society from excavated objects?
    We learn that they used bronze mirrors, terracotta pots, weights, chisels, toys, and whistles in daily life. Figurines like the “Priest King,” “Dancing Girl,” and seals with deities show their culture and beliefs. Ornaments, bangles, and beads reflect fashion still familiar today. These finds tell us about their economy, religion, and lifestyle.