1. Confucius (Chinese Political Philosopher)
1. The central virtue in Confucian philosophy is:
A) Justice
B) Ren (Humaneness)
C) Li (Ritual)
D) Yi (Righteousness)
✅ Answer: B
📘 Ren means humaneness or benevolence — the foundation of moral order.
2. According to Confucius, a ruler should rule by:
A) Laws and punishments
B) Force and fear
C) Virtue and moral example
D) Wealth and power
✅ Answer: C
📘 Confucius believed in rule by virtue, not coercion.
3. “Filial piety” in Confucianism means:
A) Political equality
B) Respect for parents and elders
C) Obedience to the ruler
D) Economic independence
✅ Answer: B
📘 Family ethics form the foundation of social and political harmony.
4. Confucius’ teachings are compiled in:
A) The Republic
B) The Leviathan
C) The Analects
D) The Prince
✅ Answer: C
📘 The Analects is a collection of Confucius’ dialogues with his disciples.
5. Confucius emphasized the importance of:
A) Revolution
B) Rituals and moral education
C) Free market
D) Centralized monarchy
✅ Answer: B
📘 Moral education and ritual order ensure social harmony.
🏛️ 2. Plato
6. Plato’s ideal state is based on:
A) Equality of income
B) Division of labour and justice
C) Military power
D) Religious rule
✅ Answer: B
📘 Justice arises when each class performs its own function.
7. The philosopher-king represents:
A) Wealth
B) Wisdom
C) Courage
D) Force
✅ Answer: B
📘 The philosopher-king is guided by reason and truth.
8. According to Plato, justice means:
A) Obedience to laws
B) Doing one’s own work
C) Equality among classes
D) Distribution of wealth
✅ Answer: B
📘 Justice = harmony when everyone does what they are best suited for.
9. Plato’s education system aims at:
A) Economic growth
B) Moral and intellectual development
C) Political competition
D) Religious obedience
✅ Answer: B
10. Plato’s theory of forms emphasizes:
A) Knowledge of material things
B) Knowledge of ideal forms or ideas
C) Empirical observation
D) Political authority
✅ Answer: B
📘 True knowledge is of eternal, unchanging ideas.
3. Aristotle
11. Aristotle called man a:
A) Moral being
B) Political animal
C) Rational consumer
D) Social construct
✅ Answer: B
12. According to Aristotle, the state exists:
A) By force
B) By nature
C) By divine will
D) By accident
✅ Answer: B
📘 The state is a natural institution for achieving the good life.
13. Aristotle’s ideal state aims at:
A) Economic prosperity
B) Happiness and moral virtue
C) Military strength
D) Religious uniformity
✅ Answer: B
14. The best form of government, according to Aristotle, is:
A) Democracy
B) Monarchy
C) Polity (mixed government)
D) Tyranny
✅ Answer: C
📘 A constitutional government combining democracy and aristocracy.
15. Aristotle’s middle class theory highlights:
A) Economic equality
B) Stability through moderation
C) Rule of elites
D) Political apathy
✅ Answer: B
📘 The middle class prevents extremes of wealth and poverty.
4. Machiavelli
16. Machiavelli separated politics from:
A) Religion and ethics
B) Power
C) Law
D) History
✅ Answer: A
📘 Politics, for Machiavelli, is governed by realism, not morality.
17. The Prince teaches rulers to:
A) Rule morally
B) Appear virtuous, even if not
C) Reject power
D) Avoid conflict
✅ Answer: B
18. Virtù in Machiavelli’s thought means:
A) Moral goodness
B) Political skill and courage
C) Religious devotion
D) Economic power
✅ Answer: B
19. Fortuna symbolizes:
A) Luck and chance
B) Justice
C) Religion
D) Knowledge
✅ Answer: A
📘 A wise ruler can manage fortune through skill (virtù).
20. Machiavelli is known as:
A) Father of Idealism
B) Father of Modern Political Science
C) Father of Liberalism
D) Father of Democracy
✅ Answer: B
5. Thomas Hobbes
21. Hobbes described life in the state of nature as:
A) Peaceful
B) Cooperative
C) “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
D) Harmonious
✅ Answer: C
22. Hobbes’ Leviathan represents:
A) The people
B) The state or sovereign
C) God
D) Revolution
✅ Answer: B
23. The basis of Hobbes’ social contract is:
A) Fear of death and desire for security
B) Moral obligation
C) Natural equality
D) Justice
✅ Answer: A
24. Hobbes favored:
A) Democracy
B) Absolute monarchy
C) Communism
D) Anarchy
✅ Answer: B
25. Hobbes’ theory is:
A) Idealist
B) Materialist
C) Utopian
D) Marxist
✅ Answer: B
6. John Locke
26. Locke’s state of nature was:
A) War
B) Peaceful and rational
C) Violent
D) Authoritarian
✅ Answer: B
27. Locke believed in:
A) Divine right of kings
B) Inalienable natural rights
C) Absolute sovereignty
D) Slavery
✅ Answer: B
28. Locke’s social contract created:
A) Absolute monarchy
B) Limited government
C) Theocracy
D) Oligarchy
✅ Answer: B
29. Locke’s natural rights are:
A) Life, liberty, property
B) Equality, fraternity, liberty
C) Power, property, prestige
D) Justice, equality, order
✅ Answer: A
30. Locke’s political theory inspired:
A) French monarchy
B) American Revolution
C) Feudalism
D) Fascism
✅ Answer: B
7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
31. Rousseau believed man is born:
A) Evil
B) Free
C) Competitive
D) Religious
✅ Answer: B
32. The “General Will” represents:
A) Self-interest
B) Common good
C) Tyranny of majority
D) Minority interest
✅ Answer: B
33. Sovereignty in Rousseau’s theory lies in:
A) Monarch
B) People
C) God
D) Parliament
✅ Answer: B
34. Rousseau advocated:
A) Direct democracy
B) Monarchy
C) Technocracy
D) Feudalism
✅ Answer: A
35. Rousseau inspired:
A) Industrial Revolution
B) French Revolution
C) American Civil War
D) Cold War
✅ Answer: B
8. G.W.F. Hegel
36. Hegel’s dialectical method includes:
A) Cause and effect
B) Thesis–Antithesis–Synthesis
C) Action–Reaction
D) Law–Order
✅ Answer: B
37. For Hegel, the state is:
A) Contractual
B) Ethical idea
C) Economic institution
D) Natural body
✅ Answer: B
38. Freedom, for Hegel, is realized through:
A) Isolation
B) The state
C) Family
D) Religion
✅ Answer: B
39. Hegel influenced:
A) Mill
B) Marx
C) Hobbes
D) Machiavelli
✅ Answer: B
40. Hegel viewed history as:
A) Circular
B) Random
C) Progressive realization of freedom
D) Regression
✅ Answer: C
9. Mary Wollstonecraft
41. Mary Wollstonecraft’s main work:
A) The Second Sex
B) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
C) The Subjection of Women
D) The Feminine Mystique
✅ Answer: B
42. She advocated:
A) Women’s dependence
B) Equal education for women
C) Political exclusion
D) Patriarchy
✅ Answer: B
43. Wollstonecraft is associated with:
A) Socialist feminism
B) Liberal feminism
C) Radical feminism
D) Cultural feminism
✅ Answer: B
44. She believed inequality comes from:
A) Nature
B) Lack of education
C) Biology
D) Capitalism
✅ Answer: B
45. Wollstonecraft lived during the:
A) French Revolution
B) Industrial Revolution
C) Cold War
D) Renaissance
✅ Answer: A
10. John Stuart Mill
46. Mill’s On Liberty defends:
A) Free trade
B) Individual freedom limited by harm principle
C) Absolute liberty
D) Anarchy
✅ Answer: B
47. Mill’s utilitarianism seeks:
A) Greatest happiness of greatest number
B) Individual perfection only
C) Economic liberty
D) Pleasure without limits
✅ Answer: A
48. Mill supported:
A) Women’s suffrage
B) Slavery
C) Dictatorship
D) Censorship
✅ Answer: A
49. Mill’s ideal government:
A) Absolute monarchy
B) Representative democracy
C) Bureaucracy
D) Theocracy
✅ Answer: B
50. Mill combined:
A) Liberty and authority
B) Ethics and economy
C) Freedom and equality
D) Both A and C
✅ Answer: D
11. Karl Marx
51. Marx’s theory of history is known as:
A) Historical Idealism
B) Historical Materialism
C) Historical Realism
D) Economic Determinism
✅ Answer: B
52. According to Marx, class struggle arises due to:
A) Power
B) Property ownership
C) Culture
D) Religion
✅ Answer: B
53. Surplus value means:
A) Extra profit from trade
B) Unpaid labor appropriated by capitalists
C) Bonus income
D) State subsidy
✅ Answer: B
54. Marx predicted a society that is:
A) Stateless and classless
B) Bureaucratic
C) Democratic
D) Religious
✅ Answer: A
55. “Religion is the opium of the people” was said by:
A) Lenin
B) Marx
C) Engels
D) Stalin
✅ Answer: B
12. Antonio Gramsci
56. Gramsci’s key concept:
A) Alienation
B) Cultural hegemony
C) Surplus value
D) General will
✅ Answer: B
57. “Organic intellectuals” belong to:
A) Ruling class
B) Working class
C) Military class
D) Elite class
✅ Answer: B
58. Gramsci viewed civil society as:
A) Site of class conflict and consent
B) State institution
C) Neutral space
D) Religious institution
✅ Answer: A
59. His ideas are found in:
A) The Communist Manifesto
B) Prison Notebooks
C) Das Kapital
D) The Prince
✅ Answer: B
60. Gramsci broadened Marxism to include:
A) Culture and ideology
B) Biology
C) Race
D) Technology
✅ Answer: A
🕊️ 13. Hannah Arendt
61. Arendt’s major work:
A) The Human Condition
B) On Contradiction
C) A Theory of Justice
D) The Leviathan
✅ Answer: A
62. She analyzed:
A) Colonialism
B) Totalitarianism
C) Feminism
D) Capitalism
✅ Answer: B
63. Arendt’s “public sphere” is a space for:
A) Private life
B) Political action and freedom
C) Economic production
D) Religious debate
✅ Answer: B
64. “Banality of evil” refers to:
A) Organized crime
B) Ordinary obedience to authority leading to evil
C) Natural sinfulness
D) Political corruption
✅ Answer: B
65. Freedom, for Arendt, means:
A) Absence of restraint
B) Political participation and action
C) Economic wealth
D) Obedience
✅ Answer: B
14. Frantz Fanon
66. Fanon is best known for:
A) Liberalism
B) Anti-colonial thought
C) Feminism
D) Conservatism
✅ Answer: B
67. The Wretched of the Earth argues for:
A) Violent decolonization
B) Peaceful reform
C) Westernization
D) Religious revival
✅ Answer: A
68. Fanon analyzed colonialism as:
A) Political oppression only
B) Psychological and cultural domination
C) Economic development
D) Moral mission
✅ Answer: B
69. Fanon was influenced by:
A) Marxism and Existentialism
B) Liberalism
C) Conservatism
D) Realism
✅ Answer: A
70. His works inspired:
A) Feminist movements
B) National liberation struggles
C) European integration
D) Monarchy
✅ Answer: B
🌾 15. Mao Zedong
71. Mao adapted Marxism to:
A) Peasant-based society
B) Industrial working class
C) Feudal Europe
D) Urban elites
✅ Answer: A
72. “Mass line” means:
A) Party control over people
B) Leaders learn from and serve the masses
C) Military rule
D) State propaganda
✅ Answer: B
73. Mao emphasized:
A) Continuous revolution
B) Bureaucracy
C) Democracy
D) Capitalism
✅ Answer: A
74. His essay On Contradiction deals with:
A) Class unity
B) Dialectical struggle within society
C) Religious harmony
D) Political peace
✅ Answer: B
75. Mao believed revolution should be:
A) Urban and elite-driven
B) Rural and people-led
C) Peaceful
D) Technocratic
✅ Answer: B